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Laboratory planning for chemistry and chemical engineering
Publications scope of his interest is laudable, and few could deny him the right of ‘reasserting the commonly held faith that a real understanding of what goes on will, sooner or later, lead to sign&ant intellectual progress and valuable practical achievement’. S. L. BRAGG
DETONATION AND TWO PI%4SE FLOW (Pmpss in Astronautics:and Rocketry, Vol. VI) Edited by S. S. PENNER and F. A. WILLIAMS. New York and London: Academic Press, 1962. xii-!368 pp. (illus.). $5.25 or 42s. CHJZMICAL. ROCKET PROPULSION AND COMBUSTION RESEARCH S. S. PENNER. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1962. a%+158 pp. (illus.). $5.75 THE first volume is the sixth in the series on progress in astronautics and rocketry, sponsored by the American Rocket Society. It contains sixteen papers presented at an ARS Meeting at Palm Beach, Florida, in April 1961. The first group of papers deals with various aspects The most interesting is that by of detonation. BOYER and GRANDEY, postulating a theoretical model for the development of detonation in a block of composite propellant, using the concepts of separated but interacting zones of ignition, vaporization and reaction. As regards gaseous detonation, it is evident that more theoretical and experimental work is needed before the small scale instabilities and general microstructure of the waves are well understood, and the papers included here can be considered as no more than interim statements. The second section deals with the thermal and dynamic interactions of particles with supersonic flows. It is evident that if one is prepared to make the effort to compute trajectories and heat transfer one can obtain answers of the right order, and various experiments are discussed. In three of the last five papers, on rocket combustion, a theoretical model of a burning rate, controlled by droplet evaporation and movement, is used to interpret measured results. Such unanimity suggests that this theory of combustion in liquid propellant rockets is really becoming established enough to be useful-though the flameholding and recirculation processes close to the injector still merit attention. This group also includes a paper on oscillations in a comparatively stable oxygen-ammonia engine with hemispherical injector, and a description of a slave nitric acid combustion chamber in which a pulsing technique was used to trigger instability and provide comparative ratings for different injector arrangements. The second volume is a readable review of some programmes of rocket combustion research in which Dr PENNERhas been involved. It covers the throatless diverging combustion chamber, experiments on the combustion of droplet arrays, and theories of combustion of solid and hybrid (gas+solid) propellants. The work is largely theoretical and much of it has appeared elsewhere while, in the words of the author, ‘rocket development programmes involve a host of interesting problems that are essentially unrelated to theoretical predictions . . . .‘. Nevertheless the 301
TOTAL, AVAILABLE, RETURNABLE AND RECOVERABLE HEAT IN COMBUSTION GASES P. 0. ROSIN. Published on behalf of the Institute of Fuel, London, by Chapman & Hall Ltd, 1963. 34 pp. 6s IN CALCULATIONSrelating to the combustion of fuels, the heat content or enthalpy of the combustion gases per unit volume at a given temperature is often required. However, the determination of the air requirements and volumes of combustion products of various fuels requires that accurate ultimate analyses be available. The Rosin-Fehling method renders the ultimate analysis unnecessary by making use of statistical relations which exist between the net calorific value of a fuel and the volume of its combustion products. It also introduces a statistical average for the specific heat of combustion gases. The only data required are the net calorific value of the fuel and the excess air used which can be deduced from the carbon dioxide content of the waste gases. Since the accuracy of the method suffices for practical purposes, it is of considerable value to engineers and fuel technologists. Hitherto, the Rosin-Fehling enthalpy-temperature tables and diagrams have only been available in original papers and in larger works and the publishers have performed a useful service in making them more widely available in a cheap paper-back edition. This also includes tables and diagrams relating to combustion in oxygen-enriched air. R. LONG LABORATORY PLANNING FOR CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING H. F. LEWIS. New York: Reinhold; London: Chapman & Hall, 1962. xiii+522 pp. (illus.). $20.00 or 160s THIS comprehensive book deals with the planning of laboratories from the initial selection of the architect and site, and of cost control, including sub-division of responsibilities, at various stages of construction. Materials of construction, external and internal, including sound insulation and illumination, are discussed. There is a very useful section on services including plumbing, water supply, gas, compressed air and vacuum systems, steam, ventilation and refrigeration. The part dealing with electrical services has limited application in the U.K. owing to differences in supply voltage and frequency. Laboratory furniture is discussed at length and one whole section deals with health and safety factors. The remainder
302
Publications
of the book is devoted to the design of university and college laboratories with special reference to engineering laboratories and pilot plants, organic and physical chemistry laboratories, quantitative and instrumental High and analysis laboratories and lecture rooms. low level radioactive laboratories are fully discussed together with high pressure laboratory facilities and controlled temperature and controlled humidity rooms. The book is based on a volume entitled Laboratory Design published in 1951 but has been entirely rewritten by a different group of authors and special
Vol.
7
attention paid to the problems faced in the planning It makes use of the many new of laboratories. materials of construction which have appeared since 1951 and has tried to take account of the newer approaches both to research problems and of teaching It is well illustrated and the last section techniques. comprises a description of recent laboratory construction with both plans and photographic illustration of the various laboratories. F. H. GARNER
DETONATION AND TWO PI%4SE FLOW (Pmpss in Astronautics:and Rocketry, Vol. VI) Edited by S. S. PENNER and F. A. WILLIAMS. New York and London: Academic Press, 1962. xii-!368 pp. (illus.). $5.25 or 42s. CHJZMICAL. ROCKET PROPULSION AND COMBUSTION RESEARCH S. S. PENNER. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1962. a%+158 pp. (illus.). $5.75 THE first volume is the sixth in the series on progress in astronautics and rocketry, sponsored by the American Rocket Society. It contains sixteen papers presented at an ARS Meeting at Palm Beach, Florida, in April 1961. The first group of papers deals with various aspects The most interesting is that by of detonation. BOYER and GRANDEY, postulating a theoretical model for the development of detonation in a block of composite propellant, using the concepts of separated but interacting zones of ignition, vaporization and reaction. As regards gaseous detonation, it is evident that more theoretical and experimental work is needed before the small scale instabilities and general microstructure of the waves are well understood, and the papers included here can be considered as no more than interim statements. The second section deals with the thermal and dynamic interactions of particles with supersonic flows. It is evident that if one is prepared to make the effort to compute trajectories and heat transfer one can obtain answers of the right order, and various experiments are discussed. In three of the last five papers, on rocket combustion, a theoretical model of a burning rate, controlled by droplet evaporation and movement, is used to interpret measured results. Such unanimity suggests that this theory of combustion in liquid propellant rockets is really becoming established enough to be useful-though the flameholding and recirculation processes close to the injector still merit attention. This group also includes a paper on oscillations in a comparatively stable oxygen-ammonia engine with hemispherical injector, and a description of a slave nitric acid combustion chamber in which a pulsing technique was used to trigger instability and provide comparative ratings for different injector arrangements. The second volume is a readable review of some programmes of rocket combustion research in which Dr PENNERhas been involved. It covers the throatless diverging combustion chamber, experiments on the combustion of droplet arrays, and theories of combustion of solid and hybrid (gas+solid) propellants. The work is largely theoretical and much of it has appeared elsewhere while, in the words of the author, ‘rocket development programmes involve a host of interesting problems that are essentially unrelated to theoretical predictions . . . .‘. Nevertheless the 301
TOTAL, AVAILABLE, RETURNABLE AND RECOVERABLE HEAT IN COMBUSTION GASES P. 0. ROSIN. Published on behalf of the Institute of Fuel, London, by Chapman & Hall Ltd, 1963. 34 pp. 6s IN CALCULATIONSrelating to the combustion of fuels, the heat content or enthalpy of the combustion gases per unit volume at a given temperature is often required. However, the determination of the air requirements and volumes of combustion products of various fuels requires that accurate ultimate analyses be available. The Rosin-Fehling method renders the ultimate analysis unnecessary by making use of statistical relations which exist between the net calorific value of a fuel and the volume of its combustion products. It also introduces a statistical average for the specific heat of combustion gases. The only data required are the net calorific value of the fuel and the excess air used which can be deduced from the carbon dioxide content of the waste gases. Since the accuracy of the method suffices for practical purposes, it is of considerable value to engineers and fuel technologists. Hitherto, the Rosin-Fehling enthalpy-temperature tables and diagrams have only been available in original papers and in larger works and the publishers have performed a useful service in making them more widely available in a cheap paper-back edition. This also includes tables and diagrams relating to combustion in oxygen-enriched air. R. LONG LABORATORY PLANNING FOR CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING H. F. LEWIS. New York: Reinhold; London: Chapman & Hall, 1962. xiii+522 pp. (illus.). $20.00 or 160s THIS comprehensive book deals with the planning of laboratories from the initial selection of the architect and site, and of cost control, including sub-division of responsibilities, at various stages of construction. Materials of construction, external and internal, including sound insulation and illumination, are discussed. There is a very useful section on services including plumbing, water supply, gas, compressed air and vacuum systems, steam, ventilation and refrigeration. The part dealing with electrical services has limited application in the U.K. owing to differences in supply voltage and frequency. Laboratory furniture is discussed at length and one whole section deals with health and safety factors. The remainder
302
Publications
of the book is devoted to the design of university and college laboratories with special reference to engineering laboratories and pilot plants, organic and physical chemistry laboratories, quantitative and instrumental High and analysis laboratories and lecture rooms. low level radioactive laboratories are fully discussed together with high pressure laboratory facilities and controlled temperature and controlled humidity rooms. The book is based on a volume entitled Laboratory Design published in 1951 but has been entirely rewritten by a different group of authors and special
Vol.
7
attention paid to the problems faced in the planning It makes use of the many new of laboratories. materials of construction which have appeared since 1951 and has tried to take account of the newer approaches both to research problems and of teaching It is well illustrated and the last section techniques. comprises a description of recent laboratory construction with both plans and photographic illustration of the various laboratories. F. H. GARNER