Amino Acid Composition and Biological Value of Proteins In Some Aquatic Plant Species

Amino Acid Composition and Biological Value of Proteins In Some Aquatic Plant Species

Bioehern. Physiol. Pflanzen 175, 172 -175 (1980) Short Communication Amino Acid Composition and Biological Value of Proteins Aquatic Plant Species ...

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Bioehern. Physiol. Pflanzen 175, 172 -175 (1980)

Short Communication

Amino Acid Composition and Biological Value of Proteins Aquatic Plant Species

In

Some

KRYSTYNA BYTNIEWSKA and WACLAWA MACIEJEWSKA-POTAPCZYK Department of Plant Physiology, Institute oi Physiology and Oytology, University of Lo(lz, Lodz Poland Key Term Index: amino acid composition, biological value; Spirodela polyrrhiza, Elodea cana-

densis, Riccia fluitans.

Summary The amino aeid composition of proteins in the aquatie plants Spirodela polyrrhiza, Elodea canadensis and Riccia fluitans was determined. Proteins of the above mentioned plants contain great amounts of amino acids such as leueine, tryptophan, aspartic acid and glutamic acid. The ;tmino acid composition oi proteins in aquatic plants was compared with that of hen egg. Biologieal valnes of the pro teins oi aquatic plants expressed as Essential Amino Acid Index (EAAI) were 52.2 -52.7.

Many laboratories make achievement to utilize unconventional sources of protein in order to compensate world-wide food protein deficiency (BYTNIEWSKA 1975). We have shown previously (BYTNIEWSKA 1977) that some species of higher aquatic plants contain great amounts of total protein. On the basis of this preliminary investigation we can assurne that these plants might bc a new unconventional source for food protcin. In the experiments aiming at thc utilization of plant protein it is very important to know the amino acid composition of this proteiD. Therefore we decided to determine the amino acid composition of proteins in previously cxamined plants. Basing on the content of essential amino acids using OSER'S (1951) method we determine the biological value of aquatic plant proteins. The species oi higher aquatic plants deriving from their natural habitat were used. Riccia fluitans L. was taken from an aquarium culture oi the Zoological Garden in Lodz, Elodea canadensis Rieh. - from Bobr6wka river near to Skierniewice and Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. was collected from a pond near to Lodz and then cultured under laboratory conditions in open crystallizers on a modified PmSON and SEIDEL (1950) medium (PmsoN and SEIDEL 1950, BYTNIEWSKA 1977). Spirodela was cultured in the day-light and additionally illuminated with mercury lamps (2,000 Lx, for 15 h d,tily). BefOl·e analysis all plants were washed for some minutes with tapwater and several times with distilled water. Total protein was extracted from 10 g sampIes of fresh plant material by the method of FLETCHER and OSBORXE (19G5). After removing the iractions soluble in TOA and ethanol, protein was extracted with 0.1 N NaOH solution, rapidly precipitated with cooled acetone, centrifuged and dried under reduce pressure. Protein content was determined in the preparations obtained by the method oi LOWRY et al. (1951). The preparations containing about 5 mg oi protein were hydrolysed with 2 ml oi 5.5 N HOl in sealed vials at 110 °0 for 24 h. The conditions of hydrolysis were elaborated earlier MACIEJEWSKA-POTAPCZYK et al. 1976). The amino acid composition was determined by an automntic amino acid analyzer of the Beckman Unichrom type. Tryptophan was determined in alkaline hydro-

173

Amino Acid Composition of Proteins

lysates according to the metrod of ECKERT (1943) modified by Z.<\LTA (1954). The a.\kaline hydrolysates were prepared at 120 °C for 7 h. Tlle ana.\yses were repeated 3 times. Biological value of aqna.tic plant pro teins was eulculated on tlle basis of the essential amino acids content and expressed according to ÜSER (1951) as Essential Amino Acid Index (EAAI). The conte nt in pereentages of essential amino acids in whole egg were put at 100, and the individual essential amino acids in the compared plant proteins were expressed as percentages of the whole egg amino acids. After ÜSER (1951), if inour plant proteins an essential amino acid is present in a greater quantity than in whole egg, then its percentage content is lowered to 100. The logarithm s of al percentage figures are averaged. The antilogarithm of the mean is the Essential Amino Acid Index: n , - - ----------------

EAAI = ,\?00a1 • 100a2 • ' b1 b2

100an bn

where: n ·- quantity of essential amino acids a -- amino acids under exa.minatioll b - -amino acids in whole egg

8pirodela polyrrhiza, Elodea canadensis and Riccia fluit ans contain 24.4, 19.1 and 19.8 %, respcctively, of total protein as rclatcd to dry matter of plallts (BYTNIEWSKA 1977). Thc amino acid composition of this proteill (Tablc 1) is similar to that in other aquatic macrophyies (BOYD 1970, MACIEJEWSKA-POTAPCZYK et al. 1975) and in the leaves of foodcl' plallts (GERLOFF et aJ. 1965; PIRIE 1969; BYERS 1971; 0KE 1971; KL YSZEJICüTab 1e 1. Amino acid contn'lis and biolcgiwl rahles (RAA1) of total proteill of aquatic plant species The va,lues for thc amino acids are as g!100 g protein, the EAAI is related to egg protein. Amino Acids

Tryptophan Leurine Isoleueine Lysine Phenylalanine Tyrasine Cystine )fethionine Threonine Valine Histidine Arginine I1ydroxylysine Asparti(", acid Glutami c acid Serine Praline Glycine Alanine EAAI 12*

Plant species

Spirodela, polyrrhiza.

Elodea canadensis

R'iccia fluitan s

1.34 9.0ö 6.00 4.93 4.88 4.G2

1.49 9.45 4.20 8.28 6.07 3.38

1.58 9.79 3.49 6.07 6.05 3.14

traces 4.11 5.7 5 2.83 0.74 1.24 10.70 8.81 4.30 5.90 5.07 9.20

traces 3.36 5.62 4.47 8.;18 1.85 8.75 9.75 4.38 6.90 4.40 7.60

4.60 6.55 3.35 5.32 3.43 10.74 9.42 3.80 5.83 5.70 8.07

52.7

52.2

52.5

Egg protein KOFRA-NYI (1972) 1.5 9.2 7.7 7.0

}

10.8

tr~ces }

6.4 4.3 7.2 2.4

100.0

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1(,

BYTNIEWSKA and W. MACIEn;WSKA-POTAPCZYK

STEFANOWICZ et al. 1972; Lu and KINSELLA 1972, BETSCHART and KINSELLA 1974). The content of free amino acids in aquatic macrophytes is similar to that in terrestrial plants. Some aquatic plant species (Elodea canadensis, Zannichellia palustris) contain great amounts of asparagine (JANAUER 1977). Thc proteins of plants under examination contain approximately 9% of leucine. A similar cont3nt of this amino acid was found in proteins of Lemna minor (MACIEJEWSKA-POTAPCZYK et al. 1975), 1'ypha latifolia (BOYD 1970), Trifolium incarnatum (KLYSZEJKO-STEFANOWICZ etal. 1972) and Medicago sativa (Lu and KINSELLA 1972). The proteins of lügher aquatic plants uni- and multicellular algae contain usually 7.9, 3.6-5.6, 6.1% respectively of leucine (PoPow 1964), and those in fooder plants 4.3 -8.6% of leucine (BlllZA 1967). Spirodela polyrrhiza, Elodea canadensis and Riccia fluitans contain 5-8% of lysine that is a little more than Lemna minor (MACIEJEWSKA-POTAPCZYK et al. 1975). The pro teins of algae (BOYD 1970) and fooder plants proteins (POPow 1964; BlllZA 1967; KLYSZEJKO-STEFANOWICZ et al. 1972) are characterized by a similar content of lysine. The contents of histidine and threonine in aquatic plants under examination is high and similar to those in other green plant material (BlllZA 1967). The protein isolated from green plant parts contains usually smaU quantities of sulphur amino acids. In regard to mentioned we found only trace quantities of this amino acid in our material. DATKO et al. (1978) detected cystine and methionine in proteins of Lemna perpusilla cultured under sterile conditions. Another usually deficient amino acid, tryptophan, occurs in proteins of plants under examination in great amounts. Biological value (EAAI) of the proteins of examined plants is 52.2-52.7. According to KOFR~(NYI (1972) EAAI for casein is 87, for becf muscle 78, for wheat gluten 62, and for zein 33. Alimal proteins are characterized by a higher value of EAAI than plant proteins. Essential Amino Acid Index for proteins of several 1'rifolium spccie3 is 32 -40 (KLYSZEJKO-STEFANOWICZ ct al. 1972) and that for Zea mays leaves 44-65 (MASLOWSKI 1962). Comparing the above mentioned values of EAAI it could be assumed that the proteins of examined aquatic plants species are obviously less valuable than caseine and beef muscle ones but of greater worth than proteins of many fodder plant species. References BETSCHART, A. A., and KINSELLA, J. E.: Influence of Storage on Composition, Amino Acid Conten t and Solnbility of Soybean Leaf Concentrate. J. Agric. Food Chem. 22, 116-123 (1974). BljiZA, R.: Amino Aciels in Animal Nutrition (Pol.), PWRiL, Warszawa 1967. HOYD, C. E.: Amino Add, Protein anel Caloric Content of Vascular Aquatie ~Iaerophytes. Ecology 51,902-906 (Ul70). BYEHS, xl.: Amino Acid Composition ami in vitro Digestibility of Some Protein Fractions from three Species of Leaves of Various Algae. J. Sei. Food Agric. 22, 242-251 (1971). BYTNIEW8KA, K: Unconventional Sour ces of Protein (Pol.). Post~py Nauk Rol. 22,39-59 (1975). - Nitrogen and Protein Contents in Some Aquatic Plant Species. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 46, 165 -172 (1977). DATKO, A. H., MUDD, S. H., GroVANELLI, J., and ]\L>\CNICOL, P. K.: Sulfur-Containing Compounds in Lemna perpusilla 6746 Grown at a Range of Sulfate Concentrations. Plant Physiol. 62,629 -G35 (1978).

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ECKERT, W. H.: A new l1icro-colorimetric Method for the Determination of Tryptophan. J. Bio!. Chem. 148, 205-212 (1943). FLETCHER, R. A., <1nd OSßORNE, D. J.: Regui<1tion of Protein and Nucleic Acid Synthesis by Gibberelin Dnring Leaf Senescence. N <1ture 207, 1176 -1177 (1965). GEHLOFF, E. D., LIMA, 1. H., <1nd STAHMANN, JliI. A.: Amino Acid Composition of Le<1f Protein Concentrates. J. Agric. Food Chem.13, 139-143 (1965). JANAUER, G. A.: Amino Aeids in Aquatic ~Iacrophytes. Z. Pflanzenphysio!. Bd. 82, 45-50 (1977). Iü'YSZEJKO-STEFANOWICZ, L., POLANOWSKA, Z., KRAJEWSKA, W., RADWANSKI, J., and MACIEJEWSKA-POTAPCZYK, W.: Preliminary Rese,uch an Amino Acid Composition and Nutritional Value of Cloyer Proteins. Actel Agrobot. 2;), 117 -124 (1972). KOFHANYI, K: Protein and Amino Acid Requirements. A. Nitrogen Balance in Adults. 1.E.F.N. Vol. 11, (Edit. BIGWOOD, K J.) Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York 1972. LOWRY, O. I-L, ROSEBROUGH, N. J., F ARl\, A. L., and RANDALL, R. J.: Protein Measurement with the Folin Phenol Reagent. J. Bio!. Chem. 193, 265-275 (1951). Lu, P. S., and KINSELLA, J. E.: Extractability and Properties of Protein from Alfalfa Le<1f Mea1. J. Food Sei. 37, 94-99 (1972). MACIEJEWSKA-J'OTAPCZYK, W., KONOPSKA, L., and OLECHNOWICZ, li:.: Protein in Lemna minor 1., Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen 167, 105 -108 (1975). MASLOWSKI, P.: Research of Corn Proteins. 1. Essentittl Amino Acids anel Biological Value of Protein in Different Varieties of Polish Corn (Pol.). Hodowla Roslin, Aklimatyzacj,l, Nasiennictwo 6, G05 - Gl:i (19G2). ORE, O. 1.: Some Aspects of Amino Aciel Composition of Leaf Protein. Ind. J. Nutr. Diet. 8, 319 to 324 (1971). OSER, B. 1.: ~[ethod for Tntegrating Essential Amino Acid Content in Nutritional Eyaluation of Protein. J. Amer. Diet. 27, 39G - 402 (1951). PmIE, N. W.: Plants as Sources of Uneonyentional Protein Foo<1s. XI. International ßiological Congress. AII-Congress Symposium World Food Supply. Seattle- Washington 19G9. PmsoN, A., and SEIDEL, F.: Zell- und stoffwechselphysiologische Untersuchungen an der Wurzel von Lemna minor L. besonderer Berücksichtigung yon Kalium und Kalziummangel. Planta (Berl.) 38,431-473 (1950). PoPow, 1. S.: Amino Aeid Contents in Feed. Nitrogen Componds in Animal Xutrition (Pol.) (E(lit. SWIETLIKOWSKA, U.) pp. 245-274. PWRiL Warszawa 1964. ZALTA, J. P.: Personal Commllnication. In: lü,YSZEJKO-STEFANowICz, L.: 'l'extbook of Bioehemistry (Pol.) pp. 353--354. PWX, Warszawa 1972.

Received July 31 ;in rcvised form October 1st, 1979. Allthors' address: Dr. KRYSTYNA BYTi-iIEWSKA and Prof. Dr. WAClu\WA MACIE.JEWSKA-POTc\PCZYK, Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Physiology antI Cytology, Uniyersity of Lodz, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.

Verantwortlich lürdie Redaktion: Pro!. Dr. B.Parthier, 401 Halle (Saale). Verlag: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag 69Jena, Villengang 2, Telefon 2 73 32. Satz und Druck: Druckerei "Magnu! Poser", 69 Jena. - Veröffentlicht. unter der Lizenznummer 1067 des Presseamtes beim Vorsitzenden des Ministerrates der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Alle Rechte beim Verlag. Nachdruck (auch auszugsweise) nur mit Genehmigung des Verlages und des Verlasser! sowie mit Angabe der Quelle gestattet. Printed in th. German Demoeratie Republie. Artikel-Nr. (EDV) 53916