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Fertilization value of municipal sewage sludge for Eucalyptus camaldulensis plants
Accepted Manuscript Title: Fertilization value of municipal sewage sludge for Eucalyptus camaldulensis plants Author: Soudani Leila Maatoug Mhamed Hermann Heilmeier Mykola Kharytonov Oliver Wiche Christin Moschner Elena Onyshchenko Bouchenafa Nadia PII: DOI: Reference:
S2215-017X(16)30101-1 http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.btre.2016.12.001 BTRE 178
To appear in: Received date: Revised date: Accepted date:
13-5-2016 30-10-2016 1-12-2016
Please cite this article as: Soudani Leila, Maatoug Mhamed, Hermann Heilmeier, Mykola Kharytonov, Oliver Wiche, Christin Moschner, Elena Onyshchenko, Bouchenafa Nadia, Fertilization value of municipal sewage sludge for Eucalyptus camaldulensis plants, Biotechnology Reports http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2016.12.001 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
BTRE‐D‐16‐00059R1 Comments for reviewers
comments
Authors response
Reviewer #2 I wrote several notes in the manuscript and,underlined sentences that
Reworded done
needs to be improved.
New Keywords add : Biometric measurements, plant height,
Reworded the sentenses
you need to add keyword that will help to find back your
Done in the introduction in the first three lines in red color.
paper to readers
Sorry, are not quantified
You need to introduce your subject; 1) wastewater sludge?
We did not quantified because the experimental was placed in
land reclamation, Mediterranean forestry, soil amendment
2) what they carry? 3) can you do something good from it?
open area, from May to October 2015 and the light intensity
Why toxic Hg was not quantified? Why the plant uptake of
changed during the period of experimentation.
these elements were not measured? Why dioxin and furan are not there?
A large number of leaves is a good indicator of a good water and nutrients supply for the plant. They are correlated.
What was the light intensity?
Organic material
Why these parameters? Are-they independent measurement
We made a typo. The values are corrected in the table.
or are they correlated?
Unit of mesurmant is depending on the sampling date ; (cm)
What are you organics?
for figure 2 (A, B), (mm) for figure 2C and nomber of leavs
You want to fertilize tree, but even if you are in town is it
for figure 2D. (mentioned in the top of Figure 3 (A, B et C).
ethically correct?
What is the unit of measurement?
Do you have significant interaction (sludge rate*time)?
Yes we have and it is mentioned in Figure 3C. (Wilks lambda =.93845 and F(84.10225.)=1.9734, p=.000)
My main comment will be that this manuscript does not contribute to
The novelty is no studies have been conducted with forest plantations
the development of knowledge. Where is the novelty? Where is the
in Algeria. And scarce studies about sludge as soil amendment under
fertilization
medeterannen condition.
value
of
this
sludge?
This study appears incomplete and is very short. What about the plant
the plant uptakes of trace metallic elements and Hg are not quantified.
uptakes of trace metallic elements? Why Hg was not in your list?
In Algeria, the AFNOR standard is used to compare the values of
Where is you comparison with standards (at least Germany
sludge.
standard)? Where is your evaluation of the fertilization value of your sludge? Have you edit your references? Reviewer #3 The key-words should be changed in order to emphasize the most
The The key-words are changed.
relevant points of the article. 1.Introduction should be enriched with information and numerical data on what has been achieved (or not) in the field, especially regarding type/origin of sludge. Sludge production and characteristics it's a very important point to be envisaged in order to evaluate the
1.
real potential to forest soil application. The authors should clarified the effects of the type of sludge (primary sludge, activated sludge or mixed sludge), according to the different lay-out of the wastewater treatment plants, updating the state of art with more recent publications related with the sludge application to Mediterranean Forestry, for different species of Eucalypthus plants.
1
Done in the introduction with blue color
2. Materials and methods To support the trials development the authors are advised to add detailed information about the type of sludge (primary, activated sludge or mixed sludge), and a lay-out of WWTP to better understand the treatment of the liquid fraction and solid fraction sludge). The collection sample procedure as well as the storage conditions should be presented.
2. Done in materials and methods on red color
3. Results and Discussion section should compare the data obtained
3. Done in results and discussion with greeen color .
during the research with the results achieved by other researchers. There are some lacking of knowledge and explanation. The trials were conducted with agricultural soils; the data obtained can be applied to forest soils with different edafo climatic conditions? The discussion need to be more detailed.
4. Up-date the references
updated
2
Fertilization value of municipal sewage sludge for Eucalyptus camaldulensis plants Soudani Leila1, Maatoug Mhamed1, Hermann Heilmeier2, Mykola Kharytonov3, Oliver Wiche2, Christin Moschner2, Elena Onyshchenko3, and Bouchenafa Nadia1 1- Laboratory of Agro Biotechnology and Nutrition in Semi arid areas. Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences. Ibn khaldoun Tiaret University (Univ-Tiaret). P.O Box 78. Tiaret (Algeria). 2- AG Biologie/Ökologie, Institut für Biowissenschaften TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Str. 29, D-09599 Freiberg (Germany) 3- Dnipropetrovsk State Agrarian and Economic University .Dnipropetrovsk, Sergey Efremov str. 25, 49600 (Ukraine). Corresponding author. Tel: +2135556722582 E-mail addresses: [email protected]
Highlights (for review)
The proposed article aims to show the interest of the use of sludge in plantation forestry. Secondly, it offers solutions to the problems of storage of sludge at the wastewater treatment. One‐year‐old saplings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were transplanted into pots with different doses of sludge: 20%, 40% and 60%, mixed with an agricultural soil. Biometric measurements (height, base diameter, diameter at mid‐height and the number of leaves) were performed for six months of planting, showing the positive effect of spreading the sludge on the growth of the plants. An analysis of variance with repeated measures was performed to study the effect of measurement date and sludge concentrations on biometric parameters. A significant difference in height increment and number of leaves was found between the control and sludge‐treated plants. The recorded biometric values were for all the doses, well above those of control plants (100% soil), with high values shown in the mixture of 60% sludge, whereas growth in diameter was not affected by the three treatments. The results obtained were: 493.77 ± 241 mm for height growth and 68.81 ± 6.2 for number of leaves, against: 342.89 ± 128.07 mm for height and 40 ± 3.8 for the number of leaves in control soils. This study also confirms the use of sludge as soil fertilizer in urban areas. The soils of cities are highly heterogeneous and consist of various materials. Thus, the physical properties of these soils are characterized by high compaction, poor ventilation and poor water permeability. It is necessary to provide an amendment of sludge from sewage treatment plants, to create soil suitable for planting trees growing in towns.
Abstract. The wastewater treatment produces a large amount of sludge. The different uses of eliminations sludge such as landfills or incineration have consequences negative for the environment, the agricultural use has increased worldwide, especially in crops and few or no studies have been conducted with forest plantations in Algeria. The objective of this study is to assess fertilizing characteristics of the sludge from the wastewater treatment plant of Tiaret (Algeria). One-year-old saplings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were transplanted into pots with
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sludge/soil mixtures where sludge content was 20%, 40% and 60%. Biometric measurements (height, base diameter, diameter at mid-height and the number of leaves) were performed during six months after planting. Results demonstrated the positive effect of sludge application. A significant difference in height increment and number of leaves was found between the control and sludge-treated plants. Biometric values for all sludge mixtures were higher than those for control plants (100% soil). The mixture, which contained 60% sludge, gives the best result, except for a diameter of stem. Plants grown on sludge/soil mixture had average height 49.4 ± 24.1 cm and average number of leaves 68.8 ± 6.2 while average height for plants grown on soil was 34.3 ± 12.8 cm and average number of leaves was 40 ± 3.8. Sludge application provides soil amendment and additional nutrient supply for planted trees. Keywords: Biometric measurements, plant height, land reclamation, Mediterranean forestry, soil amendment. Introduction Sludge is the resulting waste of wastewater treatment from domestic or industrial origin. Sludge is composed of water and dry matter which renferments macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) and organic matter. Sludge has a fertilizing interest in agriculture and other field (Jardé 2002, Guy 2003). Recovery of sludge is random and disposal is most always a significant operating expense. Economically the goal is to limit actually the costs of transportation. Due to their characteristics, several disposal routes are possible, depending on whether we want to highlight their character fertilizer or energy. Landfill (25%), incineration (15%) and the land farming (60%). (Koller 2004). Traditional solutions, such as landfill and incineration have several disadvantages: landfill can pose the risk of groundwater contamination, same as burning which is the source of air pollution (Cameron et al 1997, Belmonte 2003). Land application is claimed to be one of the acceptable ways of utilization for the medium and long-term perspective in the European Union (Düring and Gath 2002). Indeed, the presence of toxic metals in sludge may limit its application because of the risk of soil contamination and the transfer of toxic substances into the food chain (Nogueira et al. 2009). The risk of sewage sludge application has favored the use of this residue in forest land (Horswell et al. 2006), mainly because most forest products do not directly enter the human food chain (Denaix et al. 2011). In Algeria, there are 165 operating treatment plants currently producing about 250,000 tons of sludge annually, expected to increase to 400,000 tons by 2020, according to the data of the Ministry of Water Resources Algeria (CDER 2014). Disposal of sewage sludge from the wastewater treatment plant of Tiaret is a serious issue for the National Sanitation Office (ONA). Plant produces about 10,000 tons annually of dry matter. We hypothesize that urban sludge, whatever its type, it can be used in forest plantation to improve the organic matter in the soil increasing the plants growth and reduce the volume of sludge produced by the sewage sation (Kozlov et al. 2012; Belyaeva and Korotkova 2013). However , the diverse chemical composition of sludge in the space and time can result in different degrees of plants responses. Due to it the scarce studies about sludge as soil amendment under méditerranéen condition. The present study aims to investigate the effect of application of the urbain sludge from Tiaret wastewater treatment plant for growing of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Material and methods. Agricultural soil, collected in few meters from Karman university campus, as this area is considered not to be contaminated by pollutants from exhaust-spewing cars, has been used in this experiment. The sludge for the experiment was taken on April 2015, from WWTP, located in the territory of the municipality of Bouchekif (Tiaret, Algéria), and the official launch of wastewater treatment in May 2008. The sludge was collected from a randomly on drying beds (on both ends of the beds at the center) where the mixed sludge subjected to dehydration .the principle is based on filtration and evaporation natural mud on a drying area in order to minimize the water content of the sludge. This sludge is regarded as stable, dry, solid state of particle an average size of about 6mm. Main characteristic for both medias were evaluated in accordance with generally accepted soil testing methods. Texture evaluation was performed as described by Robinson Khon (1922). The pH was mesured as described by Callot-Dupuis (1980).
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The water content was expressed by weight as the ratio of the mass between wet and dry samples. The criterion for a dry sample was a constant weight of sample after drying in oven at temperature between 100 – 110 °C. Organic carbon content was determined using dichromate oxidation, when treated with few drops of diphenylamine remaining dichromate was back titrated with FeSO4 solution, according to the procedure described by Anne (1945). Active lime was determined according to the Drouineau method; the procedure involved reaction of the soil with ammonium oxalate, followed by the determination of unreacted oxalate by back-titration with potassium permanganate (Callot and Dupuis 1980). Total amount of nitrogen was determined by the micro-Kjedhal method (Raij et al. 2001). Determination of phosphates was performed by standard method of coloring with ascorbic acid combined reagent and measuring for absorbance in a spectrophotometer. Potassium was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry by direct aspiration of the filtered or digested and filtered sample into an air-acetylene flame (Wiche et al. 2016). Trace metallic elements (Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) and mineral elements (Cr, Mn, and Fe), were determined directly from solid sample by using of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS). (Wiche et al. 2016). Eucalyptus camaldulensis was selected as the test object in this study because of its good growth characteristics, high plasticity and economic value (Nguyen 2004). Plants were grown in the nursery for one year. Primary cleaned from nursery soil, plants were transplanted into pots (with a diameter of 8.5cm and a depth of 14 cm) containing a mixture of sludge and soil with three different proportions of sludge in mixture (20 %, 40% and 60%) and into control( 100% soil). During the experimental period pots with plants were placed in the open area, from May to October 2015. Climatic conditions during experimental period were typical for the Mediterranean climate – hot and dry summer (average temperature was around 30 °C). The plants was watered out manually with tap water. During six months of the experiment, the effects of application of sludge in different concentrations for growing of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were evaluated by measuring of the following biometric parameters: height growth, growth in diameter at the base, mid-height diameter and number of leaves. Measurement of these parameters was carried out twice per month. Repeated measures analysis of variances (ANOVA) was used to study the effect of time and sludge concentrations on biometric parameters. The Statistaca software (version 10) was used for all data analysis. Results and Discussion. Both medias characteristics had typical for their origin. The Soil sample a had sandy loam texture, alkaline pH and low organic matter content. Sewage sludge had pH close to neutral and significantly higher content of organic material and main nutrients. Heavy metals concentrations in average were higher for the sludge sample (Table I).
The determination of total content of major elements revealed high values for P and low values for K, which may be explained by high rates of potassium retain in water during treatment process because of its high solubility. Nogueira et al. (2010) have also determined that the values for P is very important than the values for K in their sludge. High organic matter content in the sludge indicated its urban origin, same as nitrogen, certainly contributing into fertilizing value of the sludge, which is also identified in the study of Ona and Osorio (2005). C/N ratio, close to 10, indicated that the mineralization processes already took place along with nitrogen release (Dommergue and Monogenot 1970). Generally, sludge is considered to be a toxic substrate for the environment and agricultural production due to high content of heavy metals, which limits its application as fertilizer (Gulvaeva et al. 2012; Nefedov et al. 2007 in Maksimova et al. 2015). However, in the sludge from Tiaret wastewater treatment plant heavy metals were present in low concentrations, not exceeding permitted levels according to the AFNOR standard (1985). Similar results were obtained by Maksimova et al. (2015). After six months of growing, the survival rate of Eucalyptus camaldulensis plants was around 80 %. In general, biometric measurements had increased with increasing proportion of sludge in mixtures. Largest plants to be recorded were grown on the mixture with 60% sludge (Fig. 1).
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Plants grown on mixture with 60 % of sludge had an average final height of 49.4 ± 24.1 cm( Fig. 2A) and average leaf number 68.81 ± 6.2 (Fig. 2D). For plants grown on soil much lower average results were recorded 34.3 ± 12.80 cm for height and 40 ± 3.8 for the number of leaves.usually, a large number of leaves is a good indicator of a good water and nutrients supply for the plant (Fiscchesser and Dupuistate, 2007). Diameter measurements also demonstrated some difference in plant development during the experimental growth period. The mid-height diameter values for plants on sludge mixtures with share of sludge 20 %, 40 % and 60 % were 2.2 ± 1.3, 1.8 ± 1.2 and 1.9 ± 1.2 mm respectively (Fig. 2C). For plants grown on soil mid-height diameter average value was 1.3 ± 0.7 mm. Base diameter average values were 3.2 ± 2.0, 3.2 ± 1.8 and 3.2 ± 1.9 mm ( Fig. 2B) for plants on sludge containing mixtures respectively, and 2.4 ± 1.0 mm for plants grown on pure soil. Analysis of repeated measures for height and leaves number for Eucalyptus plants (P <0.001 ***) demonstrated lowest values for the control plants grown in soil (0% sludge) and highest values for plants grown on mixture with highest proportion sludge in it (60 % of sludge) (Fig. 3). The differences were most evident during the last two months (September and October)/ these results prove good fertilizing and soil improvement qualities of sludge for Tiaret wastewater treatment plant. Such results can be explained by presence of additional nutrients and organic matter in mixtures with the sludge, which complies with those obtained by Bourioug et al. (2014). The strong growth of E. camaldulensis was induced by fast nutrient consumption (Nguyen 2004). Michel et al. (1997), which indicates that sludge could be used as fertilizer or amendment for forest soils. On the other hand, the application of sludge increased the concentration of trace elements in the substrate. However particular trace elements in the substrate used here for example lead, zinc, and copper, can also be found in high concentration in natural soil. Bourioug et al. (2014) had demonstrated good growth of larch (Larix decidua) on forest soil fertilized with municipal sludge, considered as a source of fertilizer due to its high contents of organic matter and available nitrogen and phosphorus, he also had found limited absorption of the heavy metals. In the present study we found a positive effect of sludge amendment for wastewater treatment plant. Therefore, in the similar climatic condition, effects of sludge application to forest soil are expected to be even higher due to an improvement of both physical and chemical soil properties (Losada et al. 2012). Conclusion. Spreading of sewage sludge is a widely used practice in agriculture that serves for several purposes, as sludge utilization, soil improvement and reintroduction of nutrients into natural cycles. However, land application of sludge always poses the risk of soil pollution, in addition, the fate of toxic compounds in the environment cannot be fully predicted, and toxicants from sludge can migrate into groundwater or contaminate food products. At the same time sewage sludge can be successfully used for fertilization of forest lands and urban landscapes. Application of sludge in forestry appears to be a good utilization option for this type of waste along with its ability to improve the structure and fertility of forest soils. The results of our experiment had demonstrated good fertilizing properties of soil/sludge mixture that contained 60% of sludge. Plants of E. camaldulensis fertilized with sludge had 20% better growth and 40% high leaf numbers. While sludge adding improved plants development, no negative effects on trees’ heath were observed. The study also demonstrated the possibility of sludge application as a soil fertilizer in urban areas. In most of cases city landscapes are covered with poor soils, sludge application provides soil amendment and additional nutrient supply for planted trees, as it had been shown in our study.
Acknowledgements. This work is part of an intergovernmental research project: Algeria-South Africa. We thank the General Directorate for Scientific Research and Technological Development (Algeria) for the financial support. References
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AFNOR. (1985) Norme Française NU44-041.Matières fertilisantes .Boues des ouvrages des eaux usées urbaines. Détermination et spécification Anne A. (1945) Sur le dosage rapide du carbone organique des sols. Ann. agron., 15” année,no 2, pp. 161 172 Belmonte A. (2003) Reutilizaci´on y Reciclado de Materiales. Experiencia en Andaluc´ıa, Ed. Asociaci´on Espa˜nola de la Carretera, III Congreso Andaluz de Carreteras, Madrid, Spain. pp. 143–185 Belyaeva SD, Korotkova EV (2013). New national standards for the wastewater sludge utilization and disposal. Novye natsionalnye standarty po ispolzovaniyu i razhmeshcheniyu osadkov stochnykh vod 4: 5-9.doi: 628.31.006.82 Bourioug M, Alaoui-Sossé L, Laffray X, Raouf N, Benbrahim M, Badot P M, Alaoui-Sossé B.(2014) Evaluation of Sewage Sludge Effects on Soil Properties, Plant Growth, Mineral Nutrition State, and Heavy Metal Distribution in European Larch Seedlings (Larix decidua). Arab J Sci Eng. 39:5325–5335.doi: 10.1007/s13369-014-1100-0 Callot G, Dupuis M. (1980) Le calcaire actif des sols et sa signification. Bull. AFES, 17-26 Cameron KC, Di HJ, McLaren RG (1997) Is soil an appropriate dumping ground for our wastes? Australian. Journal. Soil Research 35 (5) :995–1035. doi : 10.1071/S96099 CDER. (2014) Centre de développement des énergies renouvelables. La valorisation des boues des stations d’épuration. http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article4226). Accepté 12 Octobre 2015. Denaix L, Thomas-Che´ry AL, Balet J, Benbrahum M, Carnus JM (2011) Effects of municipal sewage sludge application on soil and Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea) contamination by metals in mamaritime Pine forest. Water Air Soil Pollut 219:239–249. doi: 10.1007/s11270-010-0702-8 Diehl R. (1975) Agriculture générale 2ème édition. Ballière. ISBN : 2028-2508 .231p. Dommergue and Monogenot, (1970) Association mycchorizienne. Ed.Masson, ISBN: 978-2-29611992-5. pp :669-671 During,R,Gath,S (2002). Utilization of municipal organic wastes in agriculture: where do we stand, were will we go? Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 165: 544–556.doi: 1436-8730/02/04/08-544S17.50+.5010 Fiscchesser B , Dupuis-tate MF .(2007). Le guide illustré de l’écologie .Ed.Quae. ISBN: 978-27324-3428-5. France. 352p. Guy AM. (2003). Les boues d’épuration leurs perspectives de gestion en Ile de France. Thèse, doctorat, Paris, 128p. Horswell J, Weitz HJ, Percival HJ, Speir TW (2006) Impact of heavy metal amended sewage sludge on forest soils as assessed by bacterial and fungal biosensors. Biol Fertil Soils 42:569–576. doi:10.1007/ s00374-005-0070-5 Jarde E. (2002) Composition organique des boues résiduaires des stations d’épuration lonaines ; caractérisation moléculaire et effets de la biodégradation. Thèse, doctorat. Univ. Henri Poincaré, Nancy I en sciences de l’univers, 286p. Koller E. (2004) Traitement des pollutions industrielles ; eau, air, déchets, sols, boues, édition Dunod, Paris.
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Kozlov MN, Grachev VA, Khramenkov SV, Shchegolkova NM, Vanyushin A Ya , Agaryov AM. (2012)The use of soils with addition of water and wastewater sludge for industrial crop cultivation .Ispolzovaniye pochvogruntovs vneseniyem osadkov sooruzheniy ochistki stochnykh vod i vodopodgotovki dlya vyrashchivaniya tehnicheskih kultur.10:72-77.doi: 628.169.7:628.381 Losada MRM, Rodriguez AR, Dominguez NF. (2012) Residual effects of lime and sewage sludge inputs on soil fertility and tree and pasture production in a Pinus radiata D. Don silvopastoral system established in a very acidic soil. Journal of Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 161 : 165– 173.doi : 10.1016/j.agee.2012.08.001 Maksimova S, Kosaurova D, Pesheva A. (2015) Recycling of Wastewater Treatment Plants 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)00011-1Sludge in Urban Landscaping in West Siberia. Journal of ScienceDirect.117 :232-238.doi : 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.154 Michel l., Traian I. and Stephane D. (1997) Biomass productivity and wood energy of Salix species after 2 years growth in sric fertilized with wastewater sludge. Biomass and Bioenergy Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 409-417, 1997. Nguyen The N. (2004) Eucalyptus et environnement. Lettre d'information semestrielle sur l'eucalyptus n03V2 AFOCEL Station Sud Domaine de Saint Clément 34980 St Clément de Rivière; 4 p. Nogueira T A R, Melo WJ, Fonseca IM, Melo G M P, Marcussi SA, Marques MO.(2009) Nickel in soil and maize plants grown on an oxisol treated over long time with sewage sludge. Journal of Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability. 21: 165–173. doi: 10.3184/095422909X12470543670605 O˜na J. D, Osorio F. (2005) Application of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants in road’s embankments. Journal of Hazardous Materials B131 (2006) 37–45. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.07.082 Wiche O, kummer N A, Heilmeier H.(2016° Interspecific root interactions between white lupin and barley enhance the uptake of rare earth elements (REEs) and nutrients in shoots of barley. Journal of Plant Soil. 402:235–245. doi : 10.1007/s11104-016-2797-1 Raij BV, Andrade JC, Cantarella H, Quaggio JA (2001) Ana´lise quı´mica para avaliac¸a˜o da fertilidade de solos tropicais. Instituto Agronoˆmico, Campinas Robinson G W. (1922) A new method for the mechanical analysis of soils and other dispersions. Journal of Agricultural Science.12 :306-321.doi :org/10.1017/S0021859600005360.
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60% Sludge
40% Sludge
20% Sludge
100% Soil
Figure 1. Size of Eucalyptus camaldulensis after six months growth period for the different concentrations of sludge in substrate (Photos taken in October 2015).
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H(cm)60% H(cm)40% H(cm)20% H(cm) 100%soil
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Mean
A 10
Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter
at at at at
base60%(cm) base40%(cm) base 20%(cm) base-soil100%(cm)
B
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4 30
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Number Number Number Number
of of of of
leaves60% leaves 40% leaves20% leaves-soil100%
D
C
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at at at at
mid-height 60%(mm) mid-height40%(mm) mid_height 20%(mm) mid-height-soil100%(mm)
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10-Oct
Measurement date
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26-May
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23- Jul
6-A ug
25-A ug
17-Sep
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Figure 2. Biometric parameters of Eucalyptus camaldulensis grown in forest soil and in forest soil with different proportion of sludge added (20 %, 40 % and 60 %). (A: Height B: Diameter at base; C: Diameter at mid-height; D: Number of leaves).
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10- Oct
Wilks lambda=,82223, F(28, 9332,6)=18,594, p=0,0000
Wilks lambda=,98144, F(12, 6884,5)=4,0763, p=,00000
600
600
500
(A)
(B)
500 p=0,000***
400
400 H(mm) Diameter at bas e(mm) Diameter at mid-height (mm) Number of leav es Mean Mean±SD
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H(mm) Diameter at base(mm) Diameter at mid-height (mm) Nbr leaves
200
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100 p=0,01**
0
0
p=0,65NS p=0,055NS
-100 -100
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Soil100%
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Sludge Conc entration(%)
measurements dates
H(mm) Diameter at base(mm) Diameter at mid-height (mm) Nbr leaves
Wilks lambda=,93845, F(84, 10225,)=1,9734, p=,00000
(C)
Vertical bars denote 0,95 confidence interval
800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
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40%
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-200
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-100
10-Oct-15
Figure 3. Dynamic of biometric parameters for plants during growth period for different sludge/soil mixtures. (A: Effect of sludge concentrations; B: Effect of measurement date; C: Effect interaction measurement date and sludge concentrations).
Table 1. Characteristics of soil and sewage sludge used in the experiment (mean ± SD) Physicochemical parameters pH Electrical conductivity EC (mS/cm) Cation exchange capacity CEC cmol/kg) Total limestone CaT(%) Active lime Ca act (%) Water content (WW) (%) Organic matter OM (%) Carbon C (%) Clay (%) Coarse silt (%) Fine silt (%) Coarse sand (%) Fine sand (%)
Sludge ( N=20) 7.1±0.3 4.7±0.1 30.6±0.2 18.5±2.7 13.9±0.9 3.9±1.7 44.8±16.4 19.1±4.1 11.3±0.3 17.6±0.2 40.5±0.1 10.5±0.1 19.3±0.4
10
Soil (N=5) 8.1±0.11 1±0 26.5±1.3 26.1±0.03 20±0.02 12.3±0.17 1.4±0.01 0.6±0.04 2±0.01 59.3±0.16 6±0 25.9±0.12 6.4±0.13
N (%) P (mg/kg)
2±0.2 44.8±3.5
0.9±0.01 26.2±7.60
K (mg/kg) C/N Cr (µg/kg) Mn (µg/kg) Fe (µg/kg) Cu (µg/kg) Zn (µg/kg) Cd (µg/kg)
1.2±0.1 9.5±2.7 341.9±86.9 156.64±38.48 136.9±30.06 59.6±15.7 2786±724.2 4.6±1.3
59.4±4.6 0.6±0.3 189.3±18.11 804.8±59.72 559.8±538.7 44.9±4.05 62.7±4.75 0.06±0.01
Pb (µg/kg)
72.07±
5.7±0.67
11
S2215-017X(16)30101-1 http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.btre.2016.12.001 BTRE 178
To appear in: Received date: Revised date: Accepted date:
13-5-2016 30-10-2016 1-12-2016
Please cite this article as: Soudani Leila, Maatoug Mhamed, Hermann Heilmeier, Mykola Kharytonov, Oliver Wiche, Christin Moschner, Elena Onyshchenko, Bouchenafa Nadia, Fertilization value of municipal sewage sludge for Eucalyptus camaldulensis plants, Biotechnology Reports http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2016.12.001 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
BTRE‐D‐16‐00059R1 Comments for reviewers
comments
Authors response
Reviewer #2 I wrote several notes in the manuscript and,underlined sentences that
Reworded done
needs to be improved.
New Keywords add : Biometric measurements, plant height,
Reworded the sentenses
you need to add keyword that will help to find back your
Done in the introduction in the first three lines in red color.
paper to readers
Sorry, are not quantified
You need to introduce your subject; 1) wastewater sludge?
We did not quantified because the experimental was placed in
land reclamation, Mediterranean forestry, soil amendment
2) what they carry? 3) can you do something good from it?
open area, from May to October 2015 and the light intensity
Why toxic Hg was not quantified? Why the plant uptake of
changed during the period of experimentation.
these elements were not measured? Why dioxin and furan are not there?
A large number of leaves is a good indicator of a good water and nutrients supply for the plant. They are correlated.
What was the light intensity?
Organic material
Why these parameters? Are-they independent measurement
We made a typo. The values are corrected in the table.
or are they correlated?
Unit of mesurmant is depending on the sampling date ; (cm)
What are you organics?
for figure 2 (A, B), (mm) for figure 2C and nomber of leavs
You want to fertilize tree, but even if you are in town is it
for figure 2D. (mentioned in the top of Figure 3 (A, B et C).
ethically correct?
What is the unit of measurement?
Do you have significant interaction (sludge rate*time)?
Yes we have and it is mentioned in Figure 3C. (Wilks lambda =.93845 and F(84.10225.)=1.9734, p=.000)
My main comment will be that this manuscript does not contribute to
The novelty is no studies have been conducted with forest plantations
the development of knowledge. Where is the novelty? Where is the
in Algeria. And scarce studies about sludge as soil amendment under
fertilization
medeterannen condition.
value
of
this
sludge?
This study appears incomplete and is very short. What about the plant
the plant uptakes of trace metallic elements and Hg are not quantified.
uptakes of trace metallic elements? Why Hg was not in your list?
In Algeria, the AFNOR standard is used to compare the values of
Where is you comparison with standards (at least Germany
sludge.
standard)? Where is your evaluation of the fertilization value of your sludge? Have you edit your references? Reviewer #3 The key-words should be changed in order to emphasize the most
The The key-words are changed.
relevant points of the article. 1.Introduction should be enriched with information and numerical data on what has been achieved (or not) in the field, especially regarding type/origin of sludge. Sludge production and characteristics it's a very important point to be envisaged in order to evaluate the
1.
real potential to forest soil application. The authors should clarified the effects of the type of sludge (primary sludge, activated sludge or mixed sludge), according to the different lay-out of the wastewater treatment plants, updating the state of art with more recent publications related with the sludge application to Mediterranean Forestry, for different species of Eucalypthus plants.
1
Done in the introduction with blue color
2. Materials and methods To support the trials development the authors are advised to add detailed information about the type of sludge (primary, activated sludge or mixed sludge), and a lay-out of WWTP to better understand the treatment of the liquid fraction and solid fraction sludge). The collection sample procedure as well as the storage conditions should be presented.
2. Done in materials and methods on red color
3. Results and Discussion section should compare the data obtained
3. Done in results and discussion with greeen color .
during the research with the results achieved by other researchers. There are some lacking of knowledge and explanation. The trials were conducted with agricultural soils; the data obtained can be applied to forest soils with different edafo climatic conditions? The discussion need to be more detailed.
4. Up-date the references
updated
2
Fertilization value of municipal sewage sludge for Eucalyptus camaldulensis plants Soudani Leila1, Maatoug Mhamed1, Hermann Heilmeier2, Mykola Kharytonov3, Oliver Wiche2, Christin Moschner2, Elena Onyshchenko3, and Bouchenafa Nadia1 1- Laboratory of Agro Biotechnology and Nutrition in Semi arid areas. Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences. Ibn khaldoun Tiaret University (Univ-Tiaret). P.O Box 78. Tiaret (Algeria). 2- AG Biologie/Ökologie, Institut für Biowissenschaften TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Str. 29, D-09599 Freiberg (Germany) 3- Dnipropetrovsk State Agrarian and Economic University .Dnipropetrovsk, Sergey Efremov str. 25, 49600 (Ukraine). Corresponding author. Tel: +2135556722582 E-mail addresses: [email protected]
Highlights (for review)
The proposed article aims to show the interest of the use of sludge in plantation forestry. Secondly, it offers solutions to the problems of storage of sludge at the wastewater treatment. One‐year‐old saplings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were transplanted into pots with different doses of sludge: 20%, 40% and 60%, mixed with an agricultural soil. Biometric measurements (height, base diameter, diameter at mid‐height and the number of leaves) were performed for six months of planting, showing the positive effect of spreading the sludge on the growth of the plants. An analysis of variance with repeated measures was performed to study the effect of measurement date and sludge concentrations on biometric parameters. A significant difference in height increment and number of leaves was found between the control and sludge‐treated plants. The recorded biometric values were for all the doses, well above those of control plants (100% soil), with high values shown in the mixture of 60% sludge, whereas growth in diameter was not affected by the three treatments. The results obtained were: 493.77 ± 241 mm for height growth and 68.81 ± 6.2 for number of leaves, against: 342.89 ± 128.07 mm for height and 40 ± 3.8 for the number of leaves in control soils. This study also confirms the use of sludge as soil fertilizer in urban areas. The soils of cities are highly heterogeneous and consist of various materials. Thus, the physical properties of these soils are characterized by high compaction, poor ventilation and poor water permeability. It is necessary to provide an amendment of sludge from sewage treatment plants, to create soil suitable for planting trees growing in towns.
Abstract. The wastewater treatment produces a large amount of sludge. The different uses of eliminations sludge such as landfills or incineration have consequences negative for the environment, the agricultural use has increased worldwide, especially in crops and few or no studies have been conducted with forest plantations in Algeria. The objective of this study is to assess fertilizing characteristics of the sludge from the wastewater treatment plant of Tiaret (Algeria). One-year-old saplings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were transplanted into pots with
3
sludge/soil mixtures where sludge content was 20%, 40% and 60%. Biometric measurements (height, base diameter, diameter at mid-height and the number of leaves) were performed during six months after planting. Results demonstrated the positive effect of sludge application. A significant difference in height increment and number of leaves was found between the control and sludge-treated plants. Biometric values for all sludge mixtures were higher than those for control plants (100% soil). The mixture, which contained 60% sludge, gives the best result, except for a diameter of stem. Plants grown on sludge/soil mixture had average height 49.4 ± 24.1 cm and average number of leaves 68.8 ± 6.2 while average height for plants grown on soil was 34.3 ± 12.8 cm and average number of leaves was 40 ± 3.8. Sludge application provides soil amendment and additional nutrient supply for planted trees. Keywords: Biometric measurements, plant height, land reclamation, Mediterranean forestry, soil amendment. Introduction Sludge is the resulting waste of wastewater treatment from domestic or industrial origin. Sludge is composed of water and dry matter which renferments macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) and organic matter. Sludge has a fertilizing interest in agriculture and other field (Jardé 2002, Guy 2003). Recovery of sludge is random and disposal is most always a significant operating expense. Economically the goal is to limit actually the costs of transportation. Due to their characteristics, several disposal routes are possible, depending on whether we want to highlight their character fertilizer or energy. Landfill (25%), incineration (15%) and the land farming (60%). (Koller 2004). Traditional solutions, such as landfill and incineration have several disadvantages: landfill can pose the risk of groundwater contamination, same as burning which is the source of air pollution (Cameron et al 1997, Belmonte 2003). Land application is claimed to be one of the acceptable ways of utilization for the medium and long-term perspective in the European Union (Düring and Gath 2002). Indeed, the presence of toxic metals in sludge may limit its application because of the risk of soil contamination and the transfer of toxic substances into the food chain (Nogueira et al. 2009). The risk of sewage sludge application has favored the use of this residue in forest land (Horswell et al. 2006), mainly because most forest products do not directly enter the human food chain (Denaix et al. 2011). In Algeria, there are 165 operating treatment plants currently producing about 250,000 tons of sludge annually, expected to increase to 400,000 tons by 2020, according to the data of the Ministry of Water Resources Algeria (CDER 2014). Disposal of sewage sludge from the wastewater treatment plant of Tiaret is a serious issue for the National Sanitation Office (ONA). Plant produces about 10,000 tons annually of dry matter. We hypothesize that urban sludge, whatever its type, it can be used in forest plantation to improve the organic matter in the soil increasing the plants growth and reduce the volume of sludge produced by the sewage sation (Kozlov et al. 2012; Belyaeva and Korotkova 2013). However , the diverse chemical composition of sludge in the space and time can result in different degrees of plants responses. Due to it the scarce studies about sludge as soil amendment under méditerranéen condition. The present study aims to investigate the effect of application of the urbain sludge from Tiaret wastewater treatment plant for growing of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Material and methods. Agricultural soil, collected in few meters from Karman university campus, as this area is considered not to be contaminated by pollutants from exhaust-spewing cars, has been used in this experiment. The sludge for the experiment was taken on April 2015, from WWTP, located in the territory of the municipality of Bouchekif (Tiaret, Algéria), and the official launch of wastewater treatment in May 2008. The sludge was collected from a randomly on drying beds (on both ends of the beds at the center) where the mixed sludge subjected to dehydration .the principle is based on filtration and evaporation natural mud on a drying area in order to minimize the water content of the sludge. This sludge is regarded as stable, dry, solid state of particle an average size of about 6mm. Main characteristic for both medias were evaluated in accordance with generally accepted soil testing methods. Texture evaluation was performed as described by Robinson Khon (1922). The pH was mesured as described by Callot-Dupuis (1980).
4
The water content was expressed by weight as the ratio of the mass between wet and dry samples. The criterion for a dry sample was a constant weight of sample after drying in oven at temperature between 100 – 110 °C. Organic carbon content was determined using dichromate oxidation, when treated with few drops of diphenylamine remaining dichromate was back titrated with FeSO4 solution, according to the procedure described by Anne (1945). Active lime was determined according to the Drouineau method; the procedure involved reaction of the soil with ammonium oxalate, followed by the determination of unreacted oxalate by back-titration with potassium permanganate (Callot and Dupuis 1980). Total amount of nitrogen was determined by the micro-Kjedhal method (Raij et al. 2001). Determination of phosphates was performed by standard method of coloring with ascorbic acid combined reagent and measuring for absorbance in a spectrophotometer. Potassium was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry by direct aspiration of the filtered or digested and filtered sample into an air-acetylene flame (Wiche et al. 2016). Trace metallic elements (Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) and mineral elements (Cr, Mn, and Fe), were determined directly from solid sample by using of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS). (Wiche et al. 2016). Eucalyptus camaldulensis was selected as the test object in this study because of its good growth characteristics, high plasticity and economic value (Nguyen 2004). Plants were grown in the nursery for one year. Primary cleaned from nursery soil, plants were transplanted into pots (with a diameter of 8.5cm and a depth of 14 cm) containing a mixture of sludge and soil with three different proportions of sludge in mixture (20 %, 40% and 60%) and into control( 100% soil). During the experimental period pots with plants were placed in the open area, from May to October 2015. Climatic conditions during experimental period were typical for the Mediterranean climate – hot and dry summer (average temperature was around 30 °C). The plants was watered out manually with tap water. During six months of the experiment, the effects of application of sludge in different concentrations for growing of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were evaluated by measuring of the following biometric parameters: height growth, growth in diameter at the base, mid-height diameter and number of leaves. Measurement of these parameters was carried out twice per month. Repeated measures analysis of variances (ANOVA) was used to study the effect of time and sludge concentrations on biometric parameters. The Statistaca software (version 10) was used for all data analysis. Results and Discussion. Both medias characteristics had typical for their origin. The Soil sample a had sandy loam texture, alkaline pH and low organic matter content. Sewage sludge had pH close to neutral and significantly higher content of organic material and main nutrients. Heavy metals concentrations in average were higher for the sludge sample (Table I).
The determination of total content of major elements revealed high values for P and low values for K, which may be explained by high rates of potassium retain in water during treatment process because of its high solubility. Nogueira et al. (2010) have also determined that the values for P is very important than the values for K in their sludge. High organic matter content in the sludge indicated its urban origin, same as nitrogen, certainly contributing into fertilizing value of the sludge, which is also identified in the study of Ona and Osorio (2005). C/N ratio, close to 10, indicated that the mineralization processes already took place along with nitrogen release (Dommergue and Monogenot 1970). Generally, sludge is considered to be a toxic substrate for the environment and agricultural production due to high content of heavy metals, which limits its application as fertilizer (Gulvaeva et al. 2012; Nefedov et al. 2007 in Maksimova et al. 2015). However, in the sludge from Tiaret wastewater treatment plant heavy metals were present in low concentrations, not exceeding permitted levels according to the AFNOR standard (1985). Similar results were obtained by Maksimova et al. (2015). After six months of growing, the survival rate of Eucalyptus camaldulensis plants was around 80 %. In general, biometric measurements had increased with increasing proportion of sludge in mixtures. Largest plants to be recorded were grown on the mixture with 60% sludge (Fig. 1).
5
Plants grown on mixture with 60 % of sludge had an average final height of 49.4 ± 24.1 cm( Fig. 2A) and average leaf number 68.81 ± 6.2 (Fig. 2D). For plants grown on soil much lower average results were recorded 34.3 ± 12.80 cm for height and 40 ± 3.8 for the number of leaves.usually, a large number of leaves is a good indicator of a good water and nutrients supply for the plant (Fiscchesser and Dupuistate, 2007). Diameter measurements also demonstrated some difference in plant development during the experimental growth period. The mid-height diameter values for plants on sludge mixtures with share of sludge 20 %, 40 % and 60 % were 2.2 ± 1.3, 1.8 ± 1.2 and 1.9 ± 1.2 mm respectively (Fig. 2C). For plants grown on soil mid-height diameter average value was 1.3 ± 0.7 mm. Base diameter average values were 3.2 ± 2.0, 3.2 ± 1.8 and 3.2 ± 1.9 mm ( Fig. 2B) for plants on sludge containing mixtures respectively, and 2.4 ± 1.0 mm for plants grown on pure soil. Analysis of repeated measures for height and leaves number for Eucalyptus plants (P <0.001 ***) demonstrated lowest values for the control plants grown in soil (0% sludge) and highest values for plants grown on mixture with highest proportion sludge in it (60 % of sludge) (Fig. 3). The differences were most evident during the last two months (September and October)/ these results prove good fertilizing and soil improvement qualities of sludge for Tiaret wastewater treatment plant. Such results can be explained by presence of additional nutrients and organic matter in mixtures with the sludge, which complies with those obtained by Bourioug et al. (2014). The strong growth of E. camaldulensis was induced by fast nutrient consumption (Nguyen 2004). Michel et al. (1997), which indicates that sludge could be used as fertilizer or amendment for forest soils. On the other hand, the application of sludge increased the concentration of trace elements in the substrate. However particular trace elements in the substrate used here for example lead, zinc, and copper, can also be found in high concentration in natural soil. Bourioug et al. (2014) had demonstrated good growth of larch (Larix decidua) on forest soil fertilized with municipal sludge, considered as a source of fertilizer due to its high contents of organic matter and available nitrogen and phosphorus, he also had found limited absorption of the heavy metals. In the present study we found a positive effect of sludge amendment for wastewater treatment plant. Therefore, in the similar climatic condition, effects of sludge application to forest soil are expected to be even higher due to an improvement of both physical and chemical soil properties (Losada et al. 2012). Conclusion. Spreading of sewage sludge is a widely used practice in agriculture that serves for several purposes, as sludge utilization, soil improvement and reintroduction of nutrients into natural cycles. However, land application of sludge always poses the risk of soil pollution, in addition, the fate of toxic compounds in the environment cannot be fully predicted, and toxicants from sludge can migrate into groundwater or contaminate food products. At the same time sewage sludge can be successfully used for fertilization of forest lands and urban landscapes. Application of sludge in forestry appears to be a good utilization option for this type of waste along with its ability to improve the structure and fertility of forest soils. The results of our experiment had demonstrated good fertilizing properties of soil/sludge mixture that contained 60% of sludge. Plants of E. camaldulensis fertilized with sludge had 20% better growth and 40% high leaf numbers. While sludge adding improved plants development, no negative effects on trees’ heath were observed. The study also demonstrated the possibility of sludge application as a soil fertilizer in urban areas. In most of cases city landscapes are covered with poor soils, sludge application provides soil amendment and additional nutrient supply for planted trees, as it had been shown in our study.
Acknowledgements. This work is part of an intergovernmental research project: Algeria-South Africa. We thank the General Directorate for Scientific Research and Technological Development (Algeria) for the financial support. References
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AFNOR. (1985) Norme Française NU44-041.Matières fertilisantes .Boues des ouvrages des eaux usées urbaines. Détermination et spécification Anne A. (1945) Sur le dosage rapide du carbone organique des sols. Ann. agron., 15” année,no 2, pp. 161 172 Belmonte A. (2003) Reutilizaci´on y Reciclado de Materiales. Experiencia en Andaluc´ıa, Ed. Asociaci´on Espa˜nola de la Carretera, III Congreso Andaluz de Carreteras, Madrid, Spain. pp. 143–185 Belyaeva SD, Korotkova EV (2013). New national standards for the wastewater sludge utilization and disposal. Novye natsionalnye standarty po ispolzovaniyu i razhmeshcheniyu osadkov stochnykh vod 4: 5-9.doi: 628.31.006.82 Bourioug M, Alaoui-Sossé L, Laffray X, Raouf N, Benbrahim M, Badot P M, Alaoui-Sossé B.(2014) Evaluation of Sewage Sludge Effects on Soil Properties, Plant Growth, Mineral Nutrition State, and Heavy Metal Distribution in European Larch Seedlings (Larix decidua). Arab J Sci Eng. 39:5325–5335.doi: 10.1007/s13369-014-1100-0 Callot G, Dupuis M. (1980) Le calcaire actif des sols et sa signification. Bull. AFES, 17-26 Cameron KC, Di HJ, McLaren RG (1997) Is soil an appropriate dumping ground for our wastes? Australian. Journal. Soil Research 35 (5) :995–1035. doi : 10.1071/S96099 CDER. (2014) Centre de développement des énergies renouvelables. La valorisation des boues des stations d’épuration. http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article4226). Accepté 12 Octobre 2015. Denaix L, Thomas-Che´ry AL, Balet J, Benbrahum M, Carnus JM (2011) Effects of municipal sewage sludge application on soil and Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea) contamination by metals in mamaritime Pine forest. Water Air Soil Pollut 219:239–249. doi: 10.1007/s11270-010-0702-8 Diehl R. (1975) Agriculture générale 2ème édition. Ballière. ISBN : 2028-2508 .231p. Dommergue and Monogenot, (1970) Association mycchorizienne. Ed.Masson, ISBN: 978-2-29611992-5. pp :669-671 During,R,Gath,S (2002). Utilization of municipal organic wastes in agriculture: where do we stand, were will we go? Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 165: 544–556.doi: 1436-8730/02/04/08-544S17.50+.5010 Fiscchesser B , Dupuis-tate MF .(2007). Le guide illustré de l’écologie .Ed.Quae. ISBN: 978-27324-3428-5. France. 352p. Guy AM. (2003). Les boues d’épuration leurs perspectives de gestion en Ile de France. Thèse, doctorat, Paris, 128p. Horswell J, Weitz HJ, Percival HJ, Speir TW (2006) Impact of heavy metal amended sewage sludge on forest soils as assessed by bacterial and fungal biosensors. Biol Fertil Soils 42:569–576. doi:10.1007/ s00374-005-0070-5 Jarde E. (2002) Composition organique des boues résiduaires des stations d’épuration lonaines ; caractérisation moléculaire et effets de la biodégradation. Thèse, doctorat. Univ. Henri Poincaré, Nancy I en sciences de l’univers, 286p. Koller E. (2004) Traitement des pollutions industrielles ; eau, air, déchets, sols, boues, édition Dunod, Paris.
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Kozlov MN, Grachev VA, Khramenkov SV, Shchegolkova NM, Vanyushin A Ya , Agaryov AM. (2012)The use of soils with addition of water and wastewater sludge for industrial crop cultivation .Ispolzovaniye pochvogruntovs vneseniyem osadkov sooruzheniy ochistki stochnykh vod i vodopodgotovki dlya vyrashchivaniya tehnicheskih kultur.10:72-77.doi: 628.169.7:628.381 Losada MRM, Rodriguez AR, Dominguez NF. (2012) Residual effects of lime and sewage sludge inputs on soil fertility and tree and pasture production in a Pinus radiata D. Don silvopastoral system established in a very acidic soil. Journal of Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 161 : 165– 173.doi : 10.1016/j.agee.2012.08.001 Maksimova S, Kosaurova D, Pesheva A. (2015) Recycling of Wastewater Treatment Plants 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)00011-1Sludge in Urban Landscaping in West Siberia. Journal of ScienceDirect.117 :232-238.doi : 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.154 Michel l., Traian I. and Stephane D. (1997) Biomass productivity and wood energy of Salix species after 2 years growth in sric fertilized with wastewater sludge. Biomass and Bioenergy Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 409-417, 1997. Nguyen The N. (2004) Eucalyptus et environnement. Lettre d'information semestrielle sur l'eucalyptus n03V2 AFOCEL Station Sud Domaine de Saint Clément 34980 St Clément de Rivière; 4 p. Nogueira T A R, Melo WJ, Fonseca IM, Melo G M P, Marcussi SA, Marques MO.(2009) Nickel in soil and maize plants grown on an oxisol treated over long time with sewage sludge. Journal of Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability. 21: 165–173. doi: 10.3184/095422909X12470543670605 O˜na J. D, Osorio F. (2005) Application of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants in road’s embankments. Journal of Hazardous Materials B131 (2006) 37–45. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.07.082 Wiche O, kummer N A, Heilmeier H.(2016° Interspecific root interactions between white lupin and barley enhance the uptake of rare earth elements (REEs) and nutrients in shoots of barley. Journal of Plant Soil. 402:235–245. doi : 10.1007/s11104-016-2797-1 Raij BV, Andrade JC, Cantarella H, Quaggio JA (2001) Ana´lise quı´mica para avaliac¸a˜o da fertilidade de solos tropicais. Instituto Agronoˆmico, Campinas Robinson G W. (1922) A new method for the mechanical analysis of soils and other dispersions. Journal of Agricultural Science.12 :306-321.doi :org/10.1017/S0021859600005360.
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60% Sludge
40% Sludge
20% Sludge
100% Soil
Figure 1. Size of Eucalyptus camaldulensis after six months growth period for the different concentrations of sludge in substrate (Photos taken in October 2015).
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Figure 2. Biometric parameters of Eucalyptus camaldulensis grown in forest soil and in forest soil with different proportion of sludge added (20 %, 40 % and 60 %). (A: Height B: Diameter at base; C: Diameter at mid-height; D: Number of leaves).
9
10- Oct
Wilks lambda=,82223, F(28, 9332,6)=18,594, p=0,0000
Wilks lambda=,98144, F(12, 6884,5)=4,0763, p=,00000
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400 H(mm) Diameter at bas e(mm) Diameter at mid-height (mm) Number of leav es Mean Mean±SD
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H(mm) Diameter at base(mm) Diameter at mid-height (mm) Nbr leaves
Wilks lambda=,93845, F(84, 10225,)=1,9734, p=,00000
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Vertical bars denote 0,95 confidence interval
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-200
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Figure 3. Dynamic of biometric parameters for plants during growth period for different sludge/soil mixtures. (A: Effect of sludge concentrations; B: Effect of measurement date; C: Effect interaction measurement date and sludge concentrations).
Table 1. Characteristics of soil and sewage sludge used in the experiment (mean ± SD) Physicochemical parameters pH Electrical conductivity EC (mS/cm) Cation exchange capacity CEC cmol/kg) Total limestone CaT(%) Active lime Ca act (%) Water content (WW) (%) Organic matter OM (%) Carbon C (%) Clay (%) Coarse silt (%) Fine silt (%) Coarse sand (%) Fine sand (%)
Sludge ( N=20) 7.1±0.3 4.7±0.1 30.6±0.2 18.5±2.7 13.9±0.9 3.9±1.7 44.8±16.4 19.1±4.1 11.3±0.3 17.6±0.2 40.5±0.1 10.5±0.1 19.3±0.4
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Soil (N=5) 8.1±0.11 1±0 26.5±1.3 26.1±0.03 20±0.02 12.3±0.17 1.4±0.01 0.6±0.04 2±0.01 59.3±0.16 6±0 25.9±0.12 6.4±0.13
N (%) P (mg/kg)
2±0.2 44.8±3.5
0.9±0.01 26.2±7.60
K (mg/kg) C/N Cr (µg/kg) Mn (µg/kg) Fe (µg/kg) Cu (µg/kg) Zn (µg/kg) Cd (µg/kg)
1.2±0.1 9.5±2.7 341.9±86.9 156.64±38.48 136.9±30.06 59.6±15.7 2786±724.2 4.6±1.3
59.4±4.6 0.6±0.3 189.3±18.11 804.8±59.72 559.8±538.7 44.9±4.05 62.7±4.75 0.06±0.01
Pb (µg/kg)
72.07±
5.7±0.67
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