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Fluoropolymer Properties
Appendix 1: Fluoropolymer Properties This Appendix contains a sampling of the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of neat fluoropolymer resins that may be used in fluorocoatings Table A1.1.
1.1 Mechanical Properties The mechanical properties versus temperature of some fluoropolymers used in coatings are shown in the following graphs and tables Tables A1.2 and A1.3.
Table A1.1 Melting Point Ranges of Various Fluoroplastics Fluoropolymers
Melting Point (8C)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
320e340
Polyethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE)
240
Polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)
255e280
Fluorinated Ethylene propylene (FEP)
260e270
Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA)
302e310
Perfluoro methoxy (MFA)
280e290
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)
210e212
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
155e170
Table A1.2 Mechanical Properties of Homofluoropolymers Used in Coatings Property
Test
PTFE
PVDF
PVF
CTFE
ASTM D792
2.14e2.22
1.78
1.37e1.39
2.1e2.18
Tensile strength (MPa)
ASTM D638
20e35
31e52
55e110
31e41
Break elongation (%)
ASTM D638
300e550
500e250
90e250
80e250
Tensile modulus (MPa)
ASTM D638
550
1040e2070
2100e2600
1300e1800
Flexural strength (MPa)
ASTM D790
No break
45e74
Flexural modulus (MPa at 23 C)
ASTM D790
340e620
1140e2240
1400
1600
Static coefficient of friction
ASTM D621
0.1
0.2e0.4
3
Specific gravity (g/cm )
343
344
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Table A1.3 Mechanical Properties of Fluoro Copolymers Used in Coatings Property
Test
FEP
PFA
AF
ETFE
E-CTFE
THV
Specific gravity (g/cm3)
ASTM D792
2.15
2.15
1.71
1.68
1.95e1.98
Tensile strength (MPa)
ASTM D638
20e28
20e26
24.6e27
45
48
23e24
Break elongation (%)
ASTM D638
300
300
3e40
150e300
200
500e600
Tensile modulus (MPa)
ASTM D638
345
276
950e2150
827
1400e1600
Flexural strength (MPa)
ASTM D790
No break
Flexural modulus (MPa at 23 C)
ASTM D790
655
551
1034e1171
Static coefficient of friction
ASTM D621
0.2
0.2
0.4
38 2000
83e207 0.8
1.1.1 Mechanical Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Figures A1.1eA1.6
Figure A1.1 Stress versus Strain at high strain rate for Chemours Co. General Purpose TeflonÒ PTFE Resin.1
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345
Figure A1.2 Stress versus Strain at low strain rate for Chemours Co. General Purpose TeflonÒ PTFE Resin.1
Figure A1.3 Young’s Modulus versus Temperature for 3M DyneonÔ PTFE Resins.2
346
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Figure A1.4 Tensile Strength versus Temperature for Chemours Co. General Purpose TeflonÒ PTFE Resin.
Figure A1.5 Effect of temperature upon tensile stressestrain curves for Asahi Glass FluonÒ PTFE.3
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347
Figure A1.6 Hardness versus Temperature for Chemours Co. General Purpose TeflonÒ PTFE Resin.
1.1.2 Mechanical Properties of Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) Figures A1.7eA1.10
Figure A1.7 Tensile Stress versus Strain at various temperatures for Chemours General Purpose FEP Resin.4
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Figure A1.8 Flexural Modulus versus Temperature for Chemours FEP Resins.4
Figure A1.9 Tensile Strength versus Temperature and various strain levels for Chemours General Purpose FEP Resin.
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Figure A1.10 Elongation versus Temperature of Daikin NeoflonÔ FEP.5
1.1.3 Mechanical Properties of Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) Figures A1.11eA1.15
Figure A1.11 Stress versus Strain at two temperatures for Solvay Solexis HyflonÒ PFA Resin.6
349
350
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Figure A1.12 Flexural Modulus versus Temperature for Chemours TeflonÒ PFA 340 and 350 Grade Resins.
Figure A1.13 Tensile Strength versus Temperature for Chemours TeflonÒ PFA 340 and 350 Grade Resins.
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351
Figure A1.14 Elongation versus Temperature of Daikin Industries Fluoroplastics NEOFLONÔ PFA.7
Figure A1.15 Shore D Hardness versus Temperature of Daikin Industries Fluoroplastics NEOFLONÔ PFA.7
352
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1.1.4 Mechanical Properties of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) Figures A1.16eA1.20
Figure A1.16 Stress versus Strain at various temperatures for Dyneon Crystalline and Amorphous PCTFE Resins.
Figure A1.17 Tensile Modulus versus Temperature for Daikin NeoflonÔ PCTFE Resin.8
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353
Figure A1.18 Tensile Strength at Break versus Temperature for Daikin NeoflonÔ PCTFE Resin.8
Figure A1.19 Shore D Harness versus Temperature for Daikin NeoflonÔ M-300H e General Purpose and M-400H e Higher Molecular weight, Increased Toughness PCTFE Resins.8
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Figure A1.20 Elongation versus Temperature for Daikin NeoflonÔ M-300H e General Purpose PCTFE Resin.8
1.1.5 Mechanical Properties of Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) Figures A1.21eA1.23
Figure A1.21 Stress versus Strain at various temperatures for Arkema Kynar FlexÒ 710 e Homopolymer PVDF Resin.
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Figure A1.22 Elongation at Break versus Temperature for Solvay Solexis SolefÒ PVDF Resins.9
Figure A1.23 Tensile Strength versus Temperature for Arkema Kynar FlexÒ e PVDF Resins.
355
356
1.1.6 Mechanical Properties of Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) Figure A1.24
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1.2 Thermal Properties This section shows some of the properties and the effects heat aging has on some of fluoropolymers used in coatings Figure A1.25 and Tables A1.4 and A1.5.
Figure A1.24 Elongation at Break versus Temperature Chemours General Purpose TefzelÒ 200 ETFE Resin.10
Figure A1.25 A general comparison of weight loss rates versus temperature for several fluoropolymers used in.
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357
Table A1.4 Thermal Properties of Homofluoropolymers Used in Coatings Property
Test
PTFE
PVDF
PVF
CTFE
Heat distortion ( C at 0.45 MPa)
ASTM D648
122
140e174
120
126
Coefficient of thermal expansion (cm/cm/ C 105)
ASTM D696
12.6e18
7e15
5e10
7
Continuous use temperature ( C)
UL-Sub 94
260
120
120
120
190
210e215
Melting point ( C)
ASTM D4591
320e340 10
Melt viscosity (Pa s)
10 e10
12
155e192 0.2e17 10
3
1e10
Table A1.5 Thermal Properties of Fluoro Copolymers Used in Coatings Property
Test
FEP
PFA
Heat distortion ( C at 0.45 MPa)
ASTM D648
70
74
Coefficient of thermal expansion (cm/cm/ C 105)
ASTM D696
8.3e10.4
13.7e20.7
Continuous use temperature ( C)
UL-Sub 94
204
260
Melting point ( C)
ASTM D4591
4
Melt viscosity (Pa s) Melt flow rate (g/10 min)
260e282 10 e10
ASTM D1238
5
0.8e27
AF
ETFE
E-CTFE
81
115
8e10
13.1e25.7
8e14
290
150
302e310 3
10 e10
4
1e38
1.2.1 Thermal Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Figures A1.26eA1.30 and Table A1.6
Figure A1.26 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of Diakin PTFE.12
225e280
THV
240
115e180
1e50
10e20
0.7e3 10
3
2.3e45
Figure A1.27 Tensile Strength versus Aging Time at 250 C of PTFE Insulated Wire* made from Daikin PolyflonÔ PTFE fine Powder.13
Figure A1.28 Elongation versus Aging Time at 250 C of PTFE Insulated Wire* made from Daikin PolyflonÔ PTFE fine Powder.13
Figure A1.29 Elongation versus Aging Time at 380 C of Daikin PolyflonÔ PTFE fine Powder.13
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359
Figure A1.30 Tensile Strength versus Aging Time at 380 C of Daikin PolyflonÔ PTFE fine Powder.
Table A1.6 Degradation (TGA) Rates of PTFE Fluoroplastics in Air as a Function of Time and Temperature11 % Weight Loss/h Temperature 8C
TE to 15 min
TE D 60 min
Fine powder 400
0.06
425
0.15
425
0.04a
525
255c
95.0
Granular 350
0.02
350
0.005b
400
0.03
400
0.006b
425
0.06
425
0.06a
TE ¼ Thermal Equilibrium. a Hourly rate from 8 to 11.8 h after beginning run. b Hourly rate from 3.3 to 6.6 h after beginning run. c Gross decomposition in 1 h. Initial rate 255% per hour.
360
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1.2.2 Thermal Properties of Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) Data for FEP plastics are found in Table 9.5 and Figures 9.14e9.16. Figures A1.31eA1.33 and Table A1.7.
Figure A1.31 Tensile Strength versus Aging Time at 200 C of Diakin Neoflon FEP NP-20.12
Figure A1.32 Elongation versus Aging Time at 200 C of Diakin Neoflon FEP NP-20.12
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361
Figure A1.33 TGA of Diakin NeoflonÔ FEP.12 Table A1.7 Degradation (TGA) Rates of Fluoroplastics in Air as a Function of Time and Temperature11 % Weight Loss/h Temperature 8C
TE to 15 min
15e65 min
TE D 60 min <0.05
205 300 350
0.45
w0.03
<0.05
0.13
0.18
375
0.67
400
3.2
Note: TE ¼ Thermal Equilibrium.
1.2.3 Thermal Properties of Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) Data for PFA plastics are found in Table A1.8 and Figures A1.34eA1.39. Table A1.8 Degradation (TGA) Rates of PFA Fluoroplastics in Air as a Function of Time and Temperature11 % Weight Loss/h Resins Temperature 8C PFA-1
PFA-2
300
TE to 15 min
15e65 min
TE D 60 min
0.18
0.05
0.07
350
0.22
400
0.58
300 350 400
0.12
<0.05
<0.05
w0.03
0.05 0.26
Figure A1.34 Thermogravimetric analysis of Daikin NeoflonÔ PFA.14
Figure A1.35 Change in tensile strength of PFA wire coating due to thermal exposure in air.15
Figure A1.36 Change in break elongation of PFA wire coating due to thermal exposure in air.15
Figure A1.37 Change in MFR of PFA wire coating due to thermal exposure in air.15
Figure A1.38 Strength at break retained of Solvay Solexis HyflonÒ MFA F1540 due to thermal aging in air at various temperatures.16
Figure A1.39 Elongation at break retained of Solvay Solexis HyflonÒ MFA F1450 due to thermal aging in air at various temperatures.16
364
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1.2.4 Thermal Properties of Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF) Data for PVF plastics are found in Figures 1.60 to 1.xx. Figures A1.40 and A1.41
Figure A1.40 Tensile Strength versus hours of aging at 149 C of Chemours TedlarÒ PVF Films.17
Figure A1.41 Elongation versus hours of aging at 149 C of Chemours TedlarÒ PVF Films.17
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365
1.2.5 Thermal Properties of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) Data for PCTFE plastics are found in Table A1.9 and Figures A1.42 and A1.62.
Table A1.9 Rates of Degradation of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene18 Temperature,8C
Test Duration, min
Total Volatilized, %
Initial Volatilization Rate, %/min
365
400
78.1
0.20
370
300
82.9
0.28
375
200
75.0
0.42
380
160
82.3
0.58
385
130
83.2
0.84
Figure A1.42 Thermal degradation of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene; Percentage of sample volatilized versus time.18
366
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1.2.6 Thermal Properties of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Data for PVDF plastics are found in Tables A1.10 and A1.11 and Figures 1.63 to 1-xx. Figures A1.43eA1.44
Table A1.10 Thermal Aging Tests at Various Temperatures of Solvay Solexis SolefÒ PVDF 100819 Tensile Yield Strength (MPa) Aging Period Days
208C
1208C
Secant Modulus at 1% Deformation (MPa)
Elongation at Break (%)
1508C
208C
1208C
1508C
208C
1208C
1508C
1
50
53
51
1900
1700
1600
9.5
10.5
11.8
11
49
54
51
2000
1900
1800
8.5
10.0
13.0
160
53
54
51
2300
2100
1800
7.0
9.0
11.5
358
54
55
53
2300
2300
2200
7.0
10.0
>11.0
730
52
54
d
2300
1800
d
6.6
10.4
d
Note: RAPRA e Injection molded specimens.
Table A1.11 Thermal Aging Tests at 150 C of Solvay Solexis SolefÒ 11,010 PVDF19 Aging period (h)
0
8
100
1000
Yield stress, MPa
28
28
29
28
Strength at break, MPa
41
34
34
40
Elongation at break, %
>500
>480
>480
>500
Modulus, MPa
1020
1070
1020
870
113
122
132
149
Tensile properties
Thermal properties HDT under 0.46 MPa, C
Note: Compression molded plates, thickness 2 mmeRate of pulling: 10 mm/min (modulus: 1 mm/min).
Figure A1.43 Mechanical properties of cables jacketed with Solvay Solexis SolefÒ 31,508/0003 copolymer, vs. aging at 158 C.19
Figure A1.44 Change in tensile strength and break elongation of PVDF due to thermal exposure in air at 165 C.20
Figure A1.45 Thermogravimetric analysis of Solvay Solexis SolefÒ PVDF.21
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1.2.7 Thermal Properties of Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) Data for ETFE plastics are found in Table A1.12eA1.17 and Figure A1.66 to 1-xx. Figures A1.46eA1.53.
Table A1.12 Estimated Upper Service Temperatures ( C), No Load Thermal Aging End-of-Life Criterion Based on Elongation for Chemours TefzelÒ ETFE22 End-of-Life Criterion Actual Elongation %
Exposure Time, h
Elongation Retained, %
1000
3000
10k
20ka
50ka
100ka
50
210
195
172
159
143
132
18
b
211
188
175
158
147
9
b
b
196
182
165
153
135 50 25 a
These estimates were extrapolated from 10,000 h aging results. Estimates are not available for these exposure regions.
b
Table A1.13 Estimated Upper Service Temperatures ( C), No Load Thermal Aging End-of-Life Criterion Based on Tensile Strength for Chemours TefzelÒ ETFE22 End-of-Life Criterion
Exposure Time, h
Tensile Strength Retained, %
10k
20ka
50ka
100ka
3750
50
190
176
159
147
2000
27
204
190
172
158
Actual Tensile Strength, psi
a
These estimates were extrapolated from 10,000 h aging results.
Table A1.14 Effect of Temperature Aging on Izod Impact Strength, ChemoursÔ TefzelÒ HT-200422 Temperature Izod
Izod Impact Strength
8C
8F
Aging
J/m
ft$lb/in
23
73
As molded
491
9.1
23
73
168 h at 150 C (302 F)
491
9.1
23
73
168 h at 180 C (356 F)
416
7.7
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369
Table A1.15 Initial Weight Loss of ChemoursÔ TefzelÒ 200 Resin above 300 C (572 F)22 8C
8F
wt loss, %/h
300
572
0.05
330
626
0.26
350
662
0.86
370
698
1.60
Table A1.16 Degradation (TGA) Rates of ETFE in Air as a Function of Time and Temperature11 % Weight Loss/h Temperature 8C
TE to 15 min
15e65 min
TE D 60 min <0.05
150 260
0.31
0.06
0.11
300
0.42
0.09
0.14
325
0.67 w2
350
6.8
Note: TE ¼ Thermal Equilibrium.
Table A1.17 Grades of FluonÒ ETFE for Figure A1.45,24 Grade
Melt Flow Rate
Melt Index
C-55AP
3.9e6.5
C-88AP
Characteristic
Application
Molding Method
1e2
Standard
general
Extrusion molding
9.0e12.0
3e4
Standard
general
Extrusion molding, injection molding
C-55AP
3.9e6.5
1e2
Stress crack resistant
Wire cover
Extrusion molding
C-88AP
9.0e12.0
3e4
Stress crack resistant
Wire cover
Extrusion molding
Figure A1.46 Retention at various levels of room temperature tensile elongation after heat aging of ChemoursÔ TefzelÒ 200.22
Figure A1.47 Retention at various levels of room temperature tensile strength after heat aging of ChemoursÔ TefzelÒ 200.22
Figure A1.48 Effect of heat aging on the tensile strength at 23 C of ChemoursÔ TefzelÒ HT-2004.22 Note: All values of elongation between 5 and 10% regardless of test temperature; no load during aging.
Figure A1.49 Effect of heat aging on the tensile strength at 150 C of ChemoursÔ TefzelÒ HT-2004.22 Note: All values of elongation between 5 and 10% regardless of test temperature; no load during aging.
Figure A1.50 Tensile strength after exposure at 200 C of Diakin NeoflonÔ ETFE.23
Figure A1.51 Elongation after exposure at 200 C of Diakin NeoflonÔ ETFE.23
372
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Figure A1.52 Half-life of elongation versus Temperature for various AGC Chemical FluonÒ ETFE resins.24
Figure A1.53 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of ETFE resin.12
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
373
1.3 Electrical Properties
1.2.8 Thermal Properties of Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer (ECTFE) Data for ECTFE Figure A1.54.
plastics
are
found
Tables A1.18 and A1.19 in
Figure A1.54 Effect of time on the yellowness index of Solvay Solexis HalarÒ ECTFE film upon thermo-oxidative aging at various temperatures.25
Table A1.18 Electrical Properties of Homofluoropolymers Used in Coatings Property
Test
PTFE
PVDF
Volume resistivity (ohm-cm)
ASTM D257
>1018
>10
Dielectric strength (kV/mm)
ASTM D149
19.7
14
PVF
CTFE
13
>1018
10
63e67
20
48
Table A1.19 Electrical Properties of Fluoro Copolymers Used in Coatings Property
Test
Volume resistivity (ohm-cm)
ASTM D257
Dielectric strength (kV/mm)
ASTM D149
FEP >10
18
19.7
PFA >10
18
19.7
AF
ETFE >10
17
14.6
E-CTFE
THV >1015
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1.3.1 Electrical Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Figures A1.55 and A1.56
Figure A1.55 Dielectric Constant versus Temperature for Chemours Co. General Purpose TeflonÒ PTFE Resin.
Figure A1.56 Dissipation Factor versus Temperature for Chemours Co. General Purpose TeflonÒ PTFE Resin.
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375
1.3.2 Electrical Properties of Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) Figures A1.57 and A1.58
Figure A1.57 Dielectric ConstantdElevated Temperature, TeflonÒ FEP 100 Fluoropolymer Resin.4
Figure A1.58 Dissipation Factor versus Frequency at various temperatures for Chemours General Purpose TeflonÒ FEP 100 Resin.4
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1.3.3 Electrical Properties of Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) Figures A1.59 and A1.60
Figure A1.59 Dielectric Constant versus Frequency for Chemours TeflonÒ PFA 340 and 350 Grade Resins.
Figure A1.60 Dissipation Factor versus Frequency at various temperatures for Chemours TeflonÒ PFA 340 and 350 Grade Resins.
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1.3.4 Electrical Properties of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) Figures A1.61 and A1.62
Figure A1.61 Dielectric Constant versus Frequency and Temperature for Daikin NeoflonÔ PCTFE Resin.8
Figure A1.62 Dissipation Factor versus Temperature and Frequency for Daikin NeoflonÔ PCTFE Resin.8
377
378
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1.4 Chemical Resistance Properties Table A1.20 and A1.21 Table A1.20 Chemical Properties of Homofluoropolymers Used in Coatings* Property
PTFE
PVDF
PVF
CTFE
Water absorption (24 h, weight change %)
0
0.04
0.05
0.01e0.10
Aromatic hydrocarbon resistance
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Aliphatic hydrocarbon resistance
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Chlorinated solvent resistance
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Ester & ketone resistance
Excellent
Good
Excellent
Refractive index
1.38
1.42
*Detailed
1.46
1.44
chemical resistance data are available in Appendix 3.
Table A1.21 Chemical Properties of Fluoro Copolymers Used in Coatings* Property
FEP
PFA
Water absorption (24 h, weight change %)
<0.01
<0.03
Aromatic hydrocarbon resistance
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Aliphatic hydrocarbon resistance
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Chlorinated solvent resistance
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Ester & Ketone resistance
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Refractive index
1.344
1.34
*Detailed
AF
ETFE
E-CTFE
0
<0.03
<0.02
1.29-1.31
1.403
chemical resistance data are available in Appendix 3.
References 1. TeflonÒ PTFE properties handbook. Chemours; 2007. 2. DyneonÔ TFMÔ PTFE improved performance and design flexibility. Dyneon; 2003. 3. Physical properties of FluonÒ unfilled and filled PTFE technical service note F12/13. Asahi Glass; 2007. 4. TeflonÒ product and properties handbook. Chemours; 2007. 5. Product information EG-61m NEOFLONÔ FEP pellets. Diakin Industries; 2013.
6. Design & processing guide HyflonÒ PFA. Solvay Specialty Polymers; 2012. 7. Product information daikin industries fluoroplastics NEOFLONÔ PFA. Daikin Industries LTD; 2007. 8. Product information NEOFLONÔ PCTFE molding powder. Daikin Industries; 2013. 9. SolefÒ & HylarÒ PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride design and processing guide. Solvay Solexis; 2012. 10. ChemoursÔ TefzelÒ properties handbook. Chemours; 2004.
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
11. Baker BB, Kasprzak DJ. Thermal degradation of commercial fluoropolymer in air. Polym Degrad Stab 1994;42:181e8. 12. Product information NeoflonÔ ETFE. Diakin Industries LTD; 2007. 13. PolyflonÔ PTFE fine powder, product information. Daikin Industries Ltd; 2001. 14. Product information, NeoflonÔ PFA. Daikin; 2002. 15. TeflonÒ PFA fluoropolymer resin, properties handbook. Chemours Co; May 1997. Publication No. E-96679-4. 16. HyflonÒ MFA design and processing guide. Solvay Solexis; 2008. 17. Technical information, TedlarÒpolyvinyl fluoride film. Chemours; 1995. 18. Madorsky SL, Straus S. Thermal degradation of polychlorotrifluoroethylene, poly-alpha, beta, beta-trifluorostyrene, and poly-p-xylylene in a vacuum. J Res Natl Bureau Stand October 1955;55:4.
379 19. Solef Ò & HylarÒ PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride e design and processing guide. Solvay Solexis; 2006. 20. Solef Ò PVDF engineering polymer, solvay polyvinylidene fluoride. Belgium: Solvay & Cie Corp.; Publication No. Br 1292c-B-5e0485. 21. Solef Ò PVDF design & processing guide, Solef Ò PVDF. Solvay; 2012. 22. ChemoursÔ TefzelÒ properties handbook. Chemours; 2003. 23. NeoflonÔ ETFE EP-521, EP-541. Daikin Industries; 2007. 24. Technical data ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer. AGC Chemicals; 2007. 25. Khanna Y, Turi E, Sibilia J. High temperature aging of halar film. I. Study of physicochemical changes. J Appl Polym Sci 1984;29:3607e20.
1.1 Mechanical Properties The mechanical properties versus temperature of some fluoropolymers used in coatings are shown in the following graphs and tables Tables A1.2 and A1.3.
Table A1.1 Melting Point Ranges of Various Fluoroplastics Fluoropolymers
Melting Point (8C)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
320e340
Polyethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE)
240
Polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)
255e280
Fluorinated Ethylene propylene (FEP)
260e270
Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA)
302e310
Perfluoro methoxy (MFA)
280e290
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)
210e212
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
155e170
Table A1.2 Mechanical Properties of Homofluoropolymers Used in Coatings Property
Test
PTFE
PVDF
PVF
CTFE
ASTM D792
2.14e2.22
1.78
1.37e1.39
2.1e2.18
Tensile strength (MPa)
ASTM D638
20e35
31e52
55e110
31e41
Break elongation (%)
ASTM D638
300e550
500e250
90e250
80e250
Tensile modulus (MPa)
ASTM D638
550
1040e2070
2100e2600
1300e1800
Flexural strength (MPa)
ASTM D790
No break
45e74
Flexural modulus (MPa at 23 C)
ASTM D790
340e620
1140e2240
1400
1600
Static coefficient of friction
ASTM D621
0.1
0.2e0.4
3
Specific gravity (g/cm )
343
344
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
Table A1.3 Mechanical Properties of Fluoro Copolymers Used in Coatings Property
Test
FEP
PFA
AF
ETFE
E-CTFE
THV
Specific gravity (g/cm3)
ASTM D792
2.15
2.15
1.71
1.68
1.95e1.98
Tensile strength (MPa)
ASTM D638
20e28
20e26
24.6e27
45
48
23e24
Break elongation (%)
ASTM D638
300
300
3e40
150e300
200
500e600
Tensile modulus (MPa)
ASTM D638
345
276
950e2150
827
1400e1600
Flexural strength (MPa)
ASTM D790
No break
Flexural modulus (MPa at 23 C)
ASTM D790
655
551
1034e1171
Static coefficient of friction
ASTM D621
0.2
0.2
0.4
38 2000
83e207 0.8
1.1.1 Mechanical Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Figures A1.1eA1.6
Figure A1.1 Stress versus Strain at high strain rate for Chemours Co. General Purpose TeflonÒ PTFE Resin.1
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
345
Figure A1.2 Stress versus Strain at low strain rate for Chemours Co. General Purpose TeflonÒ PTFE Resin.1
Figure A1.3 Young’s Modulus versus Temperature for 3M DyneonÔ PTFE Resins.2
346
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
Figure A1.4 Tensile Strength versus Temperature for Chemours Co. General Purpose TeflonÒ PTFE Resin.
Figure A1.5 Effect of temperature upon tensile stressestrain curves for Asahi Glass FluonÒ PTFE.3
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
347
Figure A1.6 Hardness versus Temperature for Chemours Co. General Purpose TeflonÒ PTFE Resin.
1.1.2 Mechanical Properties of Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) Figures A1.7eA1.10
Figure A1.7 Tensile Stress versus Strain at various temperatures for Chemours General Purpose FEP Resin.4
348
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
Figure A1.8 Flexural Modulus versus Temperature for Chemours FEP Resins.4
Figure A1.9 Tensile Strength versus Temperature and various strain levels for Chemours General Purpose FEP Resin.
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
Figure A1.10 Elongation versus Temperature of Daikin NeoflonÔ FEP.5
1.1.3 Mechanical Properties of Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) Figures A1.11eA1.15
Figure A1.11 Stress versus Strain at two temperatures for Solvay Solexis HyflonÒ PFA Resin.6
349
350
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
Figure A1.12 Flexural Modulus versus Temperature for Chemours TeflonÒ PFA 340 and 350 Grade Resins.
Figure A1.13 Tensile Strength versus Temperature for Chemours TeflonÒ PFA 340 and 350 Grade Resins.
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
351
Figure A1.14 Elongation versus Temperature of Daikin Industries Fluoroplastics NEOFLONÔ PFA.7
Figure A1.15 Shore D Hardness versus Temperature of Daikin Industries Fluoroplastics NEOFLONÔ PFA.7
352
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
1.1.4 Mechanical Properties of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) Figures A1.16eA1.20
Figure A1.16 Stress versus Strain at various temperatures for Dyneon Crystalline and Amorphous PCTFE Resins.
Figure A1.17 Tensile Modulus versus Temperature for Daikin NeoflonÔ PCTFE Resin.8
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
353
Figure A1.18 Tensile Strength at Break versus Temperature for Daikin NeoflonÔ PCTFE Resin.8
Figure A1.19 Shore D Harness versus Temperature for Daikin NeoflonÔ M-300H e General Purpose and M-400H e Higher Molecular weight, Increased Toughness PCTFE Resins.8
354
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
Figure A1.20 Elongation versus Temperature for Daikin NeoflonÔ M-300H e General Purpose PCTFE Resin.8
1.1.5 Mechanical Properties of Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) Figures A1.21eA1.23
Figure A1.21 Stress versus Strain at various temperatures for Arkema Kynar FlexÒ 710 e Homopolymer PVDF Resin.
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
Figure A1.22 Elongation at Break versus Temperature for Solvay Solexis SolefÒ PVDF Resins.9
Figure A1.23 Tensile Strength versus Temperature for Arkema Kynar FlexÒ e PVDF Resins.
355
356
1.1.6 Mechanical Properties of Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) Figure A1.24
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
1.2 Thermal Properties This section shows some of the properties and the effects heat aging has on some of fluoropolymers used in coatings Figure A1.25 and Tables A1.4 and A1.5.
Figure A1.24 Elongation at Break versus Temperature Chemours General Purpose TefzelÒ 200 ETFE Resin.10
Figure A1.25 A general comparison of weight loss rates versus temperature for several fluoropolymers used in.
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
357
Table A1.4 Thermal Properties of Homofluoropolymers Used in Coatings Property
Test
PTFE
PVDF
PVF
CTFE
Heat distortion ( C at 0.45 MPa)
ASTM D648
122
140e174
120
126
Coefficient of thermal expansion (cm/cm/ C 105)
ASTM D696
12.6e18
7e15
5e10
7
Continuous use temperature ( C)
UL-Sub 94
260
120
120
120
190
210e215
Melting point ( C)
ASTM D4591
320e340 10
Melt viscosity (Pa s)
10 e10
12
155e192 0.2e17 10
3
1e10
Table A1.5 Thermal Properties of Fluoro Copolymers Used in Coatings Property
Test
FEP
PFA
Heat distortion ( C at 0.45 MPa)
ASTM D648
70
74
Coefficient of thermal expansion (cm/cm/ C 105)
ASTM D696
8.3e10.4
13.7e20.7
Continuous use temperature ( C)
UL-Sub 94
204
260
Melting point ( C)
ASTM D4591
4
Melt viscosity (Pa s) Melt flow rate (g/10 min)
260e282 10 e10
ASTM D1238
5
0.8e27
AF
ETFE
E-CTFE
81
115
8e10
13.1e25.7
8e14
290
150
302e310 3
10 e10
4
1e38
1.2.1 Thermal Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Figures A1.26eA1.30 and Table A1.6
Figure A1.26 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of Diakin PTFE.12
225e280
THV
240
115e180
1e50
10e20
0.7e3 10
3
2.3e45
Figure A1.27 Tensile Strength versus Aging Time at 250 C of PTFE Insulated Wire* made from Daikin PolyflonÔ PTFE fine Powder.13
Figure A1.28 Elongation versus Aging Time at 250 C of PTFE Insulated Wire* made from Daikin PolyflonÔ PTFE fine Powder.13
Figure A1.29 Elongation versus Aging Time at 380 C of Daikin PolyflonÔ PTFE fine Powder.13
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
359
Figure A1.30 Tensile Strength versus Aging Time at 380 C of Daikin PolyflonÔ PTFE fine Powder.
Table A1.6 Degradation (TGA) Rates of PTFE Fluoroplastics in Air as a Function of Time and Temperature11 % Weight Loss/h Temperature 8C
TE to 15 min
TE D 60 min
Fine powder 400
0.06
425
0.15
425
0.04a
525
255c
95.0
Granular 350
0.02
350
0.005b
400
0.03
400
0.006b
425
0.06
425
0.06a
TE ¼ Thermal Equilibrium. a Hourly rate from 8 to 11.8 h after beginning run. b Hourly rate from 3.3 to 6.6 h after beginning run. c Gross decomposition in 1 h. Initial rate 255% per hour.
360
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
1.2.2 Thermal Properties of Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) Data for FEP plastics are found in Table 9.5 and Figures 9.14e9.16. Figures A1.31eA1.33 and Table A1.7.
Figure A1.31 Tensile Strength versus Aging Time at 200 C of Diakin Neoflon FEP NP-20.12
Figure A1.32 Elongation versus Aging Time at 200 C of Diakin Neoflon FEP NP-20.12
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
361
Figure A1.33 TGA of Diakin NeoflonÔ FEP.12 Table A1.7 Degradation (TGA) Rates of Fluoroplastics in Air as a Function of Time and Temperature11 % Weight Loss/h Temperature 8C
TE to 15 min
15e65 min
TE D 60 min <0.05
205 300 350
0.45
w0.03
<0.05
0.13
0.18
375
0.67
400
3.2
Note: TE ¼ Thermal Equilibrium.
1.2.3 Thermal Properties of Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) Data for PFA plastics are found in Table A1.8 and Figures A1.34eA1.39. Table A1.8 Degradation (TGA) Rates of PFA Fluoroplastics in Air as a Function of Time and Temperature11 % Weight Loss/h Resins Temperature 8C PFA-1
PFA-2
300
TE to 15 min
15e65 min
TE D 60 min
0.18
0.05
0.07
350
0.22
400
0.58
300 350 400
0.12
<0.05
<0.05
w0.03
0.05 0.26
Figure A1.34 Thermogravimetric analysis of Daikin NeoflonÔ PFA.14
Figure A1.35 Change in tensile strength of PFA wire coating due to thermal exposure in air.15
Figure A1.36 Change in break elongation of PFA wire coating due to thermal exposure in air.15
Figure A1.37 Change in MFR of PFA wire coating due to thermal exposure in air.15
Figure A1.38 Strength at break retained of Solvay Solexis HyflonÒ MFA F1540 due to thermal aging in air at various temperatures.16
Figure A1.39 Elongation at break retained of Solvay Solexis HyflonÒ MFA F1450 due to thermal aging in air at various temperatures.16
364
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
1.2.4 Thermal Properties of Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF) Data for PVF plastics are found in Figures 1.60 to 1.xx. Figures A1.40 and A1.41
Figure A1.40 Tensile Strength versus hours of aging at 149 C of Chemours TedlarÒ PVF Films.17
Figure A1.41 Elongation versus hours of aging at 149 C of Chemours TedlarÒ PVF Films.17
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
365
1.2.5 Thermal Properties of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) Data for PCTFE plastics are found in Table A1.9 and Figures A1.42 and A1.62.
Table A1.9 Rates of Degradation of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene18 Temperature,8C
Test Duration, min
Total Volatilized, %
Initial Volatilization Rate, %/min
365
400
78.1
0.20
370
300
82.9
0.28
375
200
75.0
0.42
380
160
82.3
0.58
385
130
83.2
0.84
Figure A1.42 Thermal degradation of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene; Percentage of sample volatilized versus time.18
366
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
1.2.6 Thermal Properties of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Data for PVDF plastics are found in Tables A1.10 and A1.11 and Figures 1.63 to 1-xx. Figures A1.43eA1.44
Table A1.10 Thermal Aging Tests at Various Temperatures of Solvay Solexis SolefÒ PVDF 100819 Tensile Yield Strength (MPa) Aging Period Days
208C
1208C
Secant Modulus at 1% Deformation (MPa)
Elongation at Break (%)
1508C
208C
1208C
1508C
208C
1208C
1508C
1
50
53
51
1900
1700
1600
9.5
10.5
11.8
11
49
54
51
2000
1900
1800
8.5
10.0
13.0
160
53
54
51
2300
2100
1800
7.0
9.0
11.5
358
54
55
53
2300
2300
2200
7.0
10.0
>11.0
730
52
54
d
2300
1800
d
6.6
10.4
d
Note: RAPRA e Injection molded specimens.
Table A1.11 Thermal Aging Tests at 150 C of Solvay Solexis SolefÒ 11,010 PVDF19 Aging period (h)
0
8
100
1000
Yield stress, MPa
28
28
29
28
Strength at break, MPa
41
34
34
40
Elongation at break, %
>500
>480
>480
>500
Modulus, MPa
1020
1070
1020
870
113
122
132
149
Tensile properties
Thermal properties HDT under 0.46 MPa, C
Note: Compression molded plates, thickness 2 mmeRate of pulling: 10 mm/min (modulus: 1 mm/min).
Figure A1.43 Mechanical properties of cables jacketed with Solvay Solexis SolefÒ 31,508/0003 copolymer, vs. aging at 158 C.19
Figure A1.44 Change in tensile strength and break elongation of PVDF due to thermal exposure in air at 165 C.20
Figure A1.45 Thermogravimetric analysis of Solvay Solexis SolefÒ PVDF.21
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A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
1.2.7 Thermal Properties of Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) Data for ETFE plastics are found in Table A1.12eA1.17 and Figure A1.66 to 1-xx. Figures A1.46eA1.53.
Table A1.12 Estimated Upper Service Temperatures ( C), No Load Thermal Aging End-of-Life Criterion Based on Elongation for Chemours TefzelÒ ETFE22 End-of-Life Criterion Actual Elongation %
Exposure Time, h
Elongation Retained, %
1000
3000
10k
20ka
50ka
100ka
50
210
195
172
159
143
132
18
b
211
188
175
158
147
9
b
b
196
182
165
153
135 50 25 a
These estimates were extrapolated from 10,000 h aging results. Estimates are not available for these exposure regions.
b
Table A1.13 Estimated Upper Service Temperatures ( C), No Load Thermal Aging End-of-Life Criterion Based on Tensile Strength for Chemours TefzelÒ ETFE22 End-of-Life Criterion
Exposure Time, h
Tensile Strength Retained, %
10k
20ka
50ka
100ka
3750
50
190
176
159
147
2000
27
204
190
172
158
Actual Tensile Strength, psi
a
These estimates were extrapolated from 10,000 h aging results.
Table A1.14 Effect of Temperature Aging on Izod Impact Strength, ChemoursÔ TefzelÒ HT-200422 Temperature Izod
Izod Impact Strength
8C
8F
Aging
J/m
ft$lb/in
23
73
As molded
491
9.1
23
73
168 h at 150 C (302 F)
491
9.1
23
73
168 h at 180 C (356 F)
416
7.7
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
369
Table A1.15 Initial Weight Loss of ChemoursÔ TefzelÒ 200 Resin above 300 C (572 F)22 8C
8F
wt loss, %/h
300
572
0.05
330
626
0.26
350
662
0.86
370
698
1.60
Table A1.16 Degradation (TGA) Rates of ETFE in Air as a Function of Time and Temperature11 % Weight Loss/h Temperature 8C
TE to 15 min
15e65 min
TE D 60 min <0.05
150 260
0.31
0.06
0.11
300
0.42
0.09
0.14
325
0.67 w2
350
6.8
Note: TE ¼ Thermal Equilibrium.
Table A1.17 Grades of FluonÒ ETFE for Figure A1.45,24 Grade
Melt Flow Rate
Melt Index
C-55AP
3.9e6.5
C-88AP
Characteristic
Application
Molding Method
1e2
Standard
general
Extrusion molding
9.0e12.0
3e4
Standard
general
Extrusion molding, injection molding
C-55AP
3.9e6.5
1e2
Stress crack resistant
Wire cover
Extrusion molding
C-88AP
9.0e12.0
3e4
Stress crack resistant
Wire cover
Extrusion molding
Figure A1.46 Retention at various levels of room temperature tensile elongation after heat aging of ChemoursÔ TefzelÒ 200.22
Figure A1.47 Retention at various levels of room temperature tensile strength after heat aging of ChemoursÔ TefzelÒ 200.22
Figure A1.48 Effect of heat aging on the tensile strength at 23 C of ChemoursÔ TefzelÒ HT-2004.22 Note: All values of elongation between 5 and 10% regardless of test temperature; no load during aging.
Figure A1.49 Effect of heat aging on the tensile strength at 150 C of ChemoursÔ TefzelÒ HT-2004.22 Note: All values of elongation between 5 and 10% regardless of test temperature; no load during aging.
Figure A1.50 Tensile strength after exposure at 200 C of Diakin NeoflonÔ ETFE.23
Figure A1.51 Elongation after exposure at 200 C of Diakin NeoflonÔ ETFE.23
372
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
Figure A1.52 Half-life of elongation versus Temperature for various AGC Chemical FluonÒ ETFE resins.24
Figure A1.53 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of ETFE resin.12
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
373
1.3 Electrical Properties
1.2.8 Thermal Properties of Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer (ECTFE) Data for ECTFE Figure A1.54.
plastics
are
found
Tables A1.18 and A1.19 in
Figure A1.54 Effect of time on the yellowness index of Solvay Solexis HalarÒ ECTFE film upon thermo-oxidative aging at various temperatures.25
Table A1.18 Electrical Properties of Homofluoropolymers Used in Coatings Property
Test
PTFE
PVDF
Volume resistivity (ohm-cm)
ASTM D257
>1018
>10
Dielectric strength (kV/mm)
ASTM D149
19.7
14
PVF
CTFE
13
>1018
10
63e67
20
48
Table A1.19 Electrical Properties of Fluoro Copolymers Used in Coatings Property
Test
Volume resistivity (ohm-cm)
ASTM D257
Dielectric strength (kV/mm)
ASTM D149
FEP >10
18
19.7
PFA >10
18
19.7
AF
ETFE >10
17
14.6
E-CTFE
THV >1015
374
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
1.3.1 Electrical Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Figures A1.55 and A1.56
Figure A1.55 Dielectric Constant versus Temperature for Chemours Co. General Purpose TeflonÒ PTFE Resin.
Figure A1.56 Dissipation Factor versus Temperature for Chemours Co. General Purpose TeflonÒ PTFE Resin.
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
375
1.3.2 Electrical Properties of Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) Figures A1.57 and A1.58
Figure A1.57 Dielectric ConstantdElevated Temperature, TeflonÒ FEP 100 Fluoropolymer Resin.4
Figure A1.58 Dissipation Factor versus Frequency at various temperatures for Chemours General Purpose TeflonÒ FEP 100 Resin.4
376
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
1.3.3 Electrical Properties of Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) Figures A1.59 and A1.60
Figure A1.59 Dielectric Constant versus Frequency for Chemours TeflonÒ PFA 340 and 350 Grade Resins.
Figure A1.60 Dissipation Factor versus Frequency at various temperatures for Chemours TeflonÒ PFA 340 and 350 Grade Resins.
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
1.3.4 Electrical Properties of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) Figures A1.61 and A1.62
Figure A1.61 Dielectric Constant versus Frequency and Temperature for Daikin NeoflonÔ PCTFE Resin.8
Figure A1.62 Dissipation Factor versus Temperature and Frequency for Daikin NeoflonÔ PCTFE Resin.8
377
378
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
1.4 Chemical Resistance Properties Table A1.20 and A1.21 Table A1.20 Chemical Properties of Homofluoropolymers Used in Coatings* Property
PTFE
PVDF
PVF
CTFE
Water absorption (24 h, weight change %)
0
0.04
0.05
0.01e0.10
Aromatic hydrocarbon resistance
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Aliphatic hydrocarbon resistance
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Chlorinated solvent resistance
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Ester & ketone resistance
Excellent
Good
Excellent
Refractive index
1.38
1.42
*Detailed
1.46
1.44
chemical resistance data are available in Appendix 3.
Table A1.21 Chemical Properties of Fluoro Copolymers Used in Coatings* Property
FEP
PFA
Water absorption (24 h, weight change %)
<0.01
<0.03
Aromatic hydrocarbon resistance
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Aliphatic hydrocarbon resistance
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Chlorinated solvent resistance
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Ester & Ketone resistance
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Refractive index
1.344
1.34
*Detailed
AF
ETFE
E-CTFE
0
<0.03
<0.02
1.29-1.31
1.403
chemical resistance data are available in Appendix 3.
References 1. TeflonÒ PTFE properties handbook. Chemours; 2007. 2. DyneonÔ TFMÔ PTFE improved performance and design flexibility. Dyneon; 2003. 3. Physical properties of FluonÒ unfilled and filled PTFE technical service note F12/13. Asahi Glass; 2007. 4. TeflonÒ product and properties handbook. Chemours; 2007. 5. Product information EG-61m NEOFLONÔ FEP pellets. Diakin Industries; 2013.
6. Design & processing guide HyflonÒ PFA. Solvay Specialty Polymers; 2012. 7. Product information daikin industries fluoroplastics NEOFLONÔ PFA. Daikin Industries LTD; 2007. 8. Product information NEOFLONÔ PCTFE molding powder. Daikin Industries; 2013. 9. SolefÒ & HylarÒ PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride design and processing guide. Solvay Solexis; 2012. 10. ChemoursÔ TefzelÒ properties handbook. Chemours; 2004.
A PPENDIX 1: F LUOROPOLYMER P ROPERTIES
11. Baker BB, Kasprzak DJ. Thermal degradation of commercial fluoropolymer in air. Polym Degrad Stab 1994;42:181e8. 12. Product information NeoflonÔ ETFE. Diakin Industries LTD; 2007. 13. PolyflonÔ PTFE fine powder, product information. Daikin Industries Ltd; 2001. 14. Product information, NeoflonÔ PFA. Daikin; 2002. 15. TeflonÒ PFA fluoropolymer resin, properties handbook. Chemours Co; May 1997. Publication No. E-96679-4. 16. HyflonÒ MFA design and processing guide. Solvay Solexis; 2008. 17. Technical information, TedlarÒpolyvinyl fluoride film. Chemours; 1995. 18. Madorsky SL, Straus S. Thermal degradation of polychlorotrifluoroethylene, poly-alpha, beta, beta-trifluorostyrene, and poly-p-xylylene in a vacuum. J Res Natl Bureau Stand October 1955;55:4.
379 19. Solef Ò & HylarÒ PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride e design and processing guide. Solvay Solexis; 2006. 20. Solef Ò PVDF engineering polymer, solvay polyvinylidene fluoride. Belgium: Solvay & Cie Corp.; Publication No. Br 1292c-B-5e0485. 21. Solef Ò PVDF design & processing guide, Solef Ò PVDF. Solvay; 2012. 22. ChemoursÔ TefzelÒ properties handbook. Chemours; 2003. 23. NeoflonÔ ETFE EP-521, EP-541. Daikin Industries; 2007. 24. Technical data ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer. AGC Chemicals; 2007. 25. Khanna Y, Turi E, Sibilia J. High temperature aging of halar film. I. Study of physicochemical changes. J Appl Polym Sci 1984;29:3607e20.