Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
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An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people of Alaşehir (Manisa) in Turkey Seyid Ahmet Sargın a, Ekrem Akçicek b, Selami Selvi c,n a
Department of Elementary Education, Faculty of Science Education, Akdeniz University, 07058 Antalya, Turkey Department of Biology Education, Necatibey Education Faculty, Balıkesir University, 10100 Balıkesir, Turkey c Medicinal and Aromatical Plants Program, Altınoluk Vocational School, Balıkesir University, Edremit, Balıkesir 10870, Turkey b
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 20 July 2013 Received in revised form 6 September 2013 Accepted 12 September 2013
Ethnopharmacological relevance: This paper represents the first large-scale ethnobotanical study in the Alaşehir and its surrounding (Manisa/Turkey). There are scarcely any studies for using plants. There is urgency in recording such data. This is the first ethnobotanical study in which statistical calculations about plants are done by ICF (Informant Consensus Factor) method. This study aimed to identify plants collected for medicinal purposes by the local people of Alaşehir, located in the Aegean Region of Turkey, and to document the traditional names, preparation and uses of these plants. Materials and methods: Field study was carried out over a period of approximately 2 years (2010–2012) in Alaşehir. During this period, 137 vascular plant specimens were collected. Demographic characteristics of participants, local plant names, utilized parts and preparation methods of the plants were investigated and recorded. In the scope of the study, medicinal plant species and related information were collected; herbarium materials were prepared; and the specimens were entitled. Field research was conducted by collecting ethnobotanical information during structured and semi-structured interviews with native knowledgeable people in territory. In addition, the relative importance value of species was determined and ICF was calculated for the medicinal plants included in the study. Results: A total of 137 medicinal plants belonging to 58 families were identified in the region. Among them, 105 species are wild and 32 species are cultivated plant. The most dominant medicinal plant families were Asteraceae ( 413%), Lamiaceae ( 411%), Rosaceae (47%), and Fabaceae ( 44%), again; the most common preparations were infusion and decoction. It was found that Origanum onites L., Urtica urens, Thymus zygioides Griseb., Matricaria chamomilla L., Salvia tomentosa Mill., Cerasus avium (L.), Tilia argentea Desf. ex DC., Hyoscyamus niger L., Urtica pilulifera L., Anethum graveolens L., Euphorbia rigida Bieb., Hypericum perforatum L., Paliurus spina-christi Mill., Rosa canina L., Viscum album L. subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollman, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Elymus repens (L.) Gould and Juglans regia L. were the most commonly used species. The traditional medicinal plants have been mostly used for the treatment respiratory tract diseases (14.1%), gastro-intestinal diseases (10%), kidney problems (7.3%), diabetes (7.1%), cholesterol (5%), rheumatism (4%), cancer various (4%), cardiovascular problems (3.1%) and burn (3%). Conclusion: Gathering, processing and consuming wild edible plants are still practiced in all the studied Alaşehir areas. These plants, used in the treatment of many different diseases, are freely harvested in this region at abundant amounts. Due to the increasing health service facilities in the area, herbal medicine, seemed to be more related to health care and disease prevention than cure. & 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Alaşehir Ethnobotany ICF Medicinal plants Turkey UV
1. Introduction The use of plants and their products in curing diseases is known as herbal medicine, which is considered part of folk or
n
Corresponding author. Mobile: þ 905302212679; fax: þ 902663961509. E-mail addresses:
[email protected] (S.A. Sargın),
[email protected] (E. Akçicek),
[email protected],
[email protected] (S. Selvi).
traditional medicine. For many centuries, treatment with medicinal plants was the only resource available for numerous ethnic groups, and nowadays, plants are still used in traditional medicine to treat, alleviate or prevent many diseases (Gasparetto et al., 2011). More than 25% of medicines used by humans are extracted from tropical plants (Yörek et al., 2008). The use of plants to cure diseases and relieve physical sufferings has started from the earliest times of mankind's history (Hill, 1989). Nowadays, the use of plants as a way of treatment is still very important for
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Please cite this article as: Sargın, S.A., et al., An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people of Alaşehir (Manisa) in Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.040i
2
S.A. Sargın et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
Fig. 1. A map showing the location of Alaşehir district in Turkey.
human beings (Kültür, 2007). Many researches have been done on plants which provide humans with extensive and fundamental uses (Kargıoğlu et al., 2008, Ugulu, 2011). Ethnobotany is defined as the study of the relationship between people and plants and most commonly refers to the study of indigenous uses of plants. In other words, it is the marriage between cultural anthropology and botany, a study that investigates the role of plants as medicine, nourishment, natural resources or gateway to the God. (Diksha and Amla, 2011). In general, ethnobotany is the scientific investigations of plants as used in indigenous culture for food, medicine, rituals, building, household implements, musical instruments, firewood, pesticides, clothing, shelter and other purposes (Ugulu, 2011). Turkey occurring in warm climate zone is distinguished from many countries situating its environments by the plant diversity. The number of plants distributed in Turkey is nearly those in Europe. The plant taxa in Turkey have reached to 12.000 by recently discovered new taxa. The richness of Turkish Flora is based on geographic, climatic, topographic and edaphic factors. Turkey is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of plant diversity. Turkey is also one of the richest countries in world with respect to endemism. The number of endemic taxa is more than 3000 and endemism ratio is 34.4% (Erik and Tarıkahya, 2004; Avcı, 2005; Özhatay et al., 2005; Duran et al., 2010). Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge, pharmacopoeia and prevalence of medicinal plants have been investigated in different areas of Turkey by Sezik et al. (1991, 1997, 2001), Baytop (1999), Ertuğ (2000), Tuzlacı and Tolon (2000), Tuzlacı and Aymaz (2001), Yeşilada et al. (2001), Ertuğ (2003, 2004), Özgen et al. (2004), Özgökçe and Özçelik (2004), Şimsek et al. (2004), Uzun et al. (2004), Everest and Özturk (2005), Özkan and Koyuncu (2005), Ecevit-Genç and Özhatay (2006), Cansaran et al. (2007), Akgül (2008), Kültür (2007), Satıl et al., 2007; Kargıoğlu et al. (2008), Koyuncu et al. (2009), Yeşil and Akalın (2009), Yapıcı et al. (2009), Ugulu et al. (2009), Bulut and Tuzlacı (2009), Cansaran and Kaya (2010), Deniz et al. (2010), Çakılcıoglu and Turkoglu (2010), Polat and Satıl (2010), Tuzlacı et al. (2010), Bulut (2011), Çakılcıoğlu et al. (2011), Güneş and Özhatay (2011), Öztürk and Ölçücü (2011), Ugulu (2011), Polat and Satıl (2012), Selvi et al. (2012), and Demirci
and Özhatay (2012). However, the present study is comprehensive the first to report on the extent of local ethnobotanical knowledge of the Alaşehir (Manisa) region. The present study deals with medicinal plants used by inhabitants of Alaşehir town in Manisa (Turkey). The aim of present study is to evaluate the traditional uses of local native plants to provide safe and efficient information for people who cannot afford prescription alternatives and to encourage the preservation of culture, tradition, conservation and sustainable utilization of medicinal plants.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Study area Study area was located on the west of Anatolian diagonal, in the Aegean Geographic Region (one the seven subdivision of Turkey). Alaşehir in antiquity and the middle ages known as Philadelphia is a town of Manisa province. Alaşehir is bordered on the east by Sarigol, on the west by Salihli, on the south by Ödemiş (İzmir) and Nazilli (Aydın) on the North by Kula and is situated in the valley of the Kuzucay, at the foot of the Bozdag (Fig. 1). It belongs to the Mediterranean Plant Geography Region and falls within the B2 grid square according to the grid classification system developed by Davis (1965–1985). 2.2. Interviews with local people In the total of 152 people, 105 women and 147 men were interviewed. Although approximately 3–5% of general public in the research area, are knowledgeable regarding medicinal plants, we have been obtained valuable information from almost 75–80% of the interviewed (152) people regarding them. A questionnaire was administered to the local people, through face-to-face interviews (Appendix A). Mean age of the respondents was 49 years (in 26–86 years range). Interviews were made on the busy hours of the common areas (bazaars, herbal markets, pharmacies, tea houses) visited by the citizens of Alaşehir County, town and its villages. The respondents of the questionnaire are Turkish citizens. As we think that young people (25 age and lower) are not suitable for an
Please cite this article as: Sargın, S.A., et al., An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people of Alaşehir (Manisa) in Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.040i
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ethnobotanical study, the questionnaire was only administered to people over 25 who know about medicinal plants. The people who had knowledge of plants were visited at least for four times; one of these visits is particularly paid to their houses and farms. During the interviews, demographic characteristics of the study participants were recorded and given Table 1. In addition to, families, local names, utilized parts and preparation methods of the plants, UV (Use value) of plant species used for medicinal treatment of local peoples were recorded and presented in Table 2. The people who participated in the study were requested to indicate the wild plants they used.
2.3. Plant materials Field study was carried out over a period of approximately two years (2010–2012). During this period, a total of 137 vascular plant specimens (including 112 naturally grows) were collected from the locality. The plants were pressed in the field and prepared for identification. Plants were identified with the help of the literature (Baytop, 1999; Davis, 1965–1985; Davis et al., 1988; Tanker and Tanker, 1990; Zeybek and Zeybek, 1994). Later, identified plants were compared with the specimens in Ege University Herbarium (EGE) and Ankara University Herbarium (ANK) in Turkey. The names of plant families were listed in alphabetic order and given in Table 2. Scientific names of plant species were identified according to the International Plant Name Index (IPNI: http:// www.ipni.org) and the Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org/). We examined whether the plants used in had literature records or
Table 1 Classification of the informants according to their demographic features. Demographic features
Number of people
Gender of informants Female 105 Male 147 Age of informants Less than 30 11 Between 31 and 40 61 Between 41 and 50 79 Between 51 and 59 43 Over 60 58 Level of education Illiterate 5 Elemantary school 188 Secondary school 32 High school 13 University 14 Marital status Unmarried 52 Married 175 Divorced Widowed 25 Employment status Employed 26 Pensioned 41 Farmer 89 Not working or unemployed 96 Residence County (City center) 20 Town and district 60 Village 172 Duration of redidence in the surveyed area Less than 10 years 26 More than 10 years 226 Ethnic group Balkan immigrant 14 Romans (Gypsies) 6 Yürük 232
Percent (%)
58.3 41.7 4.37 24.2 31.3 17.1 23.01 2.0 74.6 12.7 5.2 5.5 20.6 69.4 0.0 10.0
3
not. Primarily the domestic studies and then foreign studies were analyzed. The plant species lists were tabulated by cross-referencing folk names and voucher specimens from previous data-bases by Bourbonnais-Spears et al. (2005) and Treyvaud-Amiguet et al. (2005, 2006). 2.4. Surveys at schools 540 students in 23 local schools of the region were surveyed on “remedy herbs” used in the Alaşehir. First, various local useful plants, were introduced with slides and then questionnaires on medicinal plants were given to the students. In the field of research, a survey was made in town centers, and in the village schools on pharmaceutic plants. During the survey, the students were asked which pharmaceutical local plants their parents and Grand parents use and which parts of the plants, for which purpose, and how they use them (Appendix B). A total of 382 forms were returned by students, with information on medicinals. After the forms were evaluated, some of the families were visited and detailed information was obtained. These presentations and written surveys with students not only provide valuable information and the possibility for the quantification of most commonly used herbs, but also provide a bridge between school children and their families (Ertuğ et al., 2003). 2.5. Calculations Informant consensus factor (ICF) (Trotter and Logan, 1986) was calculated according to the following formula: ICF¼ Nur Nt/Nur 1, where Nur refers to the number of use citations in each category and Nt to the number of the speciesused. This method is to check homogeneity of the information. In otherwords, the medicinal plants that are presumed to be effective in treating a certain disease have higher ICF values (Teklehaymanot and Giday, 2007). Informant consensus factor was abbreviated as “FIC” in the previous articles (Akerreta et al., 2007; Camejo-Rodrigues et al., 2003a, 2003b; Cheikhyoussef et al., 2011; Kisagau et al., 2007; Okello et al., 2010; Polat and Satıl, 2012; Rokaya et al., 2010; Upadhyay et al., 2011; Cakılcıoglu and Turkoglu, 2010). The use value (UV) (Trotter and Logan, 1986), a quantitative method that demonstrates the relative importance of species known locally, was also calculated according to the following formula: UV¼U/N, where UV refers to the use value of a species; U to the number of citations per species; and N to the number of informants.
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Demographic characteristics of study participants
7.9 23.8 68.3
Demographic characteristics of the respondents were determined and recorded through face-to-face interviews. In addition to, these demographic characters are given Table 1. In the study area, 3 different ethnic group were determinated. These ethnic group were Balkan immigrant (5.5%), Romans (2.4%) and majority Yürük (92.1%). The 382 forms returned by the elemantary school studens were not evaluated as the questionnaires of the resource people, though we reached to some parents and grandparents through these forms.
10.3 89.7
3.2. Medicinal plants and associated knowledge
5.5 2.4 92.1
The plant used for medicinal purposes in the region are presented in Table 2 and arranged in alphabetical order of their family and botanical names, with the relevant information. As a
10.3 16.3 35.3 38.1
Please cite this article as: Sargın, S.A., et al., An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people of Alaşehir (Manisa) in Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.040i
4
No
Plant species
Family
Vernacular name(s)
Plant part useda
Preparationb Use
Administration, dosage, duration of the treatment
UV (Use value)
1
Alcea biennis Winterl
Malvaceae
Gülhatmi, gülfatma, fatmagülü, üvendere, peygamber otu.
Flb, Flo
In, Ma
Bronchitis
0.09
2
Allium ampeloprasum L.nn
Liliaceae
Pırasa, pıransa
Sc, Bl
Dec, Raw
Blurred vision, diabetes
Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 2–3 weeks Drink one glass 3 times a day for 4–8 weeks
3
Allium cepa L.
Liliaceae
Taze soğan
Liliaceae
Sarımsak, sarımsak
nn
4
Allium sativum L.
5
Amaranthus retroflexus L.
Amaranthaceae
Bambıl, banpıl, pambıl, panbıl, pambul otu
Sc, Bl, Dec, Pa, Raw See Lea, Pa, Raw Bl, Flo Lea In
6
Amygdalus communis L.nn
Rosaceae
Badem
Fru
Raw, cream
7
Anethum graveolens L.nn
Apiaceae
Dereotu
See, Lea
In, Raw
8
Apium graveolens L.nn
Apiaceae
Kereviz
Who
In, Dec, Raw
9
Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. Subsp. pubens (Babington) Arenes Armeniaca vulgaris L.nn
Asteraceae
Bıtrak, bıtırak, pıtırak, pıtrak.
Aer
In
Rosaceae
Kayısı
Fru
Raw, Dec
11
Artemisia absinthium L.
Asteraceae
Karhan, garhan, karhan otu, garhan otu, karahan, karahan kökü, pamucuk, acı pelin
Lea
Dec
12
Asparagus acutifolius L.
Liliaceae
Kediyen, kedi kuyruğu, tilki kuyruğu, kuşkonmaz, tesbihdalı
Who
In, Oin
13
Asphodelus aestivus Brot.
Liliaceae
Kiriş otu
Aer, Tb
Dec
14
Avena barbata Pott ex Link subsp. barbata
Poaceae
Yulaf
Aer
Dec
15
Calendula arvensis L.nn
Asteraceae
Göbekli nergis
Aer
16
Capparis spinosa L. var. spinosa Capparaceae
Gebre, gebere, kapari, kedi tırnağı
17
Brassicaceae
Çoban çantası
18
Capsella bursa - pastoris (L.) Medik. Castanea sativa Mill.
Roo, Fru, See Aer
In, Ms, medical oil, lo Dec, Raw, spice
Fagaceae
Kestane
Fru
Raw, Dec
19
Celtis australis L.
Ulmaceae
Çıtlık, çitlembik, menengeç?
Fru
Raw, spice
10
nn
Ms, Raw
0.24
Gastrointestinal diseases, renal colic, Menstrual pain
0.37
Diabetes, Cold & flu
0.32
Take 3–4 clove a day for 2 weeks Cold & flu, hypercholesterolemia Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 2–3 weeks Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia Take a handful a day for 3–4 weeks Hemorrhoids, Diuretic, hiccup, headache Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Renal colic, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, rheumatism, sexual Drink one glass inadequacy 3 times a day for 4 weeks hypercholesterolemia, incontinence Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Costiveness and intestinal spasm. Take 2–3 handfuls a day for 2–3 days Intestinal parasites, dyspepsia, renal colic Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Prostatitis rheumatism, flu, Cardiotonic & vasodilator. Take one bunch a day for 3–4 weeks Gastrointestinal diseases, ulcers, cancer Drink one glass 1–2 times a day for 4–8 weeks Bronchitis Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 2–3 weeks Skin cancer, Burn wound care Drink one glass 2–3 times a day for 8–12 weeks Hemorrhoids, Athlete's foot Take a handful a day for 3–4 weeks Burn wound care, costiveness and intestinal spasm, rheumatism Take 1/2 bunch a day for 4 weeks Asthma, rheumatism Take 1–2 handful a day for 4 weeks Gastrointestinal diseases
0.09
0.31
0.30
0.32
0.03
0.37
0.05
0.24
0.08
0.03
0.11
0.32
0.11 0.34 0.08
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Please cite this article as: Sargın, S.A., et al., An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people of Alaşehir (Manisa) in Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.040i
Table 2 List of the medicinal plants used by local people in Alaşehir.
Centaurea cyanus L.
Asteraceae Gentıanaceae
Oğlan düğümü, düğüm, oğlan çiçeği, dağ karanfili, peygamber çiçeği Kırmızı kantaron
Flo, Lea Aer
In, Dec, Ms
Gastrointestinal diseases
21
Centaurium erythraea Rafn
In, Dec, medical oil
Gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Antiinflammatory
22
Cerasus avium (L.) Moenchnn
Rosaceae
Kiraz, Napolyon kirazı
23
Chelidonium majus L.
Papaveraceae
Siğil otu
Pt, Lea, Fru Aer, Lea
Raw, Dec
Diuretic, Nephralgia & kidney stones, Cardiotonic & vasodilator, diet & debilitating
In, Ms
Wart treatment, Gastrointestinal diseases.
24
Cicer arietinum L.nn
Fabaceae
Nohut
Fru
Ma,tincture
Nephralgia & kidney stones, Ringworm treatment, Wart treatment
25
Cichorium intybus L.
Asteraceae
Karakavuk [hindiba)
Who
Dec, lo
Hypertension & tachycardia, fatty liver disease, blood cancer.
26
Cistus creticus L.
Cistaceae
Pambulcuk, pamucak, garahan?
Lea
Fume, Dec
Costiveness and intestinal spasm, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Antipyretic & diaphoretic
27
Cistus laurifolius L.
Cistaceae
Karahan, garahan, garahan otu, karahan otu, tavşancıl, tavşanak.
Dec, Ms
Costiveness and intestinal spasm, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Antipyretic & diaphoretic
28
Cnicus benedictus L.
Asteraceae
Devedikeni, şevketi bostan, şevketi bostan otu.
Roo, Bd, Lea Who
29
Coriandrum sativum L.
Apiaceae
Kişniş
Aer, See
In, Dec, ts
Caminative
30
Crataegus monogyna Jacq.
Rosaceae
Kızılcık
Fru, Lea
Raw, Ms, Dec, In
Diabetes, Cardiotonic & vasodilator, arythmia.
31
Crataegus orientalis Pallas ex Bieb.
Rosaceae
Alıç, dikenli alıç, yemiş
Raw, Ms, Dec, In
Diabetes, Cardiotonic & vasodilator, Nephralgia & kidney stones
32
Cucurbita moschata Duchesne ex Poir.
Cucurbitaceae
Bal kabağı
Fru, Lea, See Fru
Raw, Ms, Dec, In
Diuretic, carminative
33
Cupressus sempervirens L.
Cupressaceae
Selvi, servi, yılbaşı ağacı
Co
Dec
Wart treatment, toothache
34
Cydonia oblonga Mill.
Rosaceae
Ayva, ayva otu.
Raw, Dec, In
Cold & flu, Bronchitis, Asthma, Diuretic, Gastrointestinal diseases.
35
Cynara scolymus L.
Asteraceae
Enginar
Fru, Lea, See Flo, Lea
Dec
Anorexia & appetizing, 36diuretic & cholagogue, Nephralgia & kidney stones, cancer
36
Cynoglossum creticum Mill.
Boraginaceae
Köpek dili
Lea
Ms, Dec
Wart treatment.
37
Dianthus anatolicus Boiss.
n
Caryophyllaceae
Dağ karanfili
Aer
Ms
Wart treatment.
38
Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin
Dioscoreaceae
Acı ot, vicirne, kabarcık, kapırcık, kapurcuk, mıcık, bıcık.
Raw, Boi
Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension & tachycardia, Respiratory tract diesases & flu, rheumatism
39
Diospyros kaki L.nn
Ebenacea
Cennet elması, cennet hurması, hurma
Root, Flo, Flb Fru
Raw, Ms
Diuretic, Cardiotonic & vasodilator
40
Dracunculus vulgaris Schott
Araceae
In, Dec, spice Nephralgia & kidney stones, Anorexia & appetizing, Antipyretic & diaphoretic, Hypertension & tachycardia.
Dec, Ms, Raw
0.08 0.17
0.36
0.05
0.20
0.02
0.13
0.17
0.15
0.02
0.15
0.23
0.16
0.03
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Please cite this article as: Sargın, S.A., et al., An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people of Alaşehir (Manisa) in Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.040i
20
Take a handful a day for 3–4 weeks Take 2–3 pinches for 2–3 days Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 1–3 days Drink one glass 3 times a day for 4–8 weeks Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 2–3 weeks Take 1–2 handfuls a day for 4–8 weeks Drink one glass 2–3 times a day for 8–12 weeks Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 2–3 weeks Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 2–3 weeks Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Drink one glass 3 times a day for 2–3 days Drink one glass 2–3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Drink one glass 2–3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Drink one glass 2–3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 2–3 weeks Drink one glass 2-3 times a day for 1 week Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Apply 2 times a day for 7–10 days Apply 2 times a day for 7–10 days Take one bunch a day for 3–4 weeks Eat 3–4 fruits a day for 4 weeks
0.17
0.11
0.01 0.01 0.26
0.18 0.09 5
6
No
41
Plant species
Family
Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. Cucurbitaceae nn
Vernacular name(s)
Plant part useda
Yılan pancarı, yılanebesi, yılan burçağı, yılan bırçağı, Fru, yılan burçağı otu, yılan başı, yılan darısı, yılan otu. Lea, Roo, See Cırtlak otu, eşek hıyarı, acı hıyar Fru
Elaeagnaceae
İğde
Fru
Elymus repens (L.) Gould
Poaceae
Ayrıkotu, ayrık, çayır, çayırotu
Roo
44
Equisetum arvense L.
Equisetaceae
Kırk kilit otu
Aer
45
Erica manipuliflora Salisb.nn
Ericaceae
Püren, püren otu, süpürge otu, sükürte otu, süpürtge otu.
Flb
46
Euphorbia rigida Bieb.
Euphorbiaceae
Sütlü, sütlü ot, sütleğen
Aer
47
Ficus carica L. subsp. carica (All.) Schinz et Thell.
Moraceae
İncir, yemiş, yemişen
48
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.nn
Apiaceae
Arapsaçı
49
Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
Fabaceae
Meyan
Bra, Lea, Fru Aer, Roo, See Lea, Roo
50
Helianthus annuus L.nn
Asteraceae
Ayçiçeği
51
52
Asteraceae Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench subsp. aucheri (Boiss.) Davis et Kupicha Heliotropium europaeum L. Boraginaceae
53
42
Elaeagnus angustifolia L.
43
Fru, Lea, See Gözlübaba, gözlübaba otu, daşdüşüren, daşdüşüren Aer ot, altın otu, kaya otu.
Preparationb Use
Hemorrhoids, rheumatism, costiveness and intestinal spasm, intestinal cancer
Fruit juice
Lea
Heracleum platytaenium Boiss.n Apiaceae
Ayı kulağı
St
54
Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. caucasica Rousi
Elaeagnaceae
Tesbih ağacı, tesbih otu
55
Hordeum vulgare L.nn
Poaceae
Arpa
56
Hyoscyamus niger L.
Solanaceae
Kurtluca, kulak otu
Fru, Lea, See Aer, See See
57
Hypericum perforatum L.
Guttiferae
58
Inula britannica L.
Asteraceae
Katran, katran otu, gatran, gatran otu, gangren otu, Aer, kangren otu, gantıran, kantıran, kantoran, kantoron, Flb kantoron otu, sarıkantaron. Andız, anduz, andız otu, anduz otu, andız kökü Roo
Dec
59
Iris germanica L.
Iridaceae
Nevruz çiçeği
Pa
In, ms Fume, Ms In, medical oil
Sinusitis, rheumatism.
Intestinal regulatory, diarrhea, Anorexia & appetizing
UV (Use value)
Take 3–4 ickers a day for 3–5 weeks
Take 1 drop a day for 1 week In, Genital & urinary tract infection, diabetes, Drink one glass hypercholesterolemia 2–3 times a day for 2–3 weeks In Nephralgia & kidney stones, Gastrointestinal diseases Drink one glass 2–3 times a day for 1–2 weeks In Nephralgia & kidney stones, Gastrointestinal diseases, Drink one glass Hypertension & tachycardia 3 times a day for 4–8 weeks Dec Nephralgia & kidney stones, Gastrointestinal diseases, Diuretic Drink one glass 3 times a day for 4–8 weeks Lo Eczema, Burn wound care, Wart treatment, Itch & rash Apply 2 times a treatment tedavisi, Scorpion stings. day for 7–10 days Plaster, Ms, Cancer, flu, wart treatment, callus treatment. Take 1-2 handfuls lo, Raw, pa a day for 4–8 weeks Raw, In, Dec, Gastrointestinal diseases, rheumatism. Drink one teacup Ms, ts 2–3 times a day for 1–2 weeks Dec, In, spice Respiratory tract diesases & flu, Bronchitis, analgesic, Drink one teacup Gastrointestinal diseases, smoking addiction 3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Ms, Raw, lo Respiratory tract diesases & flu, Bronchitis Take 1–2 dessert spoon for 2–3 weeks In Hepatitis, Nephralgia & kidney stones, Gastrointestinal diseases Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Ms Scorpion stings Apply 2–3 times a day for 2–3 days Raw Gastrointestinal diseases Apply 2–3 times a day for 2–3 days Ms, raw Ringworm treatment Apply 1-2 times a day for 4 weeks
Siğilotu, sirken, akrep otu
Rhi
Administration, dosage, duration of the treatment
Apply 1–2 times a day for 3–4 days Earache, Sinusitis Apply 2–3 times a day for 2–3 days Burn wound care, cancer, Gastrointestinal diseases, Antipyretic Drink one teacup & diaphoretic 2–3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Asthma Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Toothache
0.31 0.09
0.41
0.19
0.28
0.44 0.42
0.31
0.37
0.05
0.33
0.13 0.08 0.02
0.15 0.47 0.46
0.05
0.01
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Table 2 (continued )
Juglans regia L.
Juglandaceae
Ceviz
61
Juncus acutus L.
Juncaceae
Kova otu, kofaotu, hasırotu, saz, hasır otu, kamış.
62
Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus L.
Cupressaceae
Ardıç
63
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.
Cucurbitaceae
Su gabaa, su kabaa, kaşıkçı su kabaa, kaşıkçı su gabaa
64
Laurus nobilis L.
Lauraceae
Defne
65
Lavandula stoechas L.
Lamiaceae
Karabaş, karabaş kekiği
66
Leontice leontopetalum L. subsp. leontopetalum
Berberidaceae
Aslan pençesi çiçegi
67
Lepidium sativum L. subsp. sativum nn
Brassicaceae
Tere, tere otu.
68
Logfia arvensis (L.) Holvb
Asteraceae
Çayır güzeli
69
Lupinus hispanicus Boiss. et Reuter Lysimachia punctata L.
Fabaceae
Acıbakla
Primulaceae
Karga otu
70
71
Malva neglecta L.
Malvaceae
Ebegömeci, ebegömeci,
72
Malva sylvestris L.
Malvaceae
Ebegömeci, ebegömeci, gömeç, ebi gömeç otu.
73
Matricaria chamomilla L.
Asteraceae
Dişi papatya
74
Medicago polymorpha L.
Fabaceae
Bıtırak
75
Mentha aquatica L.
Lamiaceae
Suotu, su nanesi
76
Mentha x piperita L.
Lamiaceae
Nane, bahçe nanesi, nana
77
Morus rubra L.
Moraceae
Kırmızı dut
78
Myrtus communis L. subsp. communis
Myrtaceae
Mersin
79
Nasturtium officinale R. Br.
Brassicaceae
Su gêdimesi
0.38
0.01 0.24
0.01
0.13
0.25
0.09
0.29
0.06
0.01 0.02
0.39
0.19
0.48
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60
Apply 2-3 times a day Lea, Dec, ma. Diabetes, 60hypercholesterolemia, Cardiotonic & vasodilator, Drink one teacup Fru Hair care 2–3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Aer Dec, fruit Antihemorragic, nasal bleeding Take 3–7 drops a juice day for 1–2 days Fru, Pi Dec, Oin Gall stones, Asthma, rheumatism. Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 3–4 weeks See Pa Cancer Take 3–4 dessert spoon for 8–12 weeks Lea, lo, dec, ca Gastrointestinal diseases, rheumatism, Asthma. Drink one teacup See 2–3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Flo In Gastrointestinal diseases Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 1–3 days Aer In, Ms Headache, Ovaritis & ovarian cysts Drink one glass 3 times a day for 40 days Aer, In, pa Gastrointestinal diseases, Nephralgia & kidney stones Take 1–2 dessert See spoon for 2-3 weeks Aer Ms Gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 2-3 weeks Fru, Dec Cardiotonic & vasodilator Take 3-4 seeds a See day for 1 week Aer Oin Burn wound care, abscess treatment Take 1–2 dessert spoon for 2–3 weeks Flo, In, ma Gastrointestinal diseases, Bronchitis, diabetes, Drink one teacup Lea hypercholesterolemia. 3 times a day for 2–3 weeks Drink one teacup Aer, In, ms, ma Diet & debilitating, Gastrointestinal diseases, ulcer, Asthma, 2–3 times a day Roo diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Bronchitis, Tonsillitis and for 2–3 weeks throat ache, toothache, Eczema Aer In, lo Gastrointestinal diseases, headache, respiratory tract diesases & Drink one teacup flu, cancer 2–3 times a day for 2–3 days Aer In hypercholesterolemia, Incontinence. Drink one glass 1–2 times a day for 2 weeks Lea In Asthma, rheumatism Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 2–3 weeks Aer In, lo, ca Gastrointestinal diseases, Cardiotonic & vasodilator Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 2–3 weeks Fru, Raw, sirup, In Diabetes Drink one teacup Lea 2–3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Lea, In, Raw Incontinence, bladder infection Drink one glass Fru 1-2 times a day for 2 weeks Aer Raw Gastrointestinal diseases, Diuretic, Take one bunch a Anorexia & appetizing, Eczema day for 1–2 weeks
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.11
0.11
0.14
7
8
Preparationb Use
No
Plant species
Family
Vernacular name(s)
Plant part useda
80
Nerium oleander L.
Apocynaceae
Acı hayıt, deli hayıt, acı ağaç, patlangeç, zakkum
Flo, St In, lo, fruit juice
Cancer
81
Ocimum basilicum L.nn
Lamiaceae
Feslihan, fesliğen, mesliğen
Lea
In, ms, ca
Diabetes, Scorpion stings
82
Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea cv. “Gemlik”nn Origanum onites L.
Oleaceae
Zeytin
Lamiaceae
Kırkbaş kekik, koca Lealı kekik, tokalı kekik, bilya kekik, arı kekiği
Lea, Fru, See Aer
Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension & tachycardia, In, Raw, lo, Oin, Ms, fruit Cardiotonic & vasodilator juice, Dec In, lo, cr Gastrointestinal diseases, Bronchitis, Respiratory tract diesases & flu, Hypertension & tachycardia.
83
84
Origanum majorana L.nn
Lamiaceae
Mercanköşk, nane kekiği
Lea
In, cr
Respiratory tract diesases & flu, Asthma.
85
Paliurus spina-christi Mill.
Rhamnaceae
Çaltı, çaltı dikeni
See
Dec
Diabetes, Nephralgia & kidney stones, Diuretic
86
Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass.
Asteraceae
Çakırdikeni
Lea
In
Cancer
87
Pinus brutia Ten.
Pinaceae
Çam, kızılçam
Dec, Raw, Oin
Diabetes, Bronchitis, Asthma, tuberculosis, cancer
88
Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe var. şeneriana (Saatçioğlu) Yalt.n Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. terebinthus L.
Pinaceae
Fesleğen çamı, fesleğan çamı, top çamı.
Ba, Co, Res, Tr Res, Tr
Gum
Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Asthma, rheumatism
Anacardiaceae
Menengeç, çitlembik
Fru, Res
Ms
Gingivatis, Asthma.
89
90
Plantago major L.
Plantaginaceae
Kırksinir otu
Aer
91
Platanus orientalis L.
Platanaceae
Çınar, çınar ağacı
Lea, Flo
92
Polygonum cognatum Meissn.
Polygonaceae
Keçimemesi
Flo, Roo
93
Populus alba L.nn
Salicaceae
Akkavak, beyaz kavak?
94
Portulaca oleracea L.
Portulacaceae
Semizlik, semiz otu, temizlik
Ba, Lea Aer
95
Prunus divaricata Ledeb.
Rosaceae
Deli erik
Fru
96
Punica granatum L.nn
Punicaceae
Nar, hicaz narı
Fru
Administration, dosage, duration of the treatment
UV (Use value)
Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 4–8 weeks Drink one glass 2–3 times a day for 2 weeks Drink one glass 1–2 times a day for 3–4 weeks Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 2–3 weeks Drink one glass 2–3 times a day for 2 weeks Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 3-4 weeks Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 4–8 weeks Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 3–4 weeks
0.02
Apply 3 times a day for 3 weeks
Take 1/2 handful a day for 3-4 weeks Ms, In, Raw Eczema, cancer Take 1/2 bunch a day for 4–8 weeks Dec, In, Antipyretic & diaphoretic, Nephralgia & kidney stones, Drink one glass Rheumatism and arthritis, Burn wound care, abscess treatment. 3 times a day for 4–8 weeks In Gastrointestinal diseases Drink one teacup 1–2 times a day for 1–3 days Dec, lo, Antihemorragic, anti-dandruff Apply 2 times a day for 7–10 days Raw, Ms, Oin. Diabetes, cancer, Heatstroke, kidney stones, Anorexia & Take 3–4 appetizing, costiveness and intestinal spasm handfuls a day for 3-4 weeks Raw, Dec Cardiotonic & vasodilator, atherosclerosis, diabetes, Take 2–3 hypercholesterolemia. handfuls a day for 2–3 days Raw, Dec. Gastrointestinal diseases, Diabetes Drink one glass 1–2 times a day for 2 weeks
0.28
0.26
0.56
0.26
0.44
0.04
0.21
0.20
0.03
0.22
0.07
0.08
0.06 0.28
0.22
0.26
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Table 2 (continued )
Quercus cerris L. var. cerris
Fagaceae
Çalı meşesi, uzgurt, saçlı meşe
Roo
Dec, lo
Burn wound care.
98
Quercus coccifera L.
Fagaceae
Piynar, piynar meşesi
Dec
Burn wound care, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia
Quercus ithaburensis Decne. subsp. macrolepis (Kotschy) Hedge et Yalt. 100 Raphanus sativus L. var. niger (Mill) J. Kern.nn
Fagaceae
Palamut, palamut meşesi, hakiki palamut, esas palamut.
Cu, Fru, Roo Cu, See
Dec
Respiratory tract diesases & flu
Brassicaceae
Kara turp
Lea, Tb
In, Dec
Gastrointestinal diseases, Asthma, Bronchitis.
101 Rhus coriaria L.
Anacardiaceae
Somak otu, sumak
Ms
Gastrointestinal diseases
102 Rosa canina L.
Rosaceae
Kuşburnu, itburnu, itgülü, kozalak, kozalak ağacı.
Dec
Diabetes, Asthma, Cardiotonic & vasodilator, Respiratory tract diesases & flu, cancer.
103 Rosa spp.
Rosaceae
Gül
Fru, Lea Frb, Fru, Lea, See, Flo
oil
Burn wound care.
104 Rosmarinus officinalis L.nn
Lamiaceae
Kuşdili, biberiye
Lea
In
105 Rubus canescens DC.
Rosaceae
Orman, orman üzümü, kür, gür üzümü, böğürtlen
Bd, Fru, Lea, Roo Fru
In, Raw, Dec
Gastrointestinal diseases, anti-inflammatory, Cardiotonic & vasodilator, atherosclerosis, rheumatism, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia. Gastrointestinal diseases, Diabetes
Dec
Nephralgia & kidney stones
Ca, Ms, lo
Gastrointestinal diseases, Tonsillitis and throat ache, diabetes, Athlete's foot.
Dec, lo
Vaginal itching, Athlete's foot
99
106 Rubus ulmifolius subsp. sanctus Rosaceae (Schreb.) Sudre
Akböğürtlen, dikenbaşı, moradikeni
107 Rumex spp.
Polygonaceae
İlibada, ilibada otu
108 Salix alba L.
Salicaceae
Aksöğüt, sorkun, sorgun
109 Salvia tomentosa Mill.nn
Lamiaceae
Yakı otu, yakı şablası, yakı şalbası, sancı otu, ellik otu, kancık şalba
Lea
In, Ca, Ms
110 Sambucus nigra L.
Caprifolıaceae
Köpek üzümü
Fru
Ms, lo
Respiratory tract diesases & flu, Bronchitis, diarrhea, Asthma, rheumatism, Tonsillitis and throat ache, toothache, Gastrointestinal diseases. Urinary tract infection, Prostatitis Nephralgia
111 Satureja cuneifolia Ten.nn
Lamiaceae
Arı kekiği
Aer
In, cr
Respiratory tract diesases & flu
112 Scandix pecten-veneris L.
Apiaceae
Kişkiş, kişniş, zühre tarağı?
Aer
In.
Carminative
113 Scolymus hispanicus L.
Asteraceae
Şevketi bostan, sarıtiken, diken pamuğu, kegeçen, kegecen.
In, Raw, Dec
Nephralgia & kidney stones, Renal insufficiency, hypercholesterolemia
114 Senecio vulgaris L.
Asteraceae
Kanarya otu
In
Bronchitis, diuretic
115 Sesamum indicum L.nn
Pedaliceae
Susam
Aer, Lea, Roo Flb, Flo, See See
Lo, Oin
Burn wound care
116 Sideritis sipylea Boiss.n
Lamiaceae
Ca otu, Ca şalbası, Ca şablası
Aer
In, Ms
Dyspepsia, diarrhea, Respiratory tract diesases & flu, Athlete's foot, Gall stones
117 Sideritis tmolea P. H. Davisn
Lamiaceae
Balbaşı, balşalbası, balşablası
Aer
In, Ms
Respiratory tract diesases & flu, diarrhea, dyspepsia, gastrointestinal diseases
Lea, Roo, See Ba, Lea
Apply 2 times a 0.02 day for 7–10 days Take 1–2 seeds a 0.05 day for 3 weeks Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 1–2 weeks Take 1–2 dessert spoon for 2–4 weeks Take 2–3 pinches for 2–3 days Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 3–4 weeks
0.03
0.32
0.17 0.48
Apply 2 times a 0.26 day for 7–10 days Drink one teacup 0.35 3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Drink one teacup 0.08 2 times a day for 2–3 weeks Drink one glass 1–2 times a day for 4–8 weeks Take 1/2 bunch a day for days
0.34
Drink one teacup 2 times a day for 2–3 weeks Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 1–2 weeks Drink one cup 1– 2 times a day for 3–4 weeks Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 1–2 weeks Drink one glass 2–3 times a day for 3 days Drink one glass 2–3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 1–2 weeks Apply 2 times a day for 7–10 days Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 1–2 weeks
0.19
0.18
0.51
0.06
0.23
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97
0.17
0.19
0.03
0.31 0.13
0.29 9
Plant species
Family
Vernacular name(s)
Plant part useda
Preparationb Use
118 Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Asteraceae
Sütlü kenger, deve dikeni
St, See Raw, In, Dec
119 Sinapis arvensis L.
Brassicaceae
Yabani hardal, delice hardal, hardal rokası
See
Dec
120 Spinacia oleracea L.nn
Amaryllidaceae
Ispanak
Lea
In, Ms
121 Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
Caryophyllaceae
Kuş otu
Aer
In, Raw
122 Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata
Lamiaceae
İnce kekik, sivri kekik, mor kekik, dağ kekiği
Aer
In, ca, cr
123 Thymus zygioides Griseb.
Lamiaceae
Yabani kekik
Aer
In, cr
124 Tilia argentea Desf. ex DC.nn
Tiliaceae
Ihlamur, ıhlamur ağacı
In, Ma, Dec.
125 Tribulus terrestris L.
Zygophyllaceae
Çoban çökerten, demirdikeni, demir pıtrağı, demir bıtırağı, kızılbacak, demirotu.
Ba, Flo, Fru Aer
126 Urtica pilulifera L.
Urticaceae
Çakır, çakırlı, çakır otu, çakırlı ot, ısırgan, gicirgen, devegicirgeni, eşekçakırı
127 Urtica urens L.
Urticaceae
Akıllı çakır, akıllı gicirgen
128 Verbascum spp.
Scrophulariaceae Sığırkuyruğu, tozkulak, tozluk, calba, kancık calba.
129 Vicia faba L.nn
Fabaceae
130 Viscum album L. subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollman
Loranthaceae
131 Vitex agnus-castus L.
Verbenaceae
132 Vitis vinifera L.nn
Vitaceae
Asma, kırmızı üzüm, çekirdeksiz üzüm, çekirdekli üzüm.
133 Xanthium spinosum L.
Asteraceae
Pıtrak, dikenli pıtrak
134 Xanthium strumarium L.
Asteraceae
Domuz pıtrağı
Aer, Roo, See Aer, Roo, See Aer
Bakla
Lea, Fru Burç, buruç, armut burçu, ahlat burçu, çam purucu, Lea çam puruncu, çam puruşu, çam burcu, güvelek, puruç, puruş, ahlak, öksü otu, ökse otu. Hayıt, ayıt, hayıt otu, hayık. See, Flb Lea, Fru, See, Bra Roo, See Fru
Dec, In, lo
In, Dec
In, Dec
In, lo, Ms
Raw, Dec Dec
In, Dec,
In, Oin
Administration, dosage, duration of the treatment
Drink one glass 2–3 times a day for 1–2 weeks Rheumatism, Hepatotonic, Anorexia & appetizing, diuretic Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Bronchitis, pneumonitis Drink one cup 3 times a day for 10 days Gastrointestinal diseases Drink one glass 1–2 times a day for 3 days hypercholesterolemia Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 2–3 weeks Drink one teacup Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, costiveness and intestinal 2–3 times a day spasm, headache, Respiratory tract diesases & flu, for 2–3 weeks atherosclerosis Gastrointestinal diseases, Respiratory tract diesases & flu Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 1-2 weeks Respiratory tract diesases & flu, Tonsillitis and throat ache, Drink one teacup Bronchitis, deafness, costiveness and intestinal spasm 1–2 times a day for 1–3 days Hemorrhoids, Eczema, Athlete's foot, Wart treatment, Gall Drink one glass stones 2 times a day for 2–3 weeks Cancer, rheumatism, immune tonic, intestinal spasm, Analgesic, Drink one teacup Hepatotonic, Asthma, Gastrointestinal diseases. 2–3 times a day for 3–4 weeks Cancer, rheumatism, toothache. Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 4–8 weeks Hemorrhoids, urinary tract infection Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 1–2 weeks Athetosis, Gastrovascular disorders Take a handful a day for 3 days Drink one teacup Toothache, Tonsillitis and throat ache, Headache, Asthma, 2–3 times a day prostatitis diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension & for 1–2 weeks tachycardia, Bronchitis, brain cancer. Gastrointestinal diseases, menstrual pain, Vaginal itching, Drink one teacup respiratory tract diesases, diarrhea, vomiting and poisoning. 2–3 times a day for 1–2 weeks Burn wound care, anemia, Bronchitis, Respiratory tract diesases Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day & flu, Gastrointestinal diseases, Costiveness and intestinal for 1–2 weeks spasm, anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic & diaphoretic
Dec
Kidney pain, Gastrointestinal diseases
Ms
Hemorrhoids, asthma
Drink one teacup 2–3 times a day for 1–2 weeks Drink one glass 2 times a day for 2-3 weeks
UV (Use value)
0.42
0.37
0.08
0.11
0.22
0.53
0.46
0.24
0.45
0.52
0.12
0.26 0.44
0.35
0.31
0.18
0.02
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No
10
Table 2 (continued )
Endemic plant (The endemic plants were numbered 38,53,92,95,126,133 and 147). Cultivar plants. a Plant part(s) used: Aer, aerial parts; Ba, Bark (Stem), Bra, Branches; Bl, Bulb, Bd,Bud, Co, Cone, Cr, Cormus, Cu, Cupula, Flo, flos; Flb, flowering branches, Fru, fruits; Frb, Bark of mature fruit, Lea, Leaves; Pi, Juniper pix, Pt, Pedicel, Res, Resin; Rhi, Rhizomes; Roo, Roots; Sc, Scapa, See, Seed; St, Stem, Tb, Tuber (Root), Tr, Pine tar, Who, Whole plant. b Preparations: Boi; aerial parts boiled; Cr, aerial parts crushed; Dec, Decoction; Ca, Cataplasm, Fc, the fruits are crushed; Hea; heated; In, Infusion; Lr, latex is removed; Lc, the leaves are crushed; Lo, Lo; Ma, Maceration; Ms, Mash; Oin, Oinment; Ps; Paste; Ra, Raw (uncooked), Ts, the Sees are crushed and powdering. nn
Gastrointestinal diseases, Respiratory tract diesases & flu In Aer Nane kekiği Lamiaceae 137 Ziziphora tenuior L.
n
0.23
0.23 Gastrointestinal diseases, Respiratory tract diesases & flu In Aer Lamiaceae 136 Ziziphora taurica Bieb. subsp. taurica Bieb.
Nane kekiği
Lamiaceae 135 Ziziphora taurica Bieb. subsp. cleonioides (Boiss.) Davisn
Nane kekiği
Aer
In
Gastrointestinal diseases, Respiratory tract diesases & flu
Drink one teacup 1–2 times a day for 1–3 days Drink one teacup 1–2 times a day for 1–3 days Drink one teacup 1–2 times a day for 1–3 days
0.23
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result of study, 137 medicinal plant species belonging to 58 families were found in the resarch area. Among them, 105 species are wild and 32 species are cultivated plant. The most common medicinal plant families were Asteraceae (413%), Lamiaceae (411%), Rosaceae (47%) and Fabaceae (44%) (Fig. 2). The most frequently used medicinal plant species were Allium cepa L., Allium sativum L., Urtica urens, Thymus zygioides Griseb., Origanum onites L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Salvia tomentosa Mill., Cerasus avium (L.) Moench, Tilia argentea Desf. ex DC., Hyoscyamus niger L., Urtica pilulifera L., Anethum graveolens L., Euphorbia rigida Bieb., Hypericum perforatum L., Paliurus spina-christi Mill., Rosa canina L., Viscum album L. subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollman, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Elymus repens (L.) Gould and Juglans regia L. The most frequently used parts were aerial parts (19%), leaves (18%), fruits (15%), seed (13%), flowering branches and flos (10%) and roots (8%) (Fig. 3). There are various methods of preparation and application for different types of ailments and they have various preparation forms like infusion, decoction, raw, maceration, mash, fresh application, powdering, paste, chewing (gum), crushing, lotion, oinment tincture. Infusion (22%) and decoction (17%) are the methods mostly used for the preparation of the remedies (Fig. 4). In the researches conducted, it has been determined that Hypericum perforatum and Centaurium erythraea are often kept in olive oil and used as solutions. Again, it has been recorded that to scalp ring worm of Cicer arietinum and Allium cepa are used as tincture. During the study a total of 137 medicinal uses were obtained. Local people are choosing to use herbal remedies mainly for the treatment of gastro-intestinal complaints such as respiratory tract diseases (cold, flu, bronchitis and asthma) (14.1%), gastrointestinal diseases (10%), kidney diseases (nephritis, nephrolith, nephralgia) (7.3%), diabetes (7.1%), cholesterol (5.0%), cancer (4.0%), rheumatism (4.0%), cardiovascular diseases (3.1%) and burn (3%) (Fig. 5). Another form of usage for the natural medicinal plants in the region is herbal water (thyme water). The research in the region have revealed that a number of villages still extract the herbal water and sell them for medicinal purposes in local markets despite the decrease in the activity when compared with the past. The common thyme species used for extracting juice are Origanum onites. Thyme water is sold public market and herbalist for especially diabetes treatment. Number of identical taxa and similarity percentages of neighboring studies are given in Table 3. The similarity percentage change from 35% to 65%. The most similarity was with the nearest resarch area (Gez and Şimşek, 1999). These similarities could be because of the similarities between the habitats and flora as well as the populations. Taxa such as, Alcea lavateriflora, Allium ampeloprasum, Amaranthus retroflexus, Arctium minus, Bituminaria bituminosa, Centaurea cyanus, Centaurea virgata, Cheiranthus cheiri, Cucurbita moschata, Cynoglossum creticum, Dioscorea communis, Diospyros kaki, Dracunculus vulgaris, Elymus repens, Helichrysum arenarium subsp. aucheri, Hypericum triquetrifolium, Inula britannica, Lagenaria siceraria, Logfia arvensis, Lupinus hispanicus, Lysimachia punctata, Medicago arabica, Medicago polymorpha, Colchicum atticum, Morus rubra, Onopordum myriacanthum, Ornithogalum orthophyllum, Picnomon acarna, Quercus cerris var. cerris, Senecio vulgaris, Sideritis sipylea, Sideritis tmolea, Thymbra spicata var. spicata, Urtica pilulifera and Ziziphora spp. whose medical use has been documented, but have not been recorded in the nearby areas, and comparisons about these taxons are made. It was observed that ten medicinal plant taxa were extensively used for commercial purposes as a result of the research conducted at the Alaşehir and surrounding. Ziziphora taurica subsp cleonioides, Z. taurica subsp. taurica, Tribulus terrestris, Tilia argentea, Thymbra spicata var. spicata, Sideritis tmolea, Sideritis sipylea, Satureja cuneifolia, Rhus coriaria, Hypericum perforatum. Collecting
Please cite this article as: Sargın, S.A., et al., An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people of Alaşehir (Manisa) in Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.040i
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and trading these species that grow in vast localities in the region have become the source of income for hundreds of local people. Rosa canina, Salvia tomentosa, Origanum onites, Satureja cuneifolia, Ziziphora taurica subsp. cleonioides and subsp. taurica. are among the herbs extensively collected and consumed as medicinal tea in the area. Besides, in study region, stem pith of milk thistle (Silybum marianum, Sütlü kenger, deve dikeni) is commonly consumed as raw. This plant is used in cases of liver diseases as raw by local people. Again, in this region, Henbane seed (Hyoscyamus niger, kurtluca, kulak otu) are widely used as worm drop. Using of this plant is illustrated in detail in Fig. 6. Previous laboratory studies conducted in Turkey and other parts of the world indicated the activity of some medicinal plants, which were also reported by the current study: Artemisia absinthium L. (intestinal parasites) (Youssefi et al., 2012), Capparis spinosa L. (hemorrhoids) (Jiang et al., 2007), Cerasus avium (L.) Moench (diuretic) (Hooman et al., 2009). Cydonia oblonga Mill. (gastrointestinal) (Minaiyan et al., 2012), Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. (sinusitis and rheumatism) (Ekici et al., 1998; Sezik and Yesilada, 2004), Hypericum perforatum L. (gastrointestinal) (Woelk et al., 1994), Inula britannica L. (Asthma) (Khan et al., 2010), Juglans regia L. (diabetes) (Sarahroodi, 2009), Matricaria chamomilla L. (flu, cancer) (Srivastata et al., 2010), Morus rubra L. (diabetes) (Sharma et al., 2010), Platanus orientalis L. (analgesic, nephralgia, rheumatism) (Hajhasnemi et al., 2011). Rhus coriaria L. (gastrointestinal) (Kossah et al., 2009), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (hypercholesterolemia), (Ibarra et al., 2011), Paliurus spina-christi Mill. (diabetes) (Mosaddegh et al., 2004).
Fig. 3. Distribution percentage of plant organs used as traditional medicine. Lea, leaves; Aer, aerial parts; See, Seed; Flo, flos; Fru, fruits; Roo, Roots; Flb, flowering branches, Who, Whole plant; Ba, Bark (Stem), Bl, Bulb. Others consist of Branches, Bud, Cone, Cormus,Cupula, Bark of mature fruit, Juniper pix, Pedicel, Resin, Rhizomes, Scapa,Stem, Tuber (Root) and Pine tar.
3.3. Data analysis People under 30 years of age in the study area were found to be less knowledgeable on the use of medicinal plants as compared to over 50 ones due to the higher level exposure of the former ones to modernization. Similar results were reported in the studies conducted in Turkey. According to the results of the questionnaire of students (Appendix B), the most used taxa are Origanum onites, Thymus zygioides, Urtica urens, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Cerasus avium, Hypericum perforatum, and Rosa canina. According to the calculation made on the basis of the use value UV (Trotter and Logan, 1986), Origanum onites L. (0.56), Thymus zygioides Griseb. (0.53), Urtica urens L. (0.52), Salvia tomentosa Mill. (0.51), Rosa canina L. (0.48), Matricaria chamomilla L. (0.48), Hyoscyamus niger L. (0.47), Hypericum perforatum L. (0.46), Tilia argentea Desf. ex DC. (0.46), Urtica pilulifera L. (0.45), Viscum album L. subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollman (0.44), Paliurus spina-christi Mill. (0.44), Euphorbia rigida Bieb. (0.44) and Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (0.42) were reported to be of the highest use value (Table 2).
Fig. 2. Distribution percentage according to taxa of families.
Fig. 4. Percentage forms of herbal preparations. In, Infusion; Dec, Decoction; Ra, Raw (uncooked), Ms, Mash; Ma, Maceration; Ca, Cataplasm; Cr, aerial parts crushed (as spice); Ps; Paste; oth, others uses (aerial parts boiled; the fruits are crushed; heated; the leaves are crushed; Lotion, Tincture, Oinment; chewing (gum), Sees are crushed and powdering).
The reported ailments were grouped into 8 categories based on the information gathered from the interviews. Table 4 indicates ICF values of the category of ailment. Gastrointestinal diseases had the highest ICF score 0.72. Asphodelus aestivus Brot., Centaurium erythraea Rafn., Elymus repens (L.) Gould., Equisetum arvense L., Erica manipuliflora Salisb., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Hypericum perforatum L. and Laurus nobilis L. were reported to be among the plant remedies indicated for these diseases. Kidney diseases was recorded to have the second highest ICF value 0.66, Respiratory tract diseases recorded by its all images like the third group ICF was 0.62, while the fourth level of ICF values 0.51 was recorded for Diabetes category. Cardiovascular diseases, were ranked as the fifth ailment with ICF value of 0.42. An ICF value of 0.36 was recorded for the Rheumatism. The last citations of this ranking were reported for plants used to treat Cholesterol and Cancer gastro-intestinal disorders with ICF value of 0.36, 0.21. There is just 1 study conducted by people from west of Anatolia (Turkey), in which the ICF value is calculated. When the articles in which the informant consensus factor (ICF) is calculated are examined,
Please cite this article as: Sargın, S.A., et al., An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people of Alaşehir (Manisa) in Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.040i
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Fig. 5. Disease conditions versus the number of plant species used to treat them. (in graphic, the most frequently used plant for various diseases are shown).
Table 3 Similarity percentages of neighboring studies. Studies
Number of Total medicinal Similarity identical taxa taxa percentage (%)
Deniz et al. (2010) Polat and Satıl (2012) Ugulu (2011) Bulut and Tuzlacı (2008–2009) Uysal et al. (2010) Satıl et al. (2008) Gez and Şimşek (1999) Çelik et al. (1999) Yücel and Tülükoğlu (2000) Satıl et al. (2006)
25 61 23 55 23 27 13 29 4 81
70 118 37 90 44 46 20 52 8 130
35.7 51.7 62.2 61.1 52.3 58.7 65 55.8 50 62.3
it is seen that, for example in the study from west of Turkey by Polat and Satıl, the category blood pressure diseases had the highest ICF score (0.87), followed by Anorexia 0.84 ICF, hemorroids have 0.80 ICF, healing cut and wounds diseases have 0.74 ICF (Polat and Satıl, 2012). When we looked a study from east of Turkey by Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu, the category hemorrhoids have the highest 0.82 ICF, followed by diabetes 0.56 ICF, gastroinestinal diseases have 0.48 ICF, respiratory and throat diseases have 0.28 ICF (Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu, 2010). In the another study from east of Turkey by Cakilcioglu et al., the category rheumatism have the highest 0.58 ICF followed by the cardivascular disorders 0.51 ICF and hemorrhoids have 0.48 ICF, diabetes have 0.40, respiratory and throat diseases have 0.36 ICF and gastroinestinal diseases have 0.31 ICF (Cakilcioglu et al., 2011). When we looked other studies done by calculating ICF value; Akerreta et al., the ICF value was found to be 0.65 (Akerreta et al., 2007). It was stated that this value was high; however, it is lower than the values obtained in the studies conducted in various areas of the Iberian Peninsula: 0.85 and 0.91 for a Portuguese and a Catalan region respectively (Bonet and Valles, 2003; CamejoRodrigues et al., 2003). It is seen that the ICF values are high. In other words, the ICF value is close to 1. The medicinal plants that are presumed to be effective in treating a certain disease have higher ICF values (Teklehaymanot and Giday, 2007). AlQura'n examined the diseases in 10 categories. In these categories, the highest ICF value was reported to be 0.55 while the lowest ICF value was reported to be 0.25 (Al-Qura'n, 2009).
4. Conclusion 137 medicinal plant species belonging to 58 families were found in the resarch area. Among them, 105 species are wild and 32 species are cultivated plants. These plants are used in the treatment of many diseases. By drying and making infusion or decoction of
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these plants, local people use them during the whole year. Middleage population (30–50 ages) is in majority in our field of study. But, elder people (over 60) have more information about herbs compared to the younger ones. Also, women know more about herbs than men. The most frequently used medicinal plants species were Origanum onites, Urtica urens, Thymus zygioides, Matricaria chamomilla, Salvia tomentosa, Tilia argentea and Urtica pilulifera. The most frequently used parts were aerial parts (19%), leaves (18%), fruit (15%), seed (13%), flos and flowering branches (10%) and roots (8%) (Fig. 3). Many plants are used for the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract diseases, wounds healing, diabetes, hemorrhoid etc. There was some consistency in the use of local names between Alaşehir and other regions of Turkey. However, it was also found that several different species were referred to by the same local names in different regions. Relative importance value of plant species and ICF for plants was calculated. While ICF value was calculated over 0.5 for some illnesses, it was calculated somewhere between 0.2 and 0.5 for some other illnesses. Few plants of this locality possess potential of better economic exploitation. Some of them are Amygdalus communis L, Castanea sativa Mill., Cerasus avium (L.) Moench, Cicer arietinum L., Diospyros kaki L., Satureja cuneifolia Ten., Sesamum indicum L and Vitis vinifera L. In the study area six endemic medicinal plants have been recorded. As presented in Table 2 (marked with asteriks); Dianthus caryophyllus, Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana var. şeneriana, Heracleum platytaenium, Ziziphora taurica subsp. cleonioides, Sideritis sipylea and Sideritis tmolea are endemic and medicinal plants growing in Alaşehir. Sideritis sipylea, Sideritis tmolea and Ziziphora taurica subsp. cleonioides are sold as herbal tea in herbal markets, bazaar and public market.
Appendix A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Name and surname of the participant. Age and sex of the participant. Telephone and address of the participant. Educational level of the participant. Date of interview. Place of residence of the participant. Duration of residence of the participant. What is the local name of the plant used? For which diseases do you use the plant? Which parts of the plant do you use? (root, stem, flower, leaves, fruit, etc.) How do you prepare the plant for use? How and when do you use the plant? Approximately what dose do you use? How long does the convalescence period take? Did any complication occur from the plants you used?
Appendix B. 1. Which pharmaceutical local plants their parents and grand parents use? 2. Which parts of the pharmaceutical plants they use? 3. Which purpose they use? (for which diseases.) 4. How they use them?
Please cite this article as: Sargın, S.A., et al., An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people of Alaşehir (Manisa) in Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.040i
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Fig. 6. Used as worm drop of Henbane seed (Hyoscyamus niger). (A) To obtain the ember, firewood is fired (usually oak branch and pine cone) in the stove. (B) Henbane seeds are removed from fruit capsule. (C) A number of embers are put on the spade and the seeds are strewed on the embers. (D) After the seeds are strewed, a broad stewpot is closed on the seeds. (E) Potable water is put into a bowl, and then the bowl is put on a broad tray (containing water) and the spade (contains henbane seed and ember). (F) The patient is covered with a blanket and the face of the patient is allowed contact with the smoke. After a certain time, worms are showed that decrease into the bowl water.
Table 4 ICF values of category of ailments. No.
Ailments
Use citations
All use citations (%)
ICF
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Respiratory tract diseases Gastrointestinal diseases Kidney diseases Diabetes Cholesterol Cancer Rheumatism Cardiovascular
64 45 33 32 23 19 18 14
25.8 18.1 13.3 12.9 9.2 7.6 7.2 5.6
0.62 0.72 0.66 0.51 0.36 0.21 0.36 0.42
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Please cite this article as: Sargın, S.A., et al., An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people of Alaşehir (Manisa) in Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.040i