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02256 Dewatering of fine coal slurry using waste fibrousmaterial
02 Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels) with increasingpartial pressure of n-hexane and decreasing temperature and W / F (c°+H2). The reaction performances of the Fischer Tropseh synthesis in the supercritical phase fixed bed was also compared with those in the supercritical phase fluidized bed and the gas phase fixed bed. The results show that the l-olefin content of the products in the supercritical phase fixed bed reactor was obviously higher than that in the gas phase fixed bed but slightly lower than that in the supercritical phase fluidized bed.
04•02248 The effect of dents in pipelines - guidance in the pipeline defect assessment manual Cosham, A. and Hopkins, P. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 2004, 81, (2), 127-139. The pipeline defect assessment manual (PDAM) project is a joint industry project, sponsored by 16 international oil and gas companies, to produce a document specifying the 'best' methods for assessing defects in pipelines. A dent reduces the static and cyclic strength of a pipe. Plain dents, dents on welds and dents containing defects are considered here; small scale and full scale tests, theoretical analyses and assessment methods are discussed, and the 'best' methods included in PDAM are described.
04/02249 Upgrading of bitumen by hydrothermal visbreaking in supercritical water with alkali Kishita, A. et al. Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute, 2003, 46, (4), 215-221. (In Japanese) This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of the upgrading reaction of bitumen in supercritical water with alkali compared to pyrolysis, and to obtain more information about desulfurization in supercritical water with alkali. The results are summarized as follows. The main components of the oil produced were paraffins and aromatics for pyrolysis and supercritical water cracking with and without alkali. The visbreaking mechanisms may be the same or very similar. The time dependencies of the visbreaking and desulfurization reactions were similar, but the effects of water were opposite: visbreaking was more extensive with lower water content in a short reaction time, whereas desulfurization proceeded with high water content over a long reaction time. Many thiophenes were formed in the oil produced, but benzothiophene (BT) and dibenzothiophene (DBT) were hardly detected in the case of supercritical water cracking with and without alkali. These BT and DBT were relatively easily decompound or desulfurized in the supercritical water with atkyline vanadium in the oil product decreased to 10%. About 60% was found in the aqueous phase.
04/02250 Use of deactivatable biocides to prevent microbial growth in fuel hydrocarbons O'Reilly, K. T. et al. Brit. U K Pat. Appl. GB 2,384,005 (C1.C07C7/20), 16 Jul 2003, US Appl. 982,699. The use of deactivatable biocides for hydrocarbonaceous products, in particular, rapidly biodegradable hydrocarbonaceous products, is described. This relates to methods of inhibiting growth and reproduction of microorganisms in hydrocarbonaceous products, in particular, in rapidly biodegradable hydrocarbonaceous products, containing minor amounts of aqueous liquids. The biocide may be glutaraldehyde, 1-hexyne, propargyl alcohol, or their mixtures.
Economics, business, marketing, policy 04/02251 Clean coal conversion options using FischerTropsch technology Andre, S. and Herman, G. Preprints of Symposia - American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry, 2003, 48, (1), 459-461. It is possible that the combined production of hydrocarbon liquids and electricity can compete with natural and gas conversion to hydrocarbon liquids. This option has been studied for two Fischer-Tropsch conversion options, i.e. low-temperature Fiseher-Tropscb (LTFT) and high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch (HTFT), both using iron-based catalysts. For the LTFT, the gas is fed to a two-stage reactor system to form liquid hydrocarbon products. For the HTFT, a similar quantity of hydrocarbon product can be produced with a single-stage reactor. Considering the comparison between the LTFT and HTFT options, it was found that the LTFT route is more efficient. The main reason for the lower efficiency of the H T F T option is that the acid gas removal step becomes more utility intensive.
04•02252 Enhancing energy policy cooperation between EU and GCC: a marketing strategy for oil and gas technologies Kagiannas, A. G. et aL Int. J. Global Er:ergy Issues, 2003, 19, (4), 310332.
320
Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 2004
A major resurgence in oil and gas exploration and production activity is being spurred by technological and management innovations. The European industry has been in the forefront of many of these changes. With new initiatives throughout the member states of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) to invite foreign companies to participate more extensively in the development of the local hydrocarbon industries, there are new and vast opportunities opening up for European and GCC companies. Considering that Europe's reliance on GCC oil is likely to be virtually complete in the long term, as well as the increased demand for imported natural gas, the enhancement of liaisons between the EU and GCC energy industry is a priority for both EU security of energy supply and the competitiveness of GCC operators. The paper presents a review of the marketing aspects in the field of oil and gas technologies as perceived both by GCC operators and E U technology providers and proposes a list of strategic actions for the enhancement of technology cooperation and the increase of E U industries' presence in the local market.
04/02253
Ethanol learning curve - the Brazilian experience
Goldemberg, J. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2004, 26, (3), 301-304. Economic competitiveness is a very frequent argument against renewable energy. This paper demonstrates, through the Brazilian experience with ethanol, that economies of scale and technological advances lead to increased competitiveness of this renewable alternative, reducing the gap with conventional fossil fuels.
04/02254 Prospects for the manufacture of motor fuels and base oils from natural gas Molenda, J. Przemysl Chemiczny, 2003, 82, (5), 316319. (In Polish) A review discussing the gas-to-liquid/Fischer-Tropsch synthesis technology. Extremely pure (no S, PAHs, heavy metals) and high-quality diesel fuel and base oil are manufactured using this technology. A production capacity of > 1.5 million ton/year and prices of crude oil and natural gas (e.g. >bbl for crude and _<0.5-0.75 US$/million BTU for gas) are the important economic factors.
Derived liquid fuels 04/02255 Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 2. Economic assessment and sensitivity analysis Zhang, Y. et al. Bioresource Technology, 2003, 90, (3), 229-240. The economic feasibilities of four continuous processes to produce biodiesel, including both alkali- and acid-catalysed processes, using waste cooking oil and the 'standard' process using virgin vegetable oil as the raw material, were assessed. Although the alkali-catalysed process using virgin vegetable oil had the lowest fixed capital cost, the acid-catalysed process using waste cooking oil was more economically feasible overall, providing a lower total manufacturing cost, a more attractive after-tax rate of return and a lower biodiesel break-even price. On the basis of these economic calculations, sensitivity analyses for these processes were carried out. Plant capacity and prices of feedstock oils and biodiesel were found to be the most significant factors affecting the economic viability of biodiesel manufacture.
04/02256 material
Dewatering of fine coal slurry using waste fibrous
Parekh, B. K. et al. Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, 2003, 20, (2), 102-i06. Dewatering ultrafine clean coal slurry to a moisture level of 20% is difficult using conventional techniques. A novel approach that mixes fibrous waste material, such as paper, carpet and sawdust, with coal slurry prior to dewatering was investigated. The addition of 5 kg/t of either raw paper pulp or sawdust could lower the filter cake moisture from 32.0% to 29.0%. A combination of vacuum and pressure filtration using ~30 kg/t of raw paper lowered the filter cake moisture from 37.5% to 26.5%. The compressive strength of the filter cake improved 0 to 4.5 kg/cm z and improved the impact resistance from 4 to 4. The experimental data indicated that the handling character of the dewatered fine coal was improved significantly.
04/02257
Direct synthesis of middle iso-paraffins from
synthesis gas
Li, X. et al. Catalysis Today, 2003, 84, (1-2), 59-65. This paper focuses on the synthesis of iso-paraffin-rich hydrocarbons by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) over Co/SiO2 catalyst. The basic concept was to secondarily isomerize and/or hydrocraek the primary FTS hydrocarbon products. A physical mixture of a small amount of added H-ZSM-5 in the Co/SiO2 catalyst enhanced the formation of C4 Ctoiso-paraffins while suppressing the formation of longer hydrocarbons, probably because of the selective cracking of higher hydro-
04•02248 The effect of dents in pipelines - guidance in the pipeline defect assessment manual Cosham, A. and Hopkins, P. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 2004, 81, (2), 127-139. The pipeline defect assessment manual (PDAM) project is a joint industry project, sponsored by 16 international oil and gas companies, to produce a document specifying the 'best' methods for assessing defects in pipelines. A dent reduces the static and cyclic strength of a pipe. Plain dents, dents on welds and dents containing defects are considered here; small scale and full scale tests, theoretical analyses and assessment methods are discussed, and the 'best' methods included in PDAM are described.
04/02249 Upgrading of bitumen by hydrothermal visbreaking in supercritical water with alkali Kishita, A. et al. Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute, 2003, 46, (4), 215-221. (In Japanese) This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of the upgrading reaction of bitumen in supercritical water with alkali compared to pyrolysis, and to obtain more information about desulfurization in supercritical water with alkali. The results are summarized as follows. The main components of the oil produced were paraffins and aromatics for pyrolysis and supercritical water cracking with and without alkali. The visbreaking mechanisms may be the same or very similar. The time dependencies of the visbreaking and desulfurization reactions were similar, but the effects of water were opposite: visbreaking was more extensive with lower water content in a short reaction time, whereas desulfurization proceeded with high water content over a long reaction time. Many thiophenes were formed in the oil produced, but benzothiophene (BT) and dibenzothiophene (DBT) were hardly detected in the case of supercritical water cracking with and without alkali. These BT and DBT were relatively easily decompound or desulfurized in the supercritical water with atkyline vanadium in the oil product decreased to 10%. About 60% was found in the aqueous phase.
04/02250 Use of deactivatable biocides to prevent microbial growth in fuel hydrocarbons O'Reilly, K. T. et al. Brit. U K Pat. Appl. GB 2,384,005 (C1.C07C7/20), 16 Jul 2003, US Appl. 982,699. The use of deactivatable biocides for hydrocarbonaceous products, in particular, rapidly biodegradable hydrocarbonaceous products, is described. This relates to methods of inhibiting growth and reproduction of microorganisms in hydrocarbonaceous products, in particular, in rapidly biodegradable hydrocarbonaceous products, containing minor amounts of aqueous liquids. The biocide may be glutaraldehyde, 1-hexyne, propargyl alcohol, or their mixtures.
Economics, business, marketing, policy 04/02251 Clean coal conversion options using FischerTropsch technology Andre, S. and Herman, G. Preprints of Symposia - American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry, 2003, 48, (1), 459-461. It is possible that the combined production of hydrocarbon liquids and electricity can compete with natural and gas conversion to hydrocarbon liquids. This option has been studied for two Fischer-Tropsch conversion options, i.e. low-temperature Fiseher-Tropscb (LTFT) and high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch (HTFT), both using iron-based catalysts. For the LTFT, the gas is fed to a two-stage reactor system to form liquid hydrocarbon products. For the HTFT, a similar quantity of hydrocarbon product can be produced with a single-stage reactor. Considering the comparison between the LTFT and HTFT options, it was found that the LTFT route is more efficient. The main reason for the lower efficiency of the H T F T option is that the acid gas removal step becomes more utility intensive.
04•02252 Enhancing energy policy cooperation between EU and GCC: a marketing strategy for oil and gas technologies Kagiannas, A. G. et aL Int. J. Global Er:ergy Issues, 2003, 19, (4), 310332.
320
Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 2004
A major resurgence in oil and gas exploration and production activity is being spurred by technological and management innovations. The European industry has been in the forefront of many of these changes. With new initiatives throughout the member states of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) to invite foreign companies to participate more extensively in the development of the local hydrocarbon industries, there are new and vast opportunities opening up for European and GCC companies. Considering that Europe's reliance on GCC oil is likely to be virtually complete in the long term, as well as the increased demand for imported natural gas, the enhancement of liaisons between the EU and GCC energy industry is a priority for both EU security of energy supply and the competitiveness of GCC operators. The paper presents a review of the marketing aspects in the field of oil and gas technologies as perceived both by GCC operators and E U technology providers and proposes a list of strategic actions for the enhancement of technology cooperation and the increase of E U industries' presence in the local market.
04/02253
Ethanol learning curve - the Brazilian experience
Goldemberg, J. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2004, 26, (3), 301-304. Economic competitiveness is a very frequent argument against renewable energy. This paper demonstrates, through the Brazilian experience with ethanol, that economies of scale and technological advances lead to increased competitiveness of this renewable alternative, reducing the gap with conventional fossil fuels.
04/02254 Prospects for the manufacture of motor fuels and base oils from natural gas Molenda, J. Przemysl Chemiczny, 2003, 82, (5), 316319. (In Polish) A review discussing the gas-to-liquid/Fischer-Tropsch synthesis technology. Extremely pure (no S, PAHs, heavy metals) and high-quality diesel fuel and base oil are manufactured using this technology. A production capacity of > 1.5 million ton/year and prices of crude oil and natural gas (e.g. >bbl for crude and _<0.5-0.75 US$/million BTU for gas) are the important economic factors.
Derived liquid fuels 04/02255 Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 2. Economic assessment and sensitivity analysis Zhang, Y. et al. Bioresource Technology, 2003, 90, (3), 229-240. The economic feasibilities of four continuous processes to produce biodiesel, including both alkali- and acid-catalysed processes, using waste cooking oil and the 'standard' process using virgin vegetable oil as the raw material, were assessed. Although the alkali-catalysed process using virgin vegetable oil had the lowest fixed capital cost, the acid-catalysed process using waste cooking oil was more economically feasible overall, providing a lower total manufacturing cost, a more attractive after-tax rate of return and a lower biodiesel break-even price. On the basis of these economic calculations, sensitivity analyses for these processes were carried out. Plant capacity and prices of feedstock oils and biodiesel were found to be the most significant factors affecting the economic viability of biodiesel manufacture.
04/02256 material
Dewatering of fine coal slurry using waste fibrous
Parekh, B. K. et al. Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, 2003, 20, (2), 102-i06. Dewatering ultrafine clean coal slurry to a moisture level of 20% is difficult using conventional techniques. A novel approach that mixes fibrous waste material, such as paper, carpet and sawdust, with coal slurry prior to dewatering was investigated. The addition of 5 kg/t of either raw paper pulp or sawdust could lower the filter cake moisture from 32.0% to 29.0%. A combination of vacuum and pressure filtration using ~30 kg/t of raw paper lowered the filter cake moisture from 37.5% to 26.5%. The compressive strength of the filter cake improved 0 to 4.5 kg/cm z and improved the impact resistance from 4 to 4. The experimental data indicated that the handling character of the dewatered fine coal was improved significantly.
04/02257
Direct synthesis of middle iso-paraffins from
synthesis gas
Li, X. et al. Catalysis Today, 2003, 84, (1-2), 59-65. This paper focuses on the synthesis of iso-paraffin-rich hydrocarbons by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) over Co/SiO2 catalyst. The basic concept was to secondarily isomerize and/or hydrocraek the primary FTS hydrocarbon products. A physical mixture of a small amount of added H-ZSM-5 in the Co/SiO2 catalyst enhanced the formation of C4 Ctoiso-paraffins while suppressing the formation of longer hydrocarbons, probably because of the selective cracking of higher hydro-