Biological oceanography

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E. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY El0. Apparatus and methods 92:5969 Rossi, R.E. et al., 1992. Geostatistical tools for modeling and Interpreting ecologicul spatial dependence. EcoL Monogr, 62(2):277-314. Geostatistics brings to ecology novel tools for the interpretation of spatial patterns of organisms, of the numerous environmental components with which they interact, and of the joint spatial dependence between organisms and their environment. The purpose of this paper is to use data from the ecological literature as well as from original research to provide a comprehensive and easily understood analysis of geostatistics' manner of modeling and methods, and their applicability to ecology. Dept. of Appl. Earth Sci., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA 94305-2225, USA.

E50. General biology, ecology, biogeography, etc. 92:5970 Abele-Oeschger, Doris, Anna Szaniawska and Hans Theede, 1992. Do pigments reflect the turnover of plant material tn food chain studies? Analysis of plant pigments in the intestine of Saduria (Mesidotea) entomon. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser, 81(I):43-49. We evaluated the effectiveness of pigment analysis in the giant aquatic isopod Saduria entomon, in the Baltic Sea. Specimens were collected at stations comprising different sedimentary conditions and varying supply of micro- and macroalgai material. In laboratory experiments S. entornon was fed different kinds of prey. Different marker combinations were found in the intestinal tissue, resulting from predation on herbivorous and carnivorous species. Analyses of field samples revealed that S. entomon, living in the sediment surface, ingests freshly sedimented phytoplankton as well as plant detritus. /~-carotene and the xanthophyll echinenone found in the carapace and gonads may serve as antioxidant protection of lipids and other macromolecules. Univ. Bremen, Meereszool. Aussenstelle, Burgermeister Smidt Str. 20, W-2850 Bremerhaven, Germany.

92:5971 Eicken, tIajo, 1992. The role of sea ice in structuring Antarctic ecosystems. Polar Biol, 12(1):3-13.

Sea-ice growth may divide an oceanic ecosystem into two dissimilar compartments: the water column, and the pore space within the ice. In the ice, physical boundary conditions are set by the irradiance, controlled by the optical properties of snow and ice, and the ambient temperature which controls salinity and brine volume. Interaction between different groups of organisms concentrates on the planar environment predefined by the ice cover. Four sea-ice regimes may be recognized: seasonal pack ice, coastal zone, perennial pack ice, and marginal ice zone. These regimes are interwoven through the temporal structuring of ecosystems brought about by ice-cover seasonality and ice drift. Alfred Wegener Inst. fur Polar and Meeresforschung, Columbusstr., W-2850 Bremerhaven, FRG.

92:5972 Jaeckle, W.B. and D.T. Manahan, 1992. Experimental manipulations of the organic composition of seawaler: implications for studies of energy budgets in marine Invertebrate larvae. J. expl mar. BioL Ecol~ 156:273-284. Axenic veliger larvae of the bivalve Crassostrea gigas had a 53% enhancement of their metabolic rate relative to control values when exposed to seawater to which 1 /~M glucose had been added. Gastrulae, prism-stage, and pluteus-stage larvae of the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus had significantly higher metabolic rates when I /xM amino acids was added to seawater. Lecithotrophic larvae of the gastropod Haliotis rufescens either had no change or a significant increase in dry organic weight when reared in natural seawater that had been passed through a filter of 0.2-Fro pore size. Sibling larvae always decreased in dry organic weight when reared in seawater first passed through a sand-filter, and then a 0.2 #m filter. Manahan: Dept. of Biol. Sei., Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 900890371, USA.

92:5973 Menge, B.A., 1992. Community regulation: under what conditions are bottom-up factors Important on rocky shores? Ecology, 73(3):755-765. This paper presents an overview of recent work which addresses both the 'bottom-up' and 'topdown' factors in the structuring of benthic communities on rocky shores. "Top-down' refers to situations where community structure (abundance, distribution a n d / o r diversity) of lower trophic levels depends on trophie activities of higher levels.

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'Bottom-up' refers to situations where community structure depends on factors influencing lower trophic levels or basic resources (nutrients). Recent findings suggest that, although bottom-up factors differ significantly between sites, top-down forces are always more important in community structure. At best, bottom-up processes are an important accessory factor. Dept. of Zool., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. (rjw) 92:5974 van Franeker, J.A., 1992. Top predators as indicators for ecosystem events in the confluence zone and marginal ice zone of the Weddell and Scotia seas, Antarctica, November 1988 to January 1989 (EPOS Leg 2). Polar Biol~ 12(1):93-102. In order to relate top predators to other components of the ecosystem studied simultaneously, their distribution is mainly described in terms of energy flow. Bird, seal, and probably also whale requirements were highest in ice-covered areas. There was no evidence of higher numbers of top predators along the ice edge: densities generally increased further into the ice. In the pack ice, combined energy requirements of top predators often amounted to about 45 kg fresh food, indicating high abundance and availability of prey under the ice. There was a lack of conformity between top predator abundance on the ice and abundance of other life in the water column below. Inst. for Forestry and Nature Res. (IBN-DLO), Postbox 167, NL-1790 AD Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.

OLR (1992) 39 (I 1)

important components was estimated by using specific pigment ratios measured in cultures of two cryptomonads and a prasinophyte. Highest cryptophyte biomass was found along the retreating ice-edge, and increased with time, reaching monospecific bloom conditions at the end of the cruise. Chlorophyll b-containing organisms and Prymnesiophyceae were present everywhere and dominated in the ice-covered part of the survey area. Cryptophyte-specific pigment measurements were in reasonable agreement with cryptophyte cell numbers. Prasinophyte cell counts, however, did not match with measured chlorophyll b concentrations. NIOZ, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands. 92:5977 Conley, D.J. and T.C. Malone, 1992. Annual cycle of dissolved silicate in Chesapeake Bay: implications for the production and fate of phytoplankton biomass. Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser, 81(2):121-128. Seasonal variations in the distribution of dissolved inorganic N, Si, and P along the salinity gradient of Chesapeake Bay from 1984 to 1988 suggest that dissolved silicate (DSi) controls the magnitude of diatom production during the spring bloom, and leads to changes in floristic composition. High sedimentation rates of chlorophyll biomass observed during this period could be due to Si-deficiency, suggesting that the supply of DSi may also control the flux of phytoplankton biomass to the benthos, an important parameter of seasonal oxygen depletion in ~he bay. Center for Environ. and Estuarine Studies, Univ. of Maryland System, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21613-0775, USA.

ES0. Plankton (also primary productivity, seston and detritus) 92:5975 Bautista, B. et al., 1992. In-situ copepod feeding and grazing rates during a spring bloom dominated by Phaeocystls sp. in the English Channel. J. Plankt. Res, 14(5):691-703. Dpto. Ecol., Facultad de Ciencias, Univ. de Malaga, Campus de Teatinos 29071 Malaga, Spain. 92:5976 Buma, A.G.J., W.W.C. Gieskes and H.A. Thomsen, 1992. Abundance of Cryptophyceae and chlorophyll b-containing organisms in the WeddellScotia Confluence area in the spring of 1988. Polar Biol, 12(1):43-52. During a cruise in the Weddell-cotia Confluence area nanophytoplankton composition was determined by employing taxon-specific pigment measurements with HPLC. The biomass of the most

92:5978 Cota, G.F. et al., 1992. Nutrient and blogenic particulate distributions, primary productivity and nitrogen uptake in the WeddelI-Scotia Sea marginal ice zone during winter. J. mar. Res, 50(1):155-181. During austral winter 1988, we determined distributions of inorganic nutrients and particulate materials as well as primary productivity and rates of nutrient uptake in the upper 150 m of the marginal ice zone of the Weddell-Scotia Sea. Nutrient concentrations were high and particulate matter levels low throughout the study area, but occasionally nutrient minima and particulate maxima occurred near the ice edge associated with warmcore eddies. Surface growth rates calculated from C uptake and total POC were very low, but living phytoplankton only comprised about 10% of the POC in the surface layer. Although nitrate was about 40 times as abundant as ammonium, ammonium was

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965

consistently the preferred substrate of the plankton assemblages, accounting for over half of the N taken up. Both ammonium and nitrate were removed at rates that individually exceeded the apparent N demand of the phytoplankton, implying significant heterotrophic uptake of inorganic N. Botany Dept. and Grad. Prog. in Ecol., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.

peared to be related to diatom or flagellate dominance. Vertically integrated ETS activities were significantly correlated with chlorophyll a and particulate organic C concentrations, primary production and bacterial thymidine uptake. Inst. de Ciencias del Mar, P. National, s/n, E-08039 Barcelona, Spain.

92:5979 Delgado, M., M. Latasa and M. Estrada, 1992. Variability in the size-fractionated distribution of the phytoplankton across the Catalan front of the northwest Mediterranean. J. Plankt. Res., 14(5):753-771. lstituto de Ciencias del Mar. Po Nacional S/N, 08039 Barcelona, Spain.

Foster, B.A., 1992. Zooplankton comparisons in McMurdo Sound. N.Z. Antarct. Rec, 11(1):3647.

92:5982

92:5980 Devassy, V.P. and J.I. Goes, 1991. Phytoplankton assemblages and pigments in the exclusive economic zone of Mauritius (Indian Ocean). Indian J. mar. Sci~ 20(3):163-168. Nutrient enrichment studies showed that inorganic salts of both nitrogen and phosphorus were limiting for phytoplankton from surface waters. Coupled with conditions of high insolation prevailing Sept.Oct., this severely curtailed phytoplankton growth in surface waters leading to formation of a distinct subsurface chlorophyll maximum. Near the Agalega islands, the enhancement of phytoplankton biomass was associated with an upwelling process caused by the confluence of the westward flowing branch of the South Equatorial Current with the SeychellesMauritius Ridge, highlighting the importance of current-driven upwelling in transporting nutrients to the surface waters of the euphotic column within this region. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India. 92:5981

Estrada, Marta, Rosa Martinez and Sylvie Mathot, 1992. Respiratory electron transport activity in plankton of the Weddell and Scotia seas during late spdng-eariy summer: relationships with other biological parameters. Polar Biol, 12(1):35-42. To estimate potential oxygen (electron) consumption, profiles of electron transport systems (ETS) activity were made along three transects across the WeddelI-Scotia Confluence (WSC) and marginal ice zones. Temporal changes in overall distribution of ETS activity were small compared with the spatial variations. The main feature of the ETS activity distribution was the presence of maxima located in the WSC, coinciding with peaks of phytoplankton biomass. Different relationships between ETS and chlorophyll a concentration in these maxima ap-

Zooplankton samples were collected from beneath the fast sea-ice in McMurdo Sound in early November 1990, as part of an on-going program to define the nature of the marine zooplankton ecosystem and for relating to fish feeding studies. Samples from off Scott Base and off Marble Point were similar; both differ from samples off Cape Royds in abundances of some of the taxa. Minor differences in densities of some taxa occur between years. Samples pumped from finite depths close to shore revealed no depth stratification of plankton. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Auckland, NZ. 92:5983 Hofstraat, J.W., K. Rubelowsky and S. Slutter, 1992. Corrected fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of phytoplankton: toward a more uniform approach to fluorescence measurements. J. Plankt. Res, 14(5):625-636. Techniques for correction of fluorescence emission and excitation spectra of phytoplankton are described, which can be applied in any commercially available spectrophotometer. The correction procedures give technically corrected spectra, i.e. spectra that are free from wavelength dependent bias, but do not give absolute intensity values. Spectra that have been properly corrected for instrumental wavelength dependencies are suitable for intercomparison, both intra- and interlaboratory. Another application is the derivation of spectral data that will be obtained by other techniques that make use of fluorescence measurements, such as flow cytometry, remote sensing and in-situ instruments. A necessary condition is that the spectral response functions of these instruments must be known. AKZO, ArlaCRL, P.O. Box 9300, NL-6800 SB Arnhem, Netherlands. 92:5984

Jackson, G.A. and S.E. Lochmann, 1992. Effect of coagulation on nutrient and light limitation of an algal bloom. LimnoL Oceanogr, 37(1):77-89. We have developed a model of an algal bloom that

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includes nutrient and light limitation of algal growth rate and coagulation of single algal cells. The results show that loss of dividing cells to coagulating particles can occur when algal cells are growing at a fairly constant rate, placing a cap on the concentrations that algae can achieve, and that vertical particle flux from the surface mixed layer in aggregates is enhanced. This enhanced transport moves algal biomass from the surface mixed layer over shorter periods at rates far greater than those associated with settling of single cells. Coagulation was enhanced by higher initial nutrient concentrations, deeper mixed layers, and higher shear rates. Dept. of Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA. 92:5985 Jespersen, A.-M., Jan Nielsen, Bo Riemann and Morten Sondergaard, 1992. Carbon-specific phytoplankton growth rates: a comparison of methods. J. Plankt. Res, 14(5):637-648. Measurements of biomass and growth rate of two axenic algal cultures were carried out using the specific 14C-labeUing of Chl a, [3H]adenine incorporation into DNA, and net organic C assimilation. The specific activities of Chl a were significantly higher than the speeifie activity of total algal C in six of seven experiments. When the specific activity of Chl a is used to calculate the C biomass and growth rate, the C biomass of the algae will be underestimated and the specific growth rate will be too high. Determination of growth rates from incorporation of [3H]adenine gave lower values than those obtained from net organic C assimilation and from tac incorporation into Chl a. Sondergaard: Freshwater Biol. Lab., Univ. of Copenhagen, Helsingorsgade 51, DK-3400 Hillerod, Denmark. 92:5986 Lakshminarayana, J.S.S. and J.S. Devi, 1989. Phytoplankton and water quality of the coastal waters of New Brunswick and adjacent areas. Proc. Nova Scotian Inst. Sci, 39(3): 111-122. Dept. of Biol., Univ. de Moncton, NB E I A 3E9, Canada. 92:5987 Lapota, D., D.E. Rosenberger and S.H. Lieberman, 1992. Planktonic bioluminescence in the pack ice and the marginal ice zone of the Beaufort Sea. Mar. Biol, 112(4):665-675. Bathyphotometer casts and biological collections were made to a depth of 100 m. A light budget, which describes the planktonic species responsible for the measured biohiminescence, and a dinoflagellate species budget were constructed from the

OLR (1992)39 (! 1)

mean light output from luminescent plankton and plankton counts. The vertical distribution of bioluminescence among the ice stations was similar. Maximum intensities were 2 to 8 • 106 photons s q cm 4 in the upper 50 m of the sea-ice interface. The marginal ice zone station exhibited a maximum intensity of 2 to 3 • 10s photons s-t cm -3 between 5 and 30 m depth. Bioluminescence was negatively correlated with seawater salinity at all stations. Naval Ocean Syst. Ctr., Mar. Environ. Branch, Code 522, San Diego, CA 92152-5000, USA. 92:5988 Mackas, D.L., 1992. Seasonal cycle of zooplankton off southwestern British Columbia: 1979-89. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci, 49(5):903-921. Average seasonal cycles of zooplankton biomass, species composition, and environmental conditions are estimated from 1979-89 samples collected off the southwest coast of British Columbia. Average total dry weight biomass ranges from a winter minimum ,~1.5 g / m 2 to a late spring maximum > 8 g / m s. From spring through autumn, there are large inputs of upwelled water to the continental shelf. Phytoplankton biomass is high, especially in mid- to late summer, and is a m p l e to support growth of herbivorous zooplankton. Despite high food availability and relatively low predation pressure, surface layer zooplankton populations decline on the continental shelf from late spring through autumn, while offshore zooplankton populations increase slowly. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Inst. of Ocean Sci., P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. 92:5989 Mallin, M.A. and H.W. Paerl, 1992. Effects of variable irradiance on ph)1oplankton productivity in shallow estuaries. LimnoL Oceanogr., 37(1):54-62. Mixing in shallow systems has the dual effect of increasing light attenuation in the water column through resuspension of particulate matter, while entrained phytoplankton cells experience a constantly varying light regime. We investigated the latter effect during 7 months in the lower Neuse River, North Carolina. We found that constantly varying irradiance stimulated phytoplankton productivity by reducing photoinhibition and mitigating the growth-limiting effects of turbidity-induced light limitation found under static incubation conditions. Static incubations may, at times, significantly underestimate true phytoplankton productivity in shallow, well-mixed aquatic systems. Inst. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of North Carolina, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA.

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E. Biological Oceanography

92:5990 Marra, John et al., 1992. Estimation of seasonal primary production from moored optical sensors in the Sargasso Sea. J. geophys. Res., 97(C5):7399-7412. A bio-optical mooring, deployed for 240 days during 1987 in the western Sargasso Sea, provided a detailed record of all the seasonal distribution of Chl a fluorescence and the scalar irradiance of photosynthetically available radiation. This data was augmented by shipboard measurements of Chl a concentration, Chl a fluorescence, scalar irradiance, and net photosynthetic rate. The moored and shipboard data were applied to a detailed description of the seasonal variability in the vertical distribution of Chl a and photosynthetic rate. Comparisons of photosynthetic rate with measured rates of C assimilation indicated good agreement, with no apparent or easily explained biases in the predictions. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ. of Columbia Univ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA. 92:5991 Millet, Bertrand and Philippe Cecchi, 1992. Windinduced hydrodynamic control of the phytoplankton biomass in a lagoon ecosystem. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37(1): 140-146. An alternating conditional expectation algorithm has been used to examine the nonlinear relationship between the phytoplankton biomass in the Thau lagoon and wind intensity. Chlorophyll content was used as the dependent variable, and windspeeds averaged over both short and long intervals preceding each sampling day were used as predictor variables. Results showed a dome-shaped relationship between chlorophyll content and mean windspeed. The optimum value was strongly associated with an alternation between the beneficial effect of vertical turbulent diffusion, and detrimental influence of horizontal advective dispersion. Spatiotemporal development of this nonlinear relationship is proposed, based on environmental thresholds. An environmental optimum for phytoplankton enhancement within these time-space limits is found. Ctr. d'Oceanol, de Marseille, Luminy, Case 901, 13288 Marseille Codex, France. 92:5992 Mufioz Anderson, M.A. and Roberto Mill~tn Nr~ez, 1991. Annual variation of phyloplankton productivity in Estero de Punta Banda, B.C IMexicol. Cidnc. mar, Baja Calif, M~x, 17(2):57-70. (In Spanish and English.) Fac. de Cienc. Mar. , Univ. Auton. de Baja California, Aptdo. 453, Ensenada, BC, Mexico.

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92:5993 Nakonieczny, Jan, Henryk Renk and Jrzef Wiktor, 1991. Chlorophyll a concentration and distribution in the southern Baltic in the years 19791983. Oceanologia, Warsz~ 30:77-91. Mar. Biol. Ctr., Polish Acad. of Sci., Gdynia, Poland.

92:5994 Park, J.-S., C.-K. Kang and K.-H. An, 1991. Community structure and spatial distribution of phytoplankton in the polar front region off the east coast of Korea in summer. Bull. Korean Fish. Soc~ 24(4):237-247. Among the 96 taxa identified off the east coast of Korea in summer, 1990, Rhizosolenia setigera and Thalassionema nitzschioides were most dominant. Principal component analysis by species abundance showed that the phytoplankton consisted of communities representing the surface of the northern inshore part with the neritie-warm dinoflagellates, the Northern Korean Cold Water with the cold water diatoms, and the southern and offshore part, which seems to represent the Eastern Korean Warm Water, with the warm water diatoms. Horizontal adveetion of the Northern Korean Cold Water accompanied by .nutrient supply seems to contribute to the high phytoplankton biomass at the front. Natl. Fish. Res. and Develop. Agency, Kijang-up, Kyoungsangnam-do 626-900, Korea.

92:5995 Prasad, K.S. et al., 1992. A model for determining primary production on the Grand Banks. Continent. Shelf Res., 12(5-6):563-575. Relationships between satellite detectable chlorophyll (SDC), total chlorophyll, and mean euphotie chlorophyll were studied over a cold ocean region, the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, northwest Atlantic, to predict integral production (IP). Mean euphotic zone chl was a linear function of SDC, with over 80% of the variance explained. Log integral chlorophyll (IC), when regressed against log SDC, showed an excellent linear fit. Water column light utilization index q' varied seasonally over the Grand Banks, thus cannot be treated as a constant in estimating production from chl a in cold oceans. A semi-empirical model is presented which utilizes IC, photosynthetically available radiation and light absorption by chlorophyll to predict integral production. Observed vs. predicted production showed an excellent goodness of fit and corroborates the model. Dept. of Biol., Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland, St. John;s, N F A I B 3X7, Canada.

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92:5996 Sameoto, D.D. and A.W. Herman, 1992. Effect of the outflow from the Gulf of St. Lawrence on Nova Scotia shelf zooplankton. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci, 49(5):857-869. Significant differences in concentrations Calanus glacialis and C. hyperboreus found between the NE and SW halves of the Scotian Shelf were apparently related to the Gulf of St. Lawrence outflow. This outflow introduces these species to the shelf during late winter and early spring and deep basins on the NE half of the Shelf are sources of breeding animals of these two species. The influence of the Gulf outflow on C. finmarchicus was less clear. Temora was the only other copepod genus to show a relationship with the gulf outflow. Dept. of Fish. and oceans, Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NC B2Y 4A2, Canada. 92:5997 Santamaria del Angel, Eduardo and Roberto Mill.~n-Nfzfiez, 1991. Variation of the phytoplankton structure in Puerto Don Juan, Bahia de Los Angeles, Baja California. Ci~nc. mar, Baja Calif, Mdx, 17(2):1-24. (In Spanish and English.) Fac. de Cienc. Mar. Univ. Auton. de Baja California, Aptdo. 453, Ensenada, BC, Mexico. 92:5998 Savidge, G. et al., 1992. The BOFS 1990 spring bloom experiment: temporal evolution and spatial variability of the hydrographic field. Prog. Oceanogr, 29(3):235-281. Spring bloom dynamics in the northeast Atlantic Ocean is examined during the BOFS (Biogeochemical Ocean Flux Study) 1990 Spring Bloom Experiment. Carbon flux changes associated with the spring bloom were measured adjacent to a Lagrangian buoy drogued at 30 m. For the first 13 days of the study the buoy was imbedded in an anticyclonic eddy. Results show that phytoplankton development proceeded slowly within the eddy and was controlled by the development of the seasonal thermocline. Outside the eddy, productivity increased markedly under the influence of cooler, richer waters. In general, the results of this experiment demonstrate the importance of mesoscale processes on bloom dynamics in this region. The Queen's Univ. of Belfast, School of Biol. and Biochem., Mar. Biol. Sta., Portaferry, Co. Down BT22 IPF, Northern Ireland, UK. (rjw) 92:5999 Siegel, V., A. Skibowski and U. llarm, 1992. Community structure of the epipelagic zooplank-

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ton community under the sea-ice of the northern Weddell Sea. Polar Bio/. 12(!):!5-24. Samples were collected from the open water and under the ice of the northern Weddell Sea in October/November 1988. Multivariate analysis resulted in a northern site cluster mainly located in the open water/marginal ice zone, and a southern site cluster extending from the marginal ice zone into the consolidated pack-ice. There was no basis for separation into communities, but significant differences occurred in numerical abundances, blomass, and in a shift in species dominance. Krill was the only species with increasing abundance in the sub-ice area and biomass dominance >91% demonstrated its unique importance for the sub-ice habitat. Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Fischerei, Inst. fur Seefischerei, Palmaille 9, W-2000 Hamburg 50, FRG. 92:6000 Srinivasan, A. and R. Santhanam, 1991. Tidal and seasonal variations in zooplankton of Pullavazhi brackishwater, southeast coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci~ 20(3):!82-186. Fish. Coll. & Res. Inst., Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sci., Univ., Tuticorin 628 008, India. 92:6001 Sunda, W.G. and S.A. Huntsman, 1992. Feedback Interactions between zinc and phytoplankton in seawater. Limnol. Oceanogr~ 37(1):25-40. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA. 92:6002 Thomas, A.C., 1992. Spatial patterns of zooplankton community composition and satellite measured surface temperature. Continent. Shelf Rest 12(56):753-777. Data from the continental shelf off southern British Columbia, Canada, are used to test the hypothesis that patterns of surface temperature evident in infrared satellite images reflect spatial patterns of zooplankton community composition. Both a winter and a summer sampling period multivariate analysis of a small number of taxonomic categories show that stations close in multidimensional taxonomic space are also close geographically. Nearshore, mid-shelf, and outer-shelf clusters could be contoured in geographic space; these contours are similar to surface thermal gradients separating hydrographic regimes visible in both in-situ hydrographic data and satellite images over the middle and inner shelf, supporting previous work which suggests a strong physical control over zooplankton community distribution in this region. Atlantic Centre for Remote

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E. Biological Oceanography

Sensing of the Oceans, Ste. 301, 6155 North St., Halifax, NS B3K 5R3, Canada. 92:6003 Turner, J.T. and Edna Granrli, 1992. Zooplankton feeding ecology: grazing during enclosure studies of phytoplankton blooms from the west coast of Sweden. J. expl mar. BioL Ecol, 157(1):19-31. Enclosure studies on the effects of nutrients, zooplankton, and ctenophores on phytoplankton bloom dynamics, along the west coast of Sweden, showed minimal grazing by copepods and cladocerans. Athecate ciliates were abundant in some samples; copepods were selective consumers of these ciliates, which were probably the dominant grazers. Copepods and cladoceran grazing appeared to have little impact on phytoplankton dynamics. Biol. Dept., Univ. of Mass., N. Dartmouth, M A 02747, USA. 92:6004 Varela, Manuel et al., 1991. Factors controlling phytoplankton size class distribution in the upwelling area of the Galician continental shelf (NW Spain). Scientia Mar., Barcelona, 55(3):505-518. Inst. Espafiol de Oceanogr., Aptdo. n. 130 15080 La Corufia, Spain. 92:6005 Venrick, E.L., 1992. Phytoplankton species structure in the central North Pacific: is the edge like the center? J. Plankt. Res, 14(5):665-680. Phytoplankton samples collected in July, 5985 from a station 460 km off the coast of northern Baja, California, near the eastern edge of the North Pacific central gyre, are compared in vertical distribution and species structures with those observed over 12 years at a station 900 km north of Hawaii. The edge station is colder and fresher than the central station but chemical and general biological parameters are similar. Neither species composition nor dominance order at the edge station are significantly different from those at the central station. The spatial differences on a scale of 3200 km are the same as those observed at the central station over temporal intervals of 4--5 and 12 years, respectively. Mar. Life Res. Grp., Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0201, USA.

El00. Nekton ( c o m m u n i t i e s ; also fish, reptiles, m a m m a l s ) 92:6006 Bianchi, G., 1992. Demersal assemblages of the continental shelf and upper slope of Angola. Mar.

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EcoL-Prog. Ser, 81(2):101-120. Inst. of Mar. Res., Div. for Internatl. Develop. Programmes, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5024 Bergen, Norway. 92:6007 Kear, A.J., 1992. The diet of Antarctic squid: comparison of conventional and serological gut contents analyses. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 156:161-178. Geol. Dept., Willis Memorial Bldg., Univ. of Bristol, Bristol BS8 IRJ, UK. 92:6008 Prescott, Jacques, 1991. The Saint Lawrence Beluga: a concerted effort to save an endangered isolated population. Environ. Conserv, 18(4):351-355. Jardin Zool. du Quebec, 8191 Ave. du Zoo, Charlesburg, PQ G i G 4G4, Canada. 92:6009 Wells, M.J., J. Wells and R.K. O'Dor, 1992. Life at low oxygen tensions: the behaviour and physiology of Nautilus pompilins and the biology of extinct forms. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 72(2):313328. Nautilus can survive for long periods in water of very low oxygen content. Activity becomes intermittent, with brief periods of jet propulsion punctuating longer periods at rest, when ventilatory movements cease and the heartbeat slows to one or two cycles of low amplitude per minute. Recovery, even after prolonged exposure to near anoxic conditions, is very rapid if the animal is exposed to well-aerated water. These capacities would allow Nautilus to exploit environments where low oxygen content might limit competition from most fish and crustaceans. The downward extension of oxygen-rich water during the Mesozoic may have opened hitherto hypoxic environments to predators of now extinct ectocochleates. Motupore Island Res. Dept., Univ. of Papua New Guinea. 92:6010 Williams, T.M. et al., 1992. Travel at low energetic cost by swimming and wave-riding bottlenose dolphins. Nature, Lond~ 355(6363):821-823. The economy of movement permitted by waveriding has been perceived as an energetic advantage for the swimming dolphin, but has been hard to prove in the absence of physiological data for exercising cetaceans. Here we determine the aerobic and anaerobic costs of swimming and wave-riding in bottlenose dolphins and find that the minimum cost of transport for swimming dolphins is i.29-+0.05 J kg -t at a cruising speed of 2.1 m s-t. Aerobic costs are nearly twice as high for swimming seals and sea

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lions, and 8-12 times higher for human swimmers. Results indicate that behavioural, physiological and morphological factors make swimming an economical form of high-speed travel for dolphins. Naval Oceans Systems Center, Hawaii Lab., P.O. Box 997, Code 511, Kailua, HI 96734, USA.

E l l 0 . Bottom communities 92:6011 Aline, P.M., P.W. Sammarco and J.C. Cell, 1992. Competitive strategies in soft corals (Cor ata, Octocorallia). IV. Environmentally induced reversals in competitive superiority. Mar. EcoLProg. Ser, 81(2):129-145. To examine the effects of the local environmental setting on the outcome of competition for space, pairs of octocoral and scleractinian corals actively competing for space were transplanted from an inshore reef to a mid-shelf one in a controlled experiment. Competition for space between Clavularia inflata, Briareum stechei, and Acropora longicyathus in all possible pairs was assessed. In their natural environment, Clavularia and Briareum were competitively superior to Acropora. Briareum was superior to Clavularia. With respect to mid-shelf transplants: the competitive edge of Clavularia over Acropora was reversed; the advantage of Briareum over Clavularia was reduced. Competitive relationships between these species are complex and can be modified by environmental factors. Mar. So. Inst., Univ. of the Philippines at Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. 92:6012 Arnaud, P.M. and Stefan Hain, 1992. Quantitative distribution of the shelf and slope molluscan fauna (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) of the eastern Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Polar Bio/, 12(I):103-109.

A comparative analysis of the shelled gastropod and bivalve fauna of two transects from 200 to 2000 m in the eastern Weddell Sea was done by trawls and multibox corer. Related to the unusual shelf topography, a characteristic pattern of abundance and species richness with depth and location is evidenced, llighest values of species richness are observed near the ice-shelf edge and from the rise of the shelf to some 800 m on the slope, and lowest values between 300 and 600 m on the inner slope. This anomalous pattern, not followed by the biomass, is interpreted as a consequence of historical factors and present food supply. Most of the species are eurybathie and eurytopie. Centre d'Oeeanol, de Marseille (CNRS-UA 41), Station Mar. d'Endoume, F-13007 Marseille, France.

OLR (1992)39 (I I)

92:6013 Beovich, E.K. and G.P. Quinn, 1992. The grazing effect of limpets on the macroalgal community of a rocky intertidal shore. Aust. J. Ecol, 17(!):7582. River Murray Floodplain Wetlands Project, Floodplain Ecol. Grp., Dept. of Conserv. and Environ., P.O. Box 1750, Shepparton, Vie. 3630, Australia. 92:6014 Chardy, Pierre and J.-C. Dauvin, 1992. Carbon flows in a subtidal fine sand community from the western English Channel: a simulation analysis. Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser, 81(2):147-161.

Organic C flows through the Pierre Noire fine sand community are described with a trophodynamic point model. Data collected during several annual cycles are used to calibrate the seasonal variations of each benthic compartment. Mean annual values of state variables are correctly simulated. The resulting annual C budget synthesizes the information we have on this common type of ecosystem. Phytoplankton production represents the major food supply to the benthic system. A large proportion of the C input is consumed by bacteria which is the main trophic source f o r meiofauna. Meiofauna, an important link between bacteria + detritus and the carnivore le~/el, cannot be considered as an independent food web. Inst. Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Met, Centre de Brest, B.P. 70, F-29280 Plouzane, France. 92:6015 Harkantra, S.N. and A.tt. Parnlekar, 1991. Interdependence of environmental parameters and sand dwelling benthic species abundance: a multivariate approach. Indian d. mar. Sci, 20(3):232-234. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula 403 003, India.

92:6016 Kalke, R.D. and P.A. Montagna, 1991. The effect of freshwater inflow on macrohenthos in the Lavaca River Delta and upper Lavaca Bay, Texas. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 32:49-71. Univ. of Texas, Mar. Sci. Inst., P.O Box 1267, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA. 92:6017 Morrisey, D.J. et al., 1992. Spatial variation in soft-sediment benthos. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser, 81(2): 197-204.

Patchiness ative and abundance abundance

has important implications for compardescriptive studies of distribution and because it complicates comparisons of at the largest spatial scales. Patchiness

O LR (1992) 39 ( I I)

E. Biological Oceanography

has not been adequately addressed in most studies of marine soft sediments, which are often confounded because of a lack of appropriate spatial replication. Implications of patchiness for environmental sampiing and monitoring, and the means of overcoming associated problems, are discussed. The present study concerns the abundance of macrofauna, but the conclusions are general and are relevant to studies of other variables, such as pollutants. Inst. of Mar. Ecol., Zool. Bldg. A08, Univ. of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. 92:6018 Murugan, A. and K. Ayyakkannu, 1991. Ecology of benthic macrofauna in Cuddalore-Uppanar backwater, southeast coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci, 20(3):200-203.

Benthic fauna were mainly represented by polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans and 'others.' Faunal density was more in Station I than at Station II, with polychaetes dominant, while crustaceans dominated at Station II. Highly significant correlation was observed between benthic fauna and organic carbon; Station II had higher organic carbon content due to sewage wastes. Centre of Adv. Study in Mar. Biol., Annamalai Univ., Parangipettai 608 502, India. 92:6019 Vijayakumar, R., Z.A. Ansari and A.H. Parulekar, 1991. Benthic fauna of Kakinada Bay and backwaters, east coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci, 20(3):195-199. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India. 92:6020 Wahle, R.A. and R.S. Steneck, 1992. llabitat restrictions in early benthic life: experiments on habitat selection and in-situ predation with the American lobster. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol~ 157(!):91-114.

This study confirms previous habitat selection studies in showing that shelter-seeking behavior of lobsters is likely the proximate cause of their association with structurally complex habitats, especially cobbles, but that predation probably reinforces the association until lobsters outgrow their most vulnerable size. Field predation experiments and video observation show that tethered early benthic phase lobsters were attacked by demersal fishes and crabs significantly more often when unsheltered by cobble; this vulnerability declines with increasing body size. There is strong evidence that lobsters and their maeruran alhes are similarly restricted to shelter-providing habitats early in their benthic life, possibly because they cannot escape

971

predators by burying themselves in sediment.Prog, in Ecol. and Evolutionary Biol., Box G-W, Brown Univ., Providence, RI 02912, USA. 92:6021 Wheatcroft, R.A., 1992. Experimental tests for particle size-dependent bloturbation in the deep ocean. LimnoL Oceanogr., 37(!):90-104.

The potential for particle size-dependent bioturbation rates was experimentally tested at 1240 m in the Santa Catalina Basin. Spherical glass bead tracers in five size classes were spread over the sediment surface and tube cored 997 d later. In all cores finer tracers penetrated deeper into the sediment. In two of the three cores, vertical biodiffusivities computed from concentration proflies of downcore tracers demonstrate that vertical bioturbation rates are particle size-dependent in Santa Catahna Basin. The likely cause is preferential ingestion and downward transport of fine particles by deposit feeders. Appl. Ocean Phys. and Engng Dept., WHOI, Woods tlole, MA 02543, USA. 92:6022 Williams, G.A., 1992. The effect of predation on the life histories of Littorina obtusata and Littorlna marlae. J. .mar. biol. Ass. U.K~ 72(2):403-416. Littorina obtusata, an epiphytic gastropod, lives for three to four years on its host, Ascophyllum nodosum, a long-lived brown alga. L. mariae is an annual, reaching maturity by the winter of the first year, but with very few living beyond spring of their second year. Both species are subject to heavy predation by crabs on the low shore. It is suggested that predation limits the downshore extension of L. obtusata, while L. mariae survives by maturing while predation pressure is reduced due to overwintering of the crabs. Swire Mar. Lab., Hong Kong Univ., Cape d'Aguilar, Hong Kong. 92:6023 Yi, Jiansheng and Fuxue Li, 1990. Ecological characteristics of benthic macrofauna on the intertidal hard bed in Jiulong River Estuary. Tropic Occanol, 9(3):48-58. (in Chinese, English abstract.) Dept. of Oceanogr., Xiamen Univ., People's Republic of China.

El20. Estuarine, marsh and mangrove communities 92:6024 Fourqurean, J.W., J.C. Zieman and G.V.N. Powell, 1992. Phosphorus limitation of primary produc-

972

E. Biological Oceanography

tion in Florida Bay: evidence from C:N:P ratios of the dominant seagrass Thalassia testudinum. LimnoL Oceanogr~ 37(!):162-171. Dept. of Environ. Sci., Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA. 92:6025 Hussey, B.H. and W.E. Odum, 1992. Evapotranspiration in tidal marshes. Estuaries, 15(1):59-67. Patterns of evapotranspirative water loss from salt and tidal freshwater marshes in Virginia were determined in field experiments, llourly rates of open-water evaporation (Eo) and evapotranspiration (ET) were calculated during low tide. In the tidal freshwater marsh, ET was significantly greater than Eo; in the salt marsh there were no differences in mean rates. The ratio of ET:Eo was highly correlated with leaf area index (LAI). Transpiration rates in the tidal freshwater marsh were strongly correlated with LAI; because LAI was shown to be a good predictor of the relative increase in ET over Eo, it is likely that in vegetated tidal freshwater marshes with high leaf densities most atmospheric water loss comes from plants, not from the surface of the marsh. Low plant densities do not contribute substantially to atmospheric water loss in salt marshes, suggesting that paths of water transport and patterns of solute concentration in the subsurface environment are different compared to the tidal freshwater marsh. CH2M-llilI, Inc., 6425 Christie Ave., Ste. 500, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.

El40. Birds 92:6026 Bhikharidas, A.K., M.D. Whitehead and J.A. Peterson, 1992. Mapping Adrlie penguin rookeries in the Vestfold llills and Rauer Islands, east Antarctica, using S P O T IIRV data. Int. J. Remote Sens., 13(8):1577-1583. Dept. of Geogr. and Environ. Sci., Monash Univ., Clayton, Vie. 3168, Australia. 92:6027 Ramaiah, N., R. Vijayakumar and A.H. Parulekar, 1992. Observations on seabirds in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. Polar Rec., 28(165):113-118. Seabirds were observed during the December 1989 southward and March 1990 homeward voyage of the Ninth Indian Expedition to Antarctica. Twenty-four species were observed, with high diversity between 40 ~ and 60~ A smaller variety of species, but greater numbers, were observed between 60 ~ and 70~ The number of species increased in the zone of

OLR (I 992) 39 (I I)

high primary and secondary production. Many species showed seasonal shifts in distribution. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India. 92:6028 Wooller, R.D., J.S. Bradley and J.P. Croxall, 1992. I~ng-term population studies of seabirds. Trends Ecol. Evolution, 7(4): I 1I-114. Long-term studies of seabirds, some now 30-40 years old, have revealed significant age-related changes in the survival and reproduction of these long-lived animals. Evidence for density-dependent regulation of seabird numbers, however, remains sparse whereas unpredictable, disastrous breeding years may be an important influence. Better data is needed on the extent of movements of seabirds between colonies, characteristics of those individuals that contribute disproportionately to the next generation, and the importance of year and/or cohort effects on population processes. School of Biol. and Environ. Sci., Murdoch Univ. WA 6150, Australia.

El50. Microbiology(communities, processes; also bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, etc.) 92:6029 Alongl, D.M., 1992. Vertical profiles of bacterial abundance, productivity and growth rates in coastal sediments of the central Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Mar. Biol, 112(4):657-663. Australian Inst. of Mar. Sci., PMB No. 3, M.C., QLD 4810, Australia. 92:6030 Lee, Cindy et al., 1992. Effectiveness of various treatments in retarding microbial activity in sediment trap material and their effects on the collection of swimmers. LimnoL Oceanogr~ 37(i):117-130. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of various poison, preservative, and antibiotic treatments currently in common use in sediment trap work. On the basis of laboratory experiments, effective concentrations when sustained throughout the deployment are 507o saturated chloroform, 37 mM formaldehyde, or 180 itM HgCI 2. Our results also indicate, however, that the weight of swimmers collected in sediment traps is higher when more effective treatments are used. The presence of large numbers of swimmers can greatly affect the flux and composition of particulate organic matter collected in sediment traps and may decrease the effectiveness of the various treatments in inhibiting microbial activity in the traps. Mar. Sci.

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E. BiologicalOceanography

Res. Ctr., SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA. 92:6031 Meyer-Reil, L.-A. and Marion K0ster, 1992. Microbial life in pelagic sediments: the impact of environmental parameters on enzymatic degradation of organic material. Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser~ 81(1):65-72. The impact of environmental parameters on microbial activity was investigated in pelagic sediments of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea between 1400 and 2000 m depth. The enzymatic degradation of organic material was measured. From the investigations it can be concluded that the pool of hydrolytic enzymes in the pelagic sediments was not specifically adapted to parameters such as salinity, temperature, and pressure. Enzymatic degradation of organic material was more regulated by the supply of organic material than by cold temperature and elevated pressure. Inst. fur Meereskunde an der Univ. Kiel, Abt. Mar. Mikrobiol., Dusternbrooker Weg 20, W-2300 Kiel 1, Germany. 92:6032 Mudryk, Zbigniew, Kryzysztof Korzeniewski and Lucyna Falkowska, 1991. Bacteriological investigation of the surface microlayer of the Gulf of Gdafisk. Oceanologia, Warsz, 30:93-103. Inst. of Biol., Pedagogical Univ., Slupsk, Poland. 92:6033 Overmann, J0rg, Heribert Cypionka and Norbert Pfennig, 1992. An extremely low-light-adapted phototrophic sulfur bacterium from the Black Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr~ 37(1):150-155. Dept. Microbiol., Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T IZ3, Canada. 92:6034 Prabu, S.K., B. Subramanian and A. Mahadevan, 1991. Mycoflora of sediment and waters of the Madras coast, Bay of Bengal. Indian J. mar. Sci~ 20(3):226-228. Centre for Adv. Study in Bot., Univ. of Madras, Guindy Campus, Madras 600 025, India. 92:6035 Rajendran, N. et al., 1992. Determination of microbial biomass and its community structure from the distribution of phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids in sediments of Hiroshima Bay and its adjacent bays. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 34(5):501-514. Dept. of Aquatic Environ. Biol., Hiroshima Univ., Higashi-Hiroshima 724, Japan.

973

92:6036 Sathiyamurthy, K., N. Latha and A. Purushothaman, 1991. Studies on Cu-tolerant bacteria in the Vellar Estuary, southeast coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci~ 20(3):229-231. Ctre. of Adv. Study in Mar. Biol., Anamalai Univ., Parangipcttai 608 502, India. 92:6037 Sridhar, K.R. and K.M. Kaveriappa, 1991. A note on marine fungi from Mangalore coast. Mahasagar, 240):63-66. Dept. of Biosci., Mangalore Univ., Mangalagangotri, Mangalore 574 199, India.

El80. Biochemistry 92:6038 Kamat, S.Y. et al., 1992. Bioactivity of marine organisms. VI. Antiviral evaluation of marine algal extracts from the Indian Coast. Botanica mar., 35(2):161-164. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.

E220. Invertebrates (except E230-Crustacea, E240-Protozoa) 92:6039 Cheng, Lanna Wormuth,J.H., 1992. Are there separate populations of HMobates in the Gulf of Mexico? Bull. mar. Sci~ 50(2):307-319.

Varions developmental stages of the pelagic insect Halobates micans were sorted from four series of neuston samples from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Studies on seasonal occurrences and comparisons of developmental stage compositions suggest that there is an indigenous population in the Gulf of Mexico which presumably overwinters as eggs and may complete two or three generations per year between March and November. 92:6040 Dineen, J.F. Jr. and A.H. Hines, 1992. Interactive effects of salinity and adult extract upon settlement of the estuarine barnacle Balanus hnpror/sns (Darwin, 1854). J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol, 156:239-252. Smithsonian Environ. Res. Ctr., PO Box 28, Edgewater, MD 21037-0028, USA. 92:6041 Kim, S.L., 1992. The role of drift kelp in the population ecology of a Diopatra ornata Moore (Pulycbaeta: Onuphidae) ecotone. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol, 156:253-272.

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E. Biological Oceanography

Field experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that drift kelp availability determines the size and density distribution of Diopatra ornata, a dominant member of ecotone communities between kelp forests and sand bottoms off the California coast. Drift kelp constitutes a primary food item for the worms. Experimental manipulation of food availability and accessibility indicated that D. ornata size was food limited on a time scale of < I yr, but that density either took longer to respond or was not affected by food availability. Worm transplantation experiments also supported size, but not density, dependence on food abundance. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. 92:6042

Nickell, T.D. and P.G. Moore, 1992. The behavioural ecology of epibenthlc scavenging invertebrates in the Clyde Sea area: laboratory experiments on attractions to bait in static water. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 156:217-224. Moore: Univ. Mar. Biol. Sta., Millport, Isle of Cumbrae, KA28 0EG, UK.

E230. Crustacea 92:6043 Benfield, M.C. and D.V. Aldrich, 1992. Attraction of postlarval Penaeus aztecns lves and P. setlferus (L.) (Crnstacea: Decapoda: Penaeldae) to estumine water in a laminar-flow choice chamber. J. explmar. BioL Ecol~ 156(1):39-52. Dept. of Mar. Biol., Texas A&M Univ., P.O. Box 1675, Glaveston, "IX 77553, USA. 92:6044 Bollens, S.M. and D.E. Stearns, 1992. Predatorinduced changes in the did feeding cycle of a planktonic copepod. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol~ 156:179-186. An in-sitn manipulation experiment examined the effect of Gasterosteus aculeatus on the diel feeding cycle of Acartia hudsonica. Copepods in the presence of fish had a significantly lower level of daytime gut fullness, and consequently a sharpened diel cycle of grazing, than did copepods in the absence of fish. The reduced level of copepod feeding stemmed directly from the presence of predators. Our results, combined with those of earlier studies, indicate that diel cycles of feeding and vertical migration can be separate, independent behaviors, although both likely have the same adaptive significance - predator evasion. Biol. Dept., WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

OLR 0992) 39 (I I)

92:6045 Cadre, G.C., H. Gonzalez and S.B. Schnack-Schiel, 1992. Krili diet affects faecal string settling. Polar Biol, 12(I):75-80. Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., P.O. Box 59, NI_,-1790 AB Den Burg Texel, Netherlands. 92:6046 Clarke, Andrew and D.J. Gore, 1992. Egg size and composition in Ceratoserolis (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the Weddeil Sea. Polar Biol, 12(1):129-134. British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingiey Rd., Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK. 92:6047 Cornew, S., V. Stuart and L.E. Becldey, 1992. Population structure, biomass and distribution of Nyctiphanes capensis (Euphauslacca) in the vicinity of Algoa Bay, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Zool, 27(1):14-20. Zool. Dept., Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, Republic of South Africa. 92:6048 Cuzin-Roudy, Janine and J.P. Labat, 1992. Early summer distribution of Antarctic krill sexual development in the Scotia-Weddell region: a multivariate approach. Polar Biol, 12(1):65-74. Observ. Oceanol., UPMC/CNRS, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. 92:6049 Gorny, M., W.E. Arntz, A. Clarke and D.J. Gore, 1992. Reproductive biology of caridean decapods from the Weddell Sea. Polar Biol, 12(1): I 11-120. Arntz: Alfred Wegener Inst. fur Polar und Meeresforschung, Columbusstr., W-2850 Bremerhaven, FRG. 92:6050

Zimmermann, Alfons and Angelika Brandt, 1992. New results of the 'EPOS' Leg 3 cruise to Antarctica: horizontal and vertical distribution of isopods (Crustacea) in the eastern Weddell Sea. Polar Biol, 12(1):121-128. Faehbereich 7, Biol., Univ. Oldenburg, Postfach 2503 Oldenburg, FRG.

E250. Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Tintinnida, e t c . (see also D-SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS) 92:6051

Altenbach, A.V., 1992. Short term processes and patterns in the foraminiferal response to organic flux rates. Mar. Mieropaleont~ 19(1-2):119-129.

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E. Biological Oceanography

At Kiel Bight, biomass and reproduction cycles of Elphidium excavatum clavatum are directly related to the development and sedimentation of phytoplankton biomass over the entire year. Deep-sea Foraminifera from the Norwegian Sea fed in a microcosm show a lag time of food ingestion and growth rates quite similar to what has been observed in shallow water communities. In response to the food pulse, Cribrostomoides subglobosum nearly doubled individual bodymass over 72 hours by ingestion of organic matter into food vacuoles. In both studies, approximately 6-10% of the total organic flux arriving on the sediment surface is ingested by benthic Foraminifera. Univ. Kiel, Geol.-Palaontol. Inst. and Mus., Olshaussenstr. 40/60, W-2300 Kiel, F R G . (rjw) 92:6052 Cang, Shuxi and N.J. Shacldeton, 1990. New technique for study on isotopic fractionation between seawater and foraminiferal growing processes. Chinese J. OceanoL Limnol~ 8(4):299-305. Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. Sinica, Qingdao, People's Republic of China. 92:6053 Cheng, Guangfen et al., 1991. A preliminary study of Foraminifera in surface sediments in the central and south parts of the Bohal Sea. J. Ocean Univ~ Qingdao, 21(I):10%121. (In Chinese, English abstract.) Dept. of Mar. Geol., Qingdao Univ., People's Republic of China. 92:6054 Ribes, T. and M.P. Gracia, 1991. Foraminifera of the fields of Posldoula in the western Mediterranean. Vie Milieu, 41(2-3): 117-126. (In French, English abstract.) Dept. Biol. Animale, Univ. de Barcelona, 08028, Spain. 92:6055 Sjoerdsma, P.G. and G.J. van der Zwaan, 1992. Simulating the effect of changing organic flux and oxygen content on the distribution of benthic Foraminifera. Mar. Micropaleon& 19(1-2): 163180. A model is developed which attempts to quantify the relationship between response curves of benthic foraminiferal species, generated by coupling the ordination of species along an environmental gradient, and the model of r- and K-selection. A data set containing 183 counted samples of benthic foraminifers from the eastern Gulf of Mexico is used to test the model. Two axes, thought to describe food and oxygen, could be distinguished and the species' loadings were used to align the selected species along

975

an r- to K-continuum and to establish their response curves. Three simulations have been carried out to test the model with the observed distributional data. Dept. of Stratigr., Inst. of Earth Sci., Univ. of Utrecht, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands. 92:6056 Swanberg, N.R. and K.R. Bjrrklund, 1992. The radlolarlan fauna of western Norwegian fjords: a multivariate comparison of the sediment and plankton assemblages. Micropaleontology, 38(I):57-74. Radiolarian assemblages from plankton and sediments in various Norwegian fjords and sediments from the Norwegian Sea were compared using multivariate analysis. The sediments were different from all plankton in all seasons. This difference was the largest source of variability in the data set, followed in turn by differences due to season, regions, various fjords, depths and locale with a given fjord. The sediments conserved most of the geographical information presented in the plankton assemblage, conveyed by different groups of species; however little was indicated about species composition. Dept. of Fish. and Mar. Biol., High Tech. Centre, Univ. of Bergen, N-5020, Norway.

E260.

Macrophytes (algae,

grasses, etc.)

92:6057 Gray, A.J., D.F. Marshall and A.F. Raybould, 1991. A century of evolution in Spartina anglica. Adv. ecol. Res., 21:1-62. The perennial salt marsh grass Spartina anglica occurs in temperate zones worldwide and is the textbook example of allopolyploid speciation and successful invasion by a new species. Because of its use as a stabilizer in tidal mud flats, it has had an enormous effect on the ecology of mud flats and salt marshes. The history, origin, variations, and ecology of S. anglica are reviewed here. The future of this salt marsh grass and how global warming and rising sea levels may affect the species' evolution are also discussed. Includes ca. 250 references. Inst. of Terrestrial Res., Furzebronk Res. Sta., Wareham, Dorset BH2 5AJ, UK. (lit) 92:6058 Lalonde, Sophie and J.A. Downing, 1992. Phytofauna of eleven macrophyte beds of differing trophic status, depth, and composition. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci, 49(5):992-I000.

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E. BiologicalOceanography

Macrophyte beds in 11 lakes of differing trophic conditions were sampled to examine the influence of macrophyte abundance and composition, epiphyton biomass, phytoplankton concentration, and water depth on the abundance of phytophilous invertebrates. Numerical abundance and biomass of phytofaunal taxa were only weakly correlated. Total phytofaunal biomass was positively correlated with the biomass of the three primary producers in the littoral zone: macrophytes, epiphyton, and phytoplankton. Correlations of phytofauna biomass with macrophytes, epiphyton, and depth varied somewhat among phytofaunal taxa. The phytofauna biomass was often dominated by chironomid larvae, but gastropods, water mites, and oligochaetes were also important components of the phytofauna biomass. Dept. de Sci. biol., Univ. de Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succursale A, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.

92:6059 Lapointe, B.E., M.M. Littler and D.S. Littler, 1992. Nutrient availability to marine macroaigae in siliciclastic versus carbonate-rich coastal waters. Estuaries, 15(1):75-82.

Tissue elemental composition and C:N:P ratios in a broad spectrum of temperate frondose algae from a well-studied siliciclastic environment (Woods Hole, Massachusetts) were compared to those of tropical frondose macroalgae from a variety of sites in the tropical carbonate-rich Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters. Frondose epilithie macroalgae from carbonate-rich tropical waters were significantly depleted in phosphorus relative to carbon and nitrogen when compared to macroalgae from temperate siliciclastic waters. Alkaline phosphatase activity was low and often undetectable in the macroalgae from siliciclastie habitats compared to seven-fold higher rates in macroalgae from carbonate systems. The results show that N availability limits macroalgae productivity in temperate siliciclastic waters, but also suggest that P availability may be of paramount importance in limiting primary production of macroalgae in carbonate-rich tropical waters. Harbor Branch Oceanogr. Inst., Inc., Rt. 3, Box 297A, Big Pine Key, FL 33043, USA.

92:6060 McGlathery, K.J., R.W. Howarth and Roxanne Marino, 1992. Nutrient limitation of the macroalga, PeniciUus capitata.% associated with subtropical seagram meadows in Bermuda. Estuaries, 15(1):18-25. Oiv. of Biol. Sci., Corson Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853-2701, USA.

OLR (1992)39(I I)

92:6061 Perissinotto, Renzo and C.D. McQuaid, 1992. Deep occurrence of the giant kelp Macrocystis laevis in the Southern Ocean. Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser~ 81(I):89-95. Southern Ocean Grp., Dept. of Zool. and Entomol., Rhodes Univ., P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.

92:6062 Ribera, M.A. et al., 1992. Check-list of Mediterranean seaweeds. I. Fucophyceae (Warming, 1884). Botanica rnar~ 35(2):109-130. Lab. de Botanica, Facultad de Farmacia Univ. de Barcelona 08028, Barcelona, Spain. 92:6063 Wassermann, J.C., J.C. Dumon and C. Latouche, 1991. The importance of eeigrass (Zostera noltiO in the heavy metal budget of the Arcachen Basin (French Atlantic coast). Vie Milieu, 41(2-3):8186. (In French, English abstract.) IGBA, Univ. de Bordeaux, l, 351 cours de la liberation, 33405 Talence, France.

E270. Microphytes (coccolithophores, diatoms, flagellates, etc.) 92:6064 Daehnick, A,E., M.J. Sullivan and C.A. Moncreiff, ! 992. Primary production of the sand mlcroflora in seagrass beds of Mississippi Sound. Botanica mary 35(2): 131-139. Sullivan: Dept. of Biol. Sc., P.O. Drawer GY, Mississippi State Univ., MS 39762, USA. 92:6065 Hawser, S.P., J.M. O'Neil, M.R. Roman and G.A. Codd, 1992. Toxicity of blooms of the cyanobacterium Tdchodesndum to zooplankton. J. appl. Phycol~ 4(1):79-86. Codd: Dept. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Dundee, DDI 4HN, UK.

92:6066 Jimrnez, Carlos et al., 1992. Green mass aggregations of Gyrod/n/um cf. aureoll~m Hulburt in the Ria of Pontevedra (northwest Spain). J. Plankt. Res, 14(5):705-720. Dept. of Biochem., Weizmann Inst. of Sc., 76100, Rehobot, Israel.

OLR (1992)39(I I)

E. BiologicalOceanography 92:6067

Marr, J.C., A.E. Jackson and J.L. McLachlan, 1992. Occurrence of Prmocentrum Bma, a DSP toxinproducing species from the Atlantic coast of Canada. J. appL Phycol, 4(1):17-24. Fenwiek Labs Ltd., Ste. 200, 5595 Fenwick St., Ilalifax, NS B3H 4M2, Canada. 92:6068 Morton, S.L., D.R. Norris and J.W. Bomber, 1992. Effect of temperature, salinity and Hght intensity on the growth and seasonality of toxic dinoflagellales associated with ciguatera. J. expl mar. Biol. EcoL 157(!):79-90. In the laboratory, eight species of toxic dinoflageUates associated with ciguatera were grown under various temperatures, salinities, and light intensities. Three temperature groups emerged: cool-water, warm-water, and median-water. Salinity optima for all species except Prorocentrum mexicanum were < 3 5 ppt. All species except P. concavum and Coolia rnonotis had light intensity optimums of <10% full sun light. Dept. of Plant Biol., Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale, IL 62901, USA. 92:6069

Thomsen, H.A. and Jacob Larsen, 1992. Lodcate choanoflagellates of the Southern Ocean with new observations on cell division in Bicosta spinlfera (Throndsen, 1970) from Antarctica and Saroeca attenuata Thomsen, 1979, from the Baltic Sea. Polar Biol~ 12(1):53-63. Inst. for Sporeplanter, Univ. of Copenhagen, Oster Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.

977

92:6071

Cossa, Daniel et al., 1992. Flounder (Platichthys Ilesus) muscle as an indicator of metal and organochiorine contamination of French Atlantic coastal waters. Ambio, 21(2):176-182. 92:6072

Fattorusso, Ernesto et al., 1992. Okadaic acid in mussels of Adriatic Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bully 24(5):234-237. Dipart. di Chim. delle Sostanze Nat., Univ. degli Studi di Napoli Fererico If, Via D. Montesano 49, 1-80131, Napoli, Italy. 92:6073 Girling, A.E., R.K. Markarian and D. Bennett, 1992. Aquatic toxicity testing of oil productg gome recommendations. Chernosphere, 24(I 0): 14691472. Current test method guidelines for determining the toxicity of substances to aquatic organisms are not generally applicable to oil products. Data which can be used for classifying oil products will, we believe, follow from preparing specific test media and from modifying testing procedures. A new concept termed 'loading rates' will also provide a basis for comparing data from tests with poorly soluble and readily soluble products. Shell Res. Ltd., Sittingbourne Res. Ctr., Sittingbourne, Kent, ME9 8AG, UK. 92:6074

Gonzalez, Cesar, A.V. Botello and Gilberto Diaz, 1992. Baseline. Presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons in sediments and organisms from Campeche Bank, Mexico. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 24(5):267-270. Inst. de Cienc. dei Mar y Limnol., Univ. Nae. Auton. de Mexico, Aptdo. 70, 305 Mexico DF 04510, Mexico.

92:6075

E300. Effects of

pollution (also uptake,

trace accumulations, etc.; see also B350A t m o s p h e r i c pollution, C210-Chemical pollution, F 2 5 0 - W a s t e disposal)

Hickey, C.W. and D.S. Roper, 1992. Acute toxicity of cadmium to two species of infaunal marine amphlpods (tube-dwelling and burrowing) from N e w Zealand. Bull. environ. Contamin. Toxicol, 49(!):!65-170. Water Quality Centre, DSIR Mar. and Freshwater, P.O. Box I1 115, Ilamilton, NZ.

92:6070

Burger, Joanna and Michael Gochfeld, 1992. Effects of washing fiddler crabs (Uca pugn~r) following an oil spill. Environ. Pollut~ 77(1):15-22. Inst. of Marine and Coastal Se., Rutgers Univ., Piseataway, NJ 08853, USA.

92:6076 Huggett, R.J. et al., 1992. The marine biocide tributyltin. Assessing and managing the environmental risks. Environ. Sci. Technol., 26(2):232-237.

978

E. Biological Oceanography

The past 30 years have seen a dramatic increase in the use of tri-organotins as insecticides, fungicides, bactericides, and antifouling agents, especially ntributyltin, a very effective biocide in antifouling agents. France was the first to adopt regulatory controls on its use in 1982, followed by the U.K. in 1985. An interim finding by a study undertaken by the U.S. Navy in 1980 proposed a monitored implementation program, using low-release rate paints and reported an interim finding of no significant impact from the use of TBT in antifouling paints. However, many coastal states disagreed, and in 1986 the EPA began a special review of the use of TBT as an antifoulant. This article details the environmental risks and proposals for assessing and managing these risks. College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point~ VA 23062, USA. (ilt)

92:6077 Knickmeyer, Rainer, Oliver Landgraff and Hans Steinhart, 1992. Cyclic organochlorlncs in the sea star Asterias rubens from the German Bight, December 1988--May 1989. Mar. environ. Res. 33(2):127-143. Steinhart: Inst. fur Biochem. und Lebensmittelchem. der Univ., 2000 Hamburg 13, Grindelallee 117, Germany. 92:6078 Lobel, P.B. et al., 1992. General characteristics of the frequency distributions of element concentrations and of interelemental correlations in aquatic organisms. Mar. environ. Res, 33(2):111-126. Up to 27 elements were analyzed in each of I1 different types of biological tissue from unpolluted water using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The tissues included both marine and freshwater samples, bivalves and teleosts, as well as samples from the wild, the laboratory and aquaculture cages. Because individual organisms were analyzed, it was possible to construct a frequency distribution for each element in each particular type of tissue. Nearly all the distributions (except for potassium and selenium) were found to show some degree of positive skewness indicating a relatively large number of organisms with low concentrations of a particular element and a few organisms with disproportionately high concentrations. Two general types of interelemental correlation were noted. Ocean Sc. Ctr., Univ. of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, Canada A I C 5S7.

92:6079 Ludwig, Peter, Wilfried Gunkel and Heinrich HOhnerfuss, 1992. Chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of marine pollutants. Part 5. Enantioseleetive degradation of

OLR (1992) 39 (I I)

phenoxycarboxylic acid herbicides by marine microorganisms. Chemosphere, 24(10): 1423-1429. Hahnerfuss: Inst. fur Organische Chemie, Univ. of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Platz 6, W-2000 Hamburg 13, FRG.

92:6080 Rontani, J.oF. and P. Bonin, 1992. Utilization of n-alkyl-subsiltuted cyclohexanes by a marine alcaligenes. Chemosphere, 24(10): 1441-1446. Centre d'Oceanol, de Marseille, UA41, Faeulte des Sc. de Luminy-Case 901, 13288 Marseille, France. 92:6081 Singh, J.G. et al., 1992. Baseline. Hydrocarbon levels in edible fish, crabs and mussels from the marine environment of Trinidad. Mar. Pollut. Bull~ 24(5):270-272. Caribbean Environ. Health Inst., P.O. Box 1111, Morne Fortune, Castries, St. Lucia, West Indies. 92:6082 Stronkhorst, J., 1992. Trends in pollutants in blue mussel Mytilus edu//s and flounder Piatichthys Ilcsus from two Dutch estuaries, 1985--1990. Mar. Pollut. Bull, 24(5):250-258. Min. of Transport, Public Works and Water Mgmt, Tidal Waters Die., P.O. Box 8039, 4330 EA Middelburg, Netherlands. 92:6083 Webb, J.W. and S.K. Alexander, 1991. No. 2 fuel oil effects on Spartina Mteruillora in a Texas salt marsh. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 32:9-19. Mar. Biol. Dept., Texas A&M Univ., Galveston, TX 77553-1675, USA.

E370. Theoretical biology and ecology 92:6084 Palumbi, S.R., 1992. Marine speciation on a small planet. Trends Ecol. Evolution, 7(4):114-118. The scale of population structure in many marine species is on the order of thousands to tens of thousands of kilometers. How does speciation take place in oceans that arc only about this same size? Recent results suggest an important role for transient isolation, gamete ecology and molecular evolution at gamete recognition loci. These factors are likely to be a fruitful area of research for marine biologists. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.