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00590 Underground combustion of coal
10
Engines (power generation and propulsion,
electrical vehicles)
A study of the effect of air oxidation on the 98100585 combustibilitv of different coals De la Puente, 6. er a[. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9703, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 2), 951-954. Six coals were investigated for their influence of coal oxidation on its technological properties. The oxygen content of the coal increased with oxidation time. Oxygen functionality plays an important role in combustion behaviour and a relationship between carbonyl-to-hydrogen ratio and characteristic temperatures of the combustion process were obtained. Sulfur capture in fluidized bed combustion of coal 98100586 at oxidizing and reducing conditions Bonn, B. and Baumeon, H. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9703, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 2), 1139-I 142. Limestone sulfur capture is a particular feature of fluidized conversion of coal. While CaSOz is the main product in combustion, CaS is slightly less efficiently formed at reducing conditions in fluidized coal gasification. There is a near-stoichiometric region, however, where neither product is stable and the sorbent is virtually ineffective. This is an important aspect for sorbent utilization in staged combustion. Thermal reaction of a single particle in inert and 98100587 reactive environments Petek, J. and Staudinger, G. VDI-Ber., 1997, 1313, (Verbrennung und Feuerungen), 591-596. (In German) The authors examined the pyrolysis, gasification and/or combustion of large particles of coal or wood while the particles were fed into a fluidized-bed combustor onto a grate. In order to follow the heating process and resulting reactions, the mass loss of the particles and evolved gases were determined. Thermodynamic investigations of desulfurization 98100588 and emission of heavy metals in combustion Meyer, B. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9703, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 2). 1059-1062. Lower Lusatian brown coal pulverized fuel is characterized by a low sulfur content as well as low SOz emissions. The effects of the ash composition and the efficiency of the admixture of additional lime was investigated by complex thermodynamic calculations. Lusatian brown coals and their refining products are interesting for the combustion together with sewage sludge and other waste materials due to their extremely low contents of heavy metals and other trace elements. In the thermodynamic equilibrium, all heavy metals-except for Hg-are deposed during the coaling of the flue gas in the case of an optional combustion of 5% of sewage sludge in a pulverized-fuel combustion. Transformation of functional forms of nitrogen in 98100589 polymeric N-heterocyclic compounds during pyrolysis Schmiers, H. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9702, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume I), 155-158. In order to have a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of NO, formation during combustion, knowledge of the N functionalities in coals and their pyrolysis products is of great consequence. To investigate the transformations of N functionalities, pyrolysis experiments were carried out with polymeric model substances containing defined forms of N bond. The functionalities of the N retained in the chars were determined by XPS and additional structural information was received from FT-IR. It is interesting to note that the N in five-membered rings of the N-5 heterocyclic compounds remains in existence in the pyrolysis products up to 900°C. A comprehensible mechanism of the transformation of N-6 into N-5 heterocyclic compounds on the basis of the FT-IR spectra of the lowtemperature chars is discussed. Underground combustion of coal 98100590 Yanko, S. V. er al. Ugol’ WV., 1995, (ll), 2-4. (In Russian) Heat and electrical power generation (6 MW) by underground combustion.
10
coal
ENGINES Power Generation and Propulsion, Electrical Vehicles
Apparatus for coal gasification combined with 98100591 power generation Ueda, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,268,904 (97,268,904] (Cl. FOlK23/10), 14 Ott 1997, Appl. 96/81,324, 3 Apr 1996, 5 pp. (In Japanese) The apparatus consists of the following: means for reacting coal feed with Oz or Oz-enriched air as a gasifying agent in a gasification furnace; means for wet desulfurization of product gases in an adsorption tower; means for utilizing the product gas in a gas turbine for power generation; means for
50
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1998
incinerating H&containing flue gases in a waste-heat boiler to generate steam, and reacting the boiler flue gases with limestone to recover S and gypsum as a by-product, and means for recovering waste heat from boiler flue gas to generate steam useful in turbines for power generation. 98100592 Application of high energy ignition systems to engines Dale, J. D. et al. Prog. Energy Cornbust. Sci., 1997, 23, (516) 379-398. Repeatable, reliable ignition is critical for good performance of spark ignition engines and low pollutant emissions. Pollutant regulations and available three-way catalytic converter control technology determine that most engines are run with a nearly stoichiometric mixture. For stoichiometric gasoline-air engines, current transistor-switched coil spark discharge systems provide adequate ignition energy and are very reliable. However, lean burning engines are desirable for their better fuel economy. New catalytic converter technology may allow the development of lean burning, high compression ratio engines which meet tight emission standards while providing better fuel economy. However, lean mixture engines (ch < 0.7) generally require much higher ignition energy to ensure reliable ignition. Other engine developments requiring high energy ignition systems include natural gas engines and cold-starting applications of diesel and methanol fuelled engines. This paper reviews progress on alternative ignition systems that supply higher energy sparks and sparks where the energy is more efficiently transferred to the gas mixture. 98100593 Cogeneration of power and heat by using endoreversible Carnot engine Bojic, M. Energy Convers. Mgmt, 1997, 38, (18) 1877-1880. An analysis for an endoreversible Carnot engine using the methods of finite time thermodynamics was performed, in relation to the annual worth for production of heat and power. To obtain the maximum annual worth in the design of such systems, the heat exchangers on the hot and cold sides of the Carnot engine must have equal products of their size and heat transfer coefficient. In addition, the ratio of the lower and higher temperatures of the Carnot engine should have its optimal value. 98100594 EFCC-a future concept for coal-fired combined cycle power stations Edelmann, H. and Stuhlmuller, F. VGB Krafrwerkstech., 1997, 77. (7), 537-543. (In German) Externally fired combined cycle (EFCC) for coal-fired power stations has an indirect coal-fired gas turbine; the flue gas heat from slag-tap pulverized coal-firing was transferred in a high-temperature heat exchanger to a gas turbine operating regime. Net efficiencies of up to 53% would be achieved from gas turbines implementing this concept. The expected costs for such a plant correspond with those of combined cycle plants with pre-connected coal pressurized gasification. Further development demands of the components for a EFCC plant are reported. 98100595 Externally-fired combined cycle: an effective coal fueled technology for repowering and new generation Stoddard, I,. E. et al. Proc. Inr. Tech. Conf. Coal Uril. Fuel Sysr., 1995, 20th, 697-707. The paper describes the Externally-Fired Combined Cycle (EFCC), an attractive emerging technology for powering high efficiency combined gas and steam turbine cycles with coal or other ash bearing fuels. In the EFCC, the heat input to a gas turbine is supplied indirectly through a ceramic air heater. The air heater, along with an atmospheric coal combustor and ancillary equipment, replaces the conventional gas turbine combustor. A steam generator located downstream from the ceramic air heater and steam turbine cycle, along with an exhaust cleanup system, completes the combined cycle. A key element is the 25 MWBtuih heat-input Kennebunk Test Facility (KTF), operating with coal since early 1995. The US Department of Energy selected an EFCC repowering of the Pennsylvania Elec. Company’s Warren Station for funding under the Clean Coal Technology Program Round V. The project focuses on repowering an existing 48 MW (gross) steam turbine with an EFCC power island incorporating a 30 MW gas turbine, for a gross power output of 7X MW and a net output of 72 MW. Use of a dry scrubber and fabric filter will reduce Air Act Amendments of 1990. Nitrogen oxides emissions are controlled by the use of staged combustion. The demonstration project is currently in the engineering phase, with start-up scheduled for 1997. 98lOO596 High-temperature corrosion prevention method for heavy oil-fueled gas turbines Arioka, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,104,880 [97,104,880] (Cl. ClOL10/04), 22 Apr 1997, Appl. 95/260,344,6 Ott 1995.4 pp. (In Japanese) Low-grade heavy oil-fuelled gas turbines corrosion method involves adding Na compounds and/or alkali earth metal compounds or their mixtures to the heavy fuel oil so that the weight ratio of NaiV or [Na + Ca (Mg)]/V is l-5:1. The method is useful for low-grade heavy fuel oil containing large amounts of high-temperature corrosive impurities and NazSOj-rich ashes deposited on the high-temperature parts, e.g. Co-based superalloys.
Engines (power generation and propulsion,
electrical vehicles)
A study of the effect of air oxidation on the 98100585 combustibilitv of different coals De la Puente, 6. er a[. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9703, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 2), 951-954. Six coals were investigated for their influence of coal oxidation on its technological properties. The oxygen content of the coal increased with oxidation time. Oxygen functionality plays an important role in combustion behaviour and a relationship between carbonyl-to-hydrogen ratio and characteristic temperatures of the combustion process were obtained. Sulfur capture in fluidized bed combustion of coal 98100586 at oxidizing and reducing conditions Bonn, B. and Baumeon, H. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9703, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 2), 1139-I 142. Limestone sulfur capture is a particular feature of fluidized conversion of coal. While CaSOz is the main product in combustion, CaS is slightly less efficiently formed at reducing conditions in fluidized coal gasification. There is a near-stoichiometric region, however, where neither product is stable and the sorbent is virtually ineffective. This is an important aspect for sorbent utilization in staged combustion. Thermal reaction of a single particle in inert and 98100587 reactive environments Petek, J. and Staudinger, G. VDI-Ber., 1997, 1313, (Verbrennung und Feuerungen), 591-596. (In German) The authors examined the pyrolysis, gasification and/or combustion of large particles of coal or wood while the particles were fed into a fluidized-bed combustor onto a grate. In order to follow the heating process and resulting reactions, the mass loss of the particles and evolved gases were determined. Thermodynamic investigations of desulfurization 98100588 and emission of heavy metals in combustion Meyer, B. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9703, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 2). 1059-1062. Lower Lusatian brown coal pulverized fuel is characterized by a low sulfur content as well as low SOz emissions. The effects of the ash composition and the efficiency of the admixture of additional lime was investigated by complex thermodynamic calculations. Lusatian brown coals and their refining products are interesting for the combustion together with sewage sludge and other waste materials due to their extremely low contents of heavy metals and other trace elements. In the thermodynamic equilibrium, all heavy metals-except for Hg-are deposed during the coaling of the flue gas in the case of an optional combustion of 5% of sewage sludge in a pulverized-fuel combustion. Transformation of functional forms of nitrogen in 98100589 polymeric N-heterocyclic compounds during pyrolysis Schmiers, H. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9702, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume I), 155-158. In order to have a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of NO, formation during combustion, knowledge of the N functionalities in coals and their pyrolysis products is of great consequence. To investigate the transformations of N functionalities, pyrolysis experiments were carried out with polymeric model substances containing defined forms of N bond. The functionalities of the N retained in the chars were determined by XPS and additional structural information was received from FT-IR. It is interesting to note that the N in five-membered rings of the N-5 heterocyclic compounds remains in existence in the pyrolysis products up to 900°C. A comprehensible mechanism of the transformation of N-6 into N-5 heterocyclic compounds on the basis of the FT-IR spectra of the lowtemperature chars is discussed. Underground combustion of coal 98100590 Yanko, S. V. er al. Ugol’ WV., 1995, (ll), 2-4. (In Russian) Heat and electrical power generation (6 MW) by underground combustion.
10
coal
ENGINES Power Generation and Propulsion, Electrical Vehicles
Apparatus for coal gasification combined with 98100591 power generation Ueda, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,268,904 (97,268,904] (Cl. FOlK23/10), 14 Ott 1997, Appl. 96/81,324, 3 Apr 1996, 5 pp. (In Japanese) The apparatus consists of the following: means for reacting coal feed with Oz or Oz-enriched air as a gasifying agent in a gasification furnace; means for wet desulfurization of product gases in an adsorption tower; means for utilizing the product gas in a gas turbine for power generation; means for
50
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1998
incinerating H&containing flue gases in a waste-heat boiler to generate steam, and reacting the boiler flue gases with limestone to recover S and gypsum as a by-product, and means for recovering waste heat from boiler flue gas to generate steam useful in turbines for power generation. 98100592 Application of high energy ignition systems to engines Dale, J. D. et al. Prog. Energy Cornbust. Sci., 1997, 23, (516) 379-398. Repeatable, reliable ignition is critical for good performance of spark ignition engines and low pollutant emissions. Pollutant regulations and available three-way catalytic converter control technology determine that most engines are run with a nearly stoichiometric mixture. For stoichiometric gasoline-air engines, current transistor-switched coil spark discharge systems provide adequate ignition energy and are very reliable. However, lean burning engines are desirable for their better fuel economy. New catalytic converter technology may allow the development of lean burning, high compression ratio engines which meet tight emission standards while providing better fuel economy. However, lean mixture engines (ch < 0.7) generally require much higher ignition energy to ensure reliable ignition. Other engine developments requiring high energy ignition systems include natural gas engines and cold-starting applications of diesel and methanol fuelled engines. This paper reviews progress on alternative ignition systems that supply higher energy sparks and sparks where the energy is more efficiently transferred to the gas mixture. 98100593 Cogeneration of power and heat by using endoreversible Carnot engine Bojic, M. Energy Convers. Mgmt, 1997, 38, (18) 1877-1880. An analysis for an endoreversible Carnot engine using the methods of finite time thermodynamics was performed, in relation to the annual worth for production of heat and power. To obtain the maximum annual worth in the design of such systems, the heat exchangers on the hot and cold sides of the Carnot engine must have equal products of their size and heat transfer coefficient. In addition, the ratio of the lower and higher temperatures of the Carnot engine should have its optimal value. 98100594 EFCC-a future concept for coal-fired combined cycle power stations Edelmann, H. and Stuhlmuller, F. VGB Krafrwerkstech., 1997, 77. (7), 537-543. (In German) Externally fired combined cycle (EFCC) for coal-fired power stations has an indirect coal-fired gas turbine; the flue gas heat from slag-tap pulverized coal-firing was transferred in a high-temperature heat exchanger to a gas turbine operating regime. Net efficiencies of up to 53% would be achieved from gas turbines implementing this concept. The expected costs for such a plant correspond with those of combined cycle plants with pre-connected coal pressurized gasification. Further development demands of the components for a EFCC plant are reported. 98100595 Externally-fired combined cycle: an effective coal fueled technology for repowering and new generation Stoddard, I,. E. et al. Proc. Inr. Tech. Conf. Coal Uril. Fuel Sysr., 1995, 20th, 697-707. The paper describes the Externally-Fired Combined Cycle (EFCC), an attractive emerging technology for powering high efficiency combined gas and steam turbine cycles with coal or other ash bearing fuels. In the EFCC, the heat input to a gas turbine is supplied indirectly through a ceramic air heater. The air heater, along with an atmospheric coal combustor and ancillary equipment, replaces the conventional gas turbine combustor. A steam generator located downstream from the ceramic air heater and steam turbine cycle, along with an exhaust cleanup system, completes the combined cycle. A key element is the 25 MWBtuih heat-input Kennebunk Test Facility (KTF), operating with coal since early 1995. The US Department of Energy selected an EFCC repowering of the Pennsylvania Elec. Company’s Warren Station for funding under the Clean Coal Technology Program Round V. The project focuses on repowering an existing 48 MW (gross) steam turbine with an EFCC power island incorporating a 30 MW gas turbine, for a gross power output of 7X MW and a net output of 72 MW. Use of a dry scrubber and fabric filter will reduce Air Act Amendments of 1990. Nitrogen oxides emissions are controlled by the use of staged combustion. The demonstration project is currently in the engineering phase, with start-up scheduled for 1997. 98lOO596 High-temperature corrosion prevention method for heavy oil-fueled gas turbines Arioka, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,104,880 [97,104,880] (Cl. ClOL10/04), 22 Apr 1997, Appl. 95/260,344,6 Ott 1995.4 pp. (In Japanese) Low-grade heavy oil-fuelled gas turbines corrosion method involves adding Na compounds and/or alkali earth metal compounds or their mixtures to the heavy fuel oil so that the weight ratio of NaiV or [Na + Ca (Mg)]/V is l-5:1. The method is useful for low-grade heavy fuel oil containing large amounts of high-temperature corrosive impurities and NazSOj-rich ashes deposited on the high-temperature parts, e.g. Co-based superalloys.