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A rare case of emphysematous spongiositis following urethral catheterization: A case report
Urology Case Reports 28 (2020) 101034
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Urology Case Reports journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eucr
Inflammation and infection
A rare case of emphysematous spongiositis following urethral catheterization: A case report Kenichi Hirai *, Tadasuke Ando, Toshitaka Shin, Hiromitsu Mimata Department of Urology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
A B S T R A C T
Local emphysematous changes with infection in the corpus spongiosum of the penis are extremely rare. Herein, we describe a case of emphysematous spongiositis with urethral catheterization in a patient who had a history of neurogenic bladder. A 67-year-old male was successfully treated with cystostomy and antibiotics for emphysematous spongiositis. Computed tomography (CT) revealed the presence of irregular catheterization and gas formation in the spongy body of the penis. After 8 days of parenteral antibiotic therapy, the laboratory findings improved. Quick treatment via cystostomy and the use of appropriate antibiotics after diagnosis with CT is important in emphysematous spongiositis.
Introduction Emphysematous urinary tract infections are rare and may lead to fulminating sepsis if not treated on time, leading to the death of the patient. Emphysematous pyelonephritis, one of the most common emphysematous infections, is a urologic emergency characterized by infection, which is caused by enteric gram-negative bacillus, such as Escherichia coli; it is usually noted in patients with diabetes mellitus and obstructive uropathy.1 Emphysematous spongiositis is extremely rare. Therefore, the etiology, diagnosis, and management of this condition as well as other emphysematous infections are discussed in this report. Case presentation A-67-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with a history of gross hematuria and fever. He had a medical history of injury to the cervical spine C4/5 due to a fall from a stepladder at the age of 45. Subsequently, he developed a neurogenic bladder and was administered with intermittent self-catheterization for 21 years. A 16 Fr urethral indwelling catheter was used for 8 months until hospitalization with periodical exchanges every 4 weeks. The day before the hospitalization, the urethral catheter was changed as usual, but the patient developed hematuria and fever after the final exchange. Laboratory data revealed the following findings: hemoglobin, 8.1 g/ dL; total leukocyte count, 46560 � 103/dL; neutrophils, 93.2%; C-reac tive protein, 3.57 mg/dL; random blood glucose, 232 mg/dL; serum urea, 27 mg/dL; creatinine, 1.29 mg/dL; serum sodium, 135 mmol/L; and serum potassium, 3.7 mmol/L. The urinalysis revealed an
abundance of red blood cells with proteinuria and glycosuria. Strepto coccus agalactiae were grown on urine cultures and were found to not be sensitive to minocycline. The perineum of the patient was slightly swollen and flared, but sore was not clear by traumatic hemipla. X-ray revealed the presence of gas bubbles with low permeability around the urethral catheter (Fig. 1), and non-contrast CT images revealed gas formation around the urethra along with inflammation and ballooning, resulting in the deviation of the urethra (Fig. 2). The urethral catheter was immediately removed and cystostomy was performed under ultrasonography and photofluorography with contrast medium. The patient was treated with intravenous Doripenem, 1.5 g per day for 8 days. The laboratory data demonstrated improvements immediately after the treatment; therefore, no further invasive treat ment was required. Follow-up after 13 days showed no clinical abnor mality and the radiographic findings were normal. The patient was discharged with follow-up from the Urology Outpatient Department. Discussion Emphysematous spongiositis, infection of the corpus spongiosum of the penis, is extremely rare with only one case reported in the litera ture.2 To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case reported in the world. Generally, in addition to diabetes, several patients have uri nary tract obstruction associated with urinary calculi or papillary ne crosis with significant renal functional impairment.1 In the present report, the patient had a urethral obstruction after using a urethral catheter. Both cases of emphysematous spongiositis reported in the literature responded to treatment and recovered from emphysematous
* Corresponding author. 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, Japan. E-mail address: [email protected] (K. Hirai). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eucr.2019.101034 Received 10 September 2019; Received in revised form 1 October 2019; Accepted 3 October 2019 Available online 7 October 2019 2214-4420/© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
access
article
under
the
CC
BY-NC-ND
license
K. Hirai et al.
Fig. 1. X-ray (arrow heads).
Urology Case Reports 28 (2020) 101034
showing
gas
formation
around
the
urethral
The diagnosis of emphysematous spongiositis is established via radiography. This condition is often mistaken for bowel gas in emphy sematous infections of the upper urinary tract and urinary bladder.3 In the present report, gas formation was observed on the X-ray without the presence of bowel gas. The presence of gas formation was clearly observed around the urethral catheter on CT images. Moreover, CT helps to differentiate emphysematous spongiosis from similar diseases, such as necrotizing fasciitis, penile abscess, and ulcer.5 The perineum of the patient in the present case was normal in appearance, except for the presence of a slight redness on the penis. In addition, a spongy urethral swelling with urethral catheter balloon was observed. Emphysematous pyelonephritis, a representative of emphysematous infection, is a surgical emergency. The condition is severe in most pa tients, and fluid resuscitation and adequate antimicrobial therapy are essential. Medical therapy is generally required to address the renal function in these patients.3 In the present study, the urethral catheter was immediately removed and cystostomy was performed along with the prescription of antibiotics. In the previous report,2 the cause of infection in the 63-year-old male with diabetes mellitus was unclear. In contrast, the patient in the present study presented with iatrogenic urethral obstruction and severe local infection in the spongy urethra. Currently, 2 years after cystostomy, the patient is well and undergoing periodic exchange of the catheter with no evidence of recurrence of the disease. Patients with urethral infection need to rest to recover from the condition.
catheter
Conclusion Emphysematous infection is a life-threatening disease characterized by the formation of gas within the tissue. Emphysematous spongiositis is extremely rare, and quick treatment via cystostomy and the use of ac curate antibiotics is important following an accurate diagnosis using CT images. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Fig. 2. Non-contrast CT showing gas formation around the urethral catheter (arrow heads) with urethral obstruction caused by incorrect fixation of the balloon (arrow).
Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank Enago (www.enago.jp) for the En glish language review.
infection. Nonetheless, the overall mortality rate is reported to be high in patients with pyelonephritis.3 Almost all documented cases of emphysematous pyelonephritis have occurred in adults.3 Usually, this condition occurs in patients with dia betes; therefore, it is presumed that the high levels of glucose provide the substrate for the organisms, such as E. coli, which produce carbon dioxide by fermenting sugar. The patients often complain of fever, vomiting, and flank pain. Pneumaturia is absent unless the infection progresses. E. coli is the most commonly identified bacteria in urine cultures.4 Our patient did not have diabetes mellitus or urinary symp toms like pneumaturia, and the urine cultures indicated the presence of S. agalactiae.
References 1. Schainuck LI, Fouty R, Cutler RE. Emphysematous pyelonephritis. A new case and review of previous observations. Am J Med. 1968;44:134–139. 2. Yoshinaga A, Nakagomi K, Goto S. A case of acute spongiositis with diabetes mellitus. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2002;48:435–438. 3. Somani BK, Nabi G, Thorpe P, Hussey J, Cook J, N’Dow J. Is percutaneous drainage the new gold standard in the management of emphysematous pyelonephritis? Evidence from a systematic review. J Urol. 2008;179:1844–1849. 4. Garcia C, Winter M, Chalasani V, Dean T. Penile abscess: a case report and review of literature. Urol Case Rep. 2014;2:17–19. 5. Best CD, Terris MK, Tacker JR, Reese JH. Clinical and radiological findings in patients with gas forming renal abscess treated conservatively. J Urol. 1999;162:1273–1276.
2
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Urology Case Reports journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eucr
Inflammation and infection
A rare case of emphysematous spongiositis following urethral catheterization: A case report Kenichi Hirai *, Tadasuke Ando, Toshitaka Shin, Hiromitsu Mimata Department of Urology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
A B S T R A C T
Local emphysematous changes with infection in the corpus spongiosum of the penis are extremely rare. Herein, we describe a case of emphysematous spongiositis with urethral catheterization in a patient who had a history of neurogenic bladder. A 67-year-old male was successfully treated with cystostomy and antibiotics for emphysematous spongiositis. Computed tomography (CT) revealed the presence of irregular catheterization and gas formation in the spongy body of the penis. After 8 days of parenteral antibiotic therapy, the laboratory findings improved. Quick treatment via cystostomy and the use of appropriate antibiotics after diagnosis with CT is important in emphysematous spongiositis.
Introduction Emphysematous urinary tract infections are rare and may lead to fulminating sepsis if not treated on time, leading to the death of the patient. Emphysematous pyelonephritis, one of the most common emphysematous infections, is a urologic emergency characterized by infection, which is caused by enteric gram-negative bacillus, such as Escherichia coli; it is usually noted in patients with diabetes mellitus and obstructive uropathy.1 Emphysematous spongiositis is extremely rare. Therefore, the etiology, diagnosis, and management of this condition as well as other emphysematous infections are discussed in this report. Case presentation A-67-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with a history of gross hematuria and fever. He had a medical history of injury to the cervical spine C4/5 due to a fall from a stepladder at the age of 45. Subsequently, he developed a neurogenic bladder and was administered with intermittent self-catheterization for 21 years. A 16 Fr urethral indwelling catheter was used for 8 months until hospitalization with periodical exchanges every 4 weeks. The day before the hospitalization, the urethral catheter was changed as usual, but the patient developed hematuria and fever after the final exchange. Laboratory data revealed the following findings: hemoglobin, 8.1 g/ dL; total leukocyte count, 46560 � 103/dL; neutrophils, 93.2%; C-reac tive protein, 3.57 mg/dL; random blood glucose, 232 mg/dL; serum urea, 27 mg/dL; creatinine, 1.29 mg/dL; serum sodium, 135 mmol/L; and serum potassium, 3.7 mmol/L. The urinalysis revealed an
abundance of red blood cells with proteinuria and glycosuria. Strepto coccus agalactiae were grown on urine cultures and were found to not be sensitive to minocycline. The perineum of the patient was slightly swollen and flared, but sore was not clear by traumatic hemipla. X-ray revealed the presence of gas bubbles with low permeability around the urethral catheter (Fig. 1), and non-contrast CT images revealed gas formation around the urethra along with inflammation and ballooning, resulting in the deviation of the urethra (Fig. 2). The urethral catheter was immediately removed and cystostomy was performed under ultrasonography and photofluorography with contrast medium. The patient was treated with intravenous Doripenem, 1.5 g per day for 8 days. The laboratory data demonstrated improvements immediately after the treatment; therefore, no further invasive treat ment was required. Follow-up after 13 days showed no clinical abnor mality and the radiographic findings were normal. The patient was discharged with follow-up from the Urology Outpatient Department. Discussion Emphysematous spongiositis, infection of the corpus spongiosum of the penis, is extremely rare with only one case reported in the litera ture.2 To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case reported in the world. Generally, in addition to diabetes, several patients have uri nary tract obstruction associated with urinary calculi or papillary ne crosis with significant renal functional impairment.1 In the present report, the patient had a urethral obstruction after using a urethral catheter. Both cases of emphysematous spongiositis reported in the literature responded to treatment and recovered from emphysematous
* Corresponding author. 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, Japan. E-mail address: [email protected] (K. Hirai). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eucr.2019.101034 Received 10 September 2019; Received in revised form 1 October 2019; Accepted 3 October 2019 Available online 7 October 2019 2214-4420/© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
access
article
under
the
CC
BY-NC-ND
license
K. Hirai et al.
Fig. 1. X-ray (arrow heads).
Urology Case Reports 28 (2020) 101034
showing
gas
formation
around
the
urethral
The diagnosis of emphysematous spongiositis is established via radiography. This condition is often mistaken for bowel gas in emphy sematous infections of the upper urinary tract and urinary bladder.3 In the present report, gas formation was observed on the X-ray without the presence of bowel gas. The presence of gas formation was clearly observed around the urethral catheter on CT images. Moreover, CT helps to differentiate emphysematous spongiosis from similar diseases, such as necrotizing fasciitis, penile abscess, and ulcer.5 The perineum of the patient in the present case was normal in appearance, except for the presence of a slight redness on the penis. In addition, a spongy urethral swelling with urethral catheter balloon was observed. Emphysematous pyelonephritis, a representative of emphysematous infection, is a surgical emergency. The condition is severe in most pa tients, and fluid resuscitation and adequate antimicrobial therapy are essential. Medical therapy is generally required to address the renal function in these patients.3 In the present study, the urethral catheter was immediately removed and cystostomy was performed along with the prescription of antibiotics. In the previous report,2 the cause of infection in the 63-year-old male with diabetes mellitus was unclear. In contrast, the patient in the present study presented with iatrogenic urethral obstruction and severe local infection in the spongy urethra. Currently, 2 years after cystostomy, the patient is well and undergoing periodic exchange of the catheter with no evidence of recurrence of the disease. Patients with urethral infection need to rest to recover from the condition.
catheter
Conclusion Emphysematous infection is a life-threatening disease characterized by the formation of gas within the tissue. Emphysematous spongiositis is extremely rare, and quick treatment via cystostomy and the use of ac curate antibiotics is important following an accurate diagnosis using CT images. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Fig. 2. Non-contrast CT showing gas formation around the urethral catheter (arrow heads) with urethral obstruction caused by incorrect fixation of the balloon (arrow).
Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank Enago (www.enago.jp) for the En glish language review.
infection. Nonetheless, the overall mortality rate is reported to be high in patients with pyelonephritis.3 Almost all documented cases of emphysematous pyelonephritis have occurred in adults.3 Usually, this condition occurs in patients with dia betes; therefore, it is presumed that the high levels of glucose provide the substrate for the organisms, such as E. coli, which produce carbon dioxide by fermenting sugar. The patients often complain of fever, vomiting, and flank pain. Pneumaturia is absent unless the infection progresses. E. coli is the most commonly identified bacteria in urine cultures.4 Our patient did not have diabetes mellitus or urinary symp toms like pneumaturia, and the urine cultures indicated the presence of S. agalactiae.
References 1. Schainuck LI, Fouty R, Cutler RE. Emphysematous pyelonephritis. A new case and review of previous observations. Am J Med. 1968;44:134–139. 2. Yoshinaga A, Nakagomi K, Goto S. A case of acute spongiositis with diabetes mellitus. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2002;48:435–438. 3. Somani BK, Nabi G, Thorpe P, Hussey J, Cook J, N’Dow J. Is percutaneous drainage the new gold standard in the management of emphysematous pyelonephritis? Evidence from a systematic review. J Urol. 2008;179:1844–1849. 4. Garcia C, Winter M, Chalasani V, Dean T. Penile abscess: a case report and review of literature. Urol Case Rep. 2014;2:17–19. 5. Best CD, Terris MK, Tacker JR, Reese JH. Clinical and radiological findings in patients with gas forming renal abscess treated conservatively. J Urol. 1999;162:1273–1276.
2