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Liquefaction method of coal
02 Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels) ation of carbon dioxide using this catalyst was suppressed. In conclusion, it appears that this catalyst improved the coal liquefaction process. OO/BO127 Liquefaction method of coal Kaneko, T. et ai. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP I I 228,972 [99 228,972] (Cl. ClOGl/OO), 24 Aug 1999, Appl. 1998/32,876, 16 Feb 1998. 8. (In Japanese) The following steps are involved in the coal liquefaction process: hydrogenation of the coal in the presence of solvent and a catalyst using limonite with an average particle size of less than 10pm by mechanical pulverization.
00100128 Liquefaction of polyethylene wax over solid acid catalysts Shim,J.S. ef al. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 1999, 121, 465-468. Various zeolites and silica-alumina catalysts were used to study the catalytic liquefaction of polyethylene wax into liquid fuel. BEA zeolites with Si/AI molar ratios from 13 to 48 were identified to be effective catalysts for the catalytic degradation of polyethylene wax, this is because of the high yield and the narrow distribution of carbon numbers of liquid fuel at a low reaction temperatures.
00100129 Liquefaction of sawdust for liquid fuel Yan, Y. et al. Fuel Process. Technol., 1999, 60, (2). 135-143. Pressurized liquefaction of sawdust was carried out in an autoclave in the presence of solvent under cold hydrogen pressure ranging from 2.0-5.5 MPa at the temperature range of 15w50”. The reaction time varied from 5-30 minutes. Investigations were made on the effects of temperature, cold hydrogen pressure, reaction time and solvent on the liquefaction process. The results show that liquefaction of sawdust can start at a temperature of 200”, much lower than that for coal in a hydrogen-donor solvent. W/O0130 Mechanism and the application of dispersion agent for coal water mixture Dai, Y. et al. Jinaxi Huuaonn, 1999, 16, 195-198. (In Chinese) Presented in this-paper is the stable pattern of coai particle adsorbing NDF in water, for coal water mixture (CWM) preparation. Recent research in coal/water interface chemistry and dispersion mechanism of additives for coal water mixture are also reported. In addition, the properties of NDF, which is a good dispersion agent for CWM and coal water mixture with NDF are provided.
Method and device for production of coal aqueous slurry as substitute fuels 00100131
Hanzawa, M. and Tanaka, A. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 263,989 [99 263,989] (Cl. ClOL1/32), 28 Sep 1999, Appl. 1998/67,952, 18 Mar i998. 5. (In Japanese) The production is carried out by firstly mixing pulverized coal with water to form a slurry, then a portion or all of
00100132 Method for calculating products of coal liquefaction reaction Namiki, Y. ef al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 50,373 (Cl. ClOG1/06), 7 Ott 1999, JP Appl. 1999/78,612, 23 Mar 1999. 81. (In Japanese) The method for estimating the amount of each component of the effluent from a coal liquefaction reactor is described in this report. First, a presumption is made for the amount of each component of the effluent and a gas-liquid equilibrium of an effluent mixture having the presumed composition in the reactor system. It is then possible to calculate the rates of volumetric flow for a gas and a liquid phase, retention times in the reactor system for a gas phase and a liquid phase (rlG, r2G, TUG) (T~S, r2S, r3S) are also calculated. The amount of each component in the effluent is calculated from the retention times thus obtained (~1, 72, .. .. rn), the amount of each component flowing into the reactor system and a linear irreversible reaction rate equation. The quantities of each component in the effluent obtained from the calculation are compared with the estimated value.
Minerology of asphaltenes separated from crude oils and tar pollutants by x-ray, polarizing microscope, IR and NMR techniques
00100133
Barakat, M. A. K. et al. Pet. Sci. Technol., 1999, 17, (7 & 8), 677-691. The asphaltenes separated from Middle East crude oils and tar pollutants were analysed to detect their inorganic and organic composition. The relationship between the crude oils and tar pollutants was also determined. Each area studied has revealed specific inorganic components and its mineralogy was, for the first time, identified: silica-
14
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2001
solid solution, Alsilicate, Al-oxides: other sulfates were identified in its composition. The same characterrstic bands were indicated on both infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra for tar asphaltenes and crude oils.
00100134 Natural gas-to-liquids: solution for the next millennium Venkataraman, V. Gas. Liq. Process. ‘99, Intertech’s Int. Bus. Dev. Conf., 2nd, 1999, 16/l-16/12. Conversion of natural gas to motor fuels, such as liquefaction and oxidative coupling are reported on in this paper. An emphasis is placed on Fischer-Tropsch reaction, including process economics.
00100135 Nitrogen compound distribution in middle distillate fuels derived from petroleum, oil shale, and tar sand sources
Mushrush, G.W. et al. Fuel Process. Technol., 1999, 61, (3) 197-210. Serious problems are created for producers and consumers when nitrogen compounds are discovered in crude sources. For producers, these compounds are responsible for poisoning catalysts during the refining processes. For consumers, these compounds are responsible for the degrading fuels during storage. The quality of petroleum, as measured by “API gravity, continues to decrease in quality. This, coupled with the inevitable use of other crude sources, if used in quantity will further decrease the stability of middle distillate fuels. This paper presents a novel method for the separation and quantitation of the slate of nitrogen compounds present in middle distillate fuels derived from oil shale, petroleum and tar sand sources. The experimental results produced indicate that the indole type of nitrogen compound present in middle distillate fuels is the most detrimental.
OOlOO136 Overview of fast pyrolysis of biomass for the production of liquid fuels
Diebold, J. P. and Bridgwater, A. V. Fast Pyrolysis Biomass, 1999, l432. Edited by Bridgwater A. Liquid fuels can be produced during fast pyrolysis of biomass. The basic concepts are described that pertain to the realization of fast pyrolysis in research, bench, and pilot scales. Also included is a detailed description of the products and their potential uses.
00100137 Oxidation chemistry of a pentaerythritol tetraester oil Karis, T. E. et al. Tribal. Trans., 1999, 42. (3). 431-442. Synthetic oils have come into widespread use’owing to their consistent ohvsical orooerties. inherent stabilitv and reoroducible comoonents. 1 ~~ As &dr incieabing demands are being placed on oil performance in magnetic recording disk drives by increasing rotation rates up to 10 000 rpm, it is vital tomknow the ultimate limitations of these-functional fluids due to oxidation. In this study, the authors focus on a oentaervthritol ester oil. Accelerated aeeine tests were oerformed on ihe oil at elevated temperatures. Tests-were also perfoimed with 50 ppm of dissolved iron in the oil. The progress of oxidation was followed by analytical techniques including UV/visible, proton NMR and infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, thin layer chromatoeraohv. viscometrv. and differential scanninn calorimetrv. A new tech&que of laser desorption mass spectrometryhith jet coohng, which provides the parent ion mass spectrum, provided the mass distribution of intermediate oxidation products. These techniques enabled detection of the predominant oxidation products. Oxidaiion proceeds through interchain and intrachain proton abstraction. Hydroxyl groups form on alkyl chains. Intrachain proton abstraction. leads to formation of oxetane and conjugated ketone on the original alkyl chain and to cleavage of the alkyl chain with the formation of methyl ketones and carboxylic acid- end groups. Dissolved iron increased the formation rate of hydroxyl and oxetane without changing the hydroperoxide concentration. Oligomers were absent from the mass spectrum of the oxidized oil. Increasing intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups located on the alkyl chains was the cause of the increase in oil viscosity with accelerated ageing. L
00100138
Pressurized fluid extraction of coal
Butala. S. J. M. ef al. Fuel. 2000. 79. (13). 1657-1664. Three ‘Argonne Premium Coals ‘(UpperlFreeport,, Pittsburgh #8 and Lewiston-Stockton) were extracted with benzene m both Soxhlet and pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) systems. The extracts were compared on the basis of dry mass yield and hydrocarbon profiles as obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrdmetry. The- dry mass vields (wt%, daf) indicated no difference bv either method for the UpperLFreeport coal, but statistically differem yields were obtained for the Pittsburgh #8 and Lewiston-Stockton coals. In this study, PFE required = 90 ~01% less solvent compared to Soxhlet extraction. The gas chromatograms obtained from the Soxhlet extracts contained solvent contaminant peaks as dominant peaks, which were not
00100128 Liquefaction of polyethylene wax over solid acid catalysts Shim,J.S. ef al. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 1999, 121, 465-468. Various zeolites and silica-alumina catalysts were used to study the catalytic liquefaction of polyethylene wax into liquid fuel. BEA zeolites with Si/AI molar ratios from 13 to 48 were identified to be effective catalysts for the catalytic degradation of polyethylene wax, this is because of the high yield and the narrow distribution of carbon numbers of liquid fuel at a low reaction temperatures.
00100129 Liquefaction of sawdust for liquid fuel Yan, Y. et al. Fuel Process. Technol., 1999, 60, (2). 135-143. Pressurized liquefaction of sawdust was carried out in an autoclave in the presence of solvent under cold hydrogen pressure ranging from 2.0-5.5 MPa at the temperature range of 15w50”. The reaction time varied from 5-30 minutes. Investigations were made on the effects of temperature, cold hydrogen pressure, reaction time and solvent on the liquefaction process. The results show that liquefaction of sawdust can start at a temperature of 200”, much lower than that for coal in a hydrogen-donor solvent. W/O0130 Mechanism and the application of dispersion agent for coal water mixture Dai, Y. et al. Jinaxi Huuaonn, 1999, 16, 195-198. (In Chinese) Presented in this-paper is the stable pattern of coai particle adsorbing NDF in water, for coal water mixture (CWM) preparation. Recent research in coal/water interface chemistry and dispersion mechanism of additives for coal water mixture are also reported. In addition, the properties of NDF, which is a good dispersion agent for CWM and coal water mixture with NDF are provided.
Method and device for production of coal aqueous slurry as substitute fuels 00100131
Hanzawa, M. and Tanaka, A. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 263,989 [99 263,989] (Cl. ClOL1/32), 28 Sep 1999, Appl. 1998/67,952, 18 Mar i998. 5. (In Japanese) The production is carried out by firstly mixing pulverized coal with water to form a slurry, then a portion or all of
00100132 Method for calculating products of coal liquefaction reaction Namiki, Y. ef al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 50,373 (Cl. ClOG1/06), 7 Ott 1999, JP Appl. 1999/78,612, 23 Mar 1999. 81. (In Japanese) The method for estimating the amount of each component of the effluent from a coal liquefaction reactor is described in this report. First, a presumption is made for the amount of each component of the effluent and a gas-liquid equilibrium of an effluent mixture having the presumed composition in the reactor system. It is then possible to calculate the rates of volumetric flow for a gas and a liquid phase, retention times in the reactor system for a gas phase and a liquid phase (rlG, r2G, TUG) (T~S, r2S, r3S) are also calculated. The amount of each component in the effluent is calculated from the retention times thus obtained (~1, 72, .. .. rn), the amount of each component flowing into the reactor system and a linear irreversible reaction rate equation. The quantities of each component in the effluent obtained from the calculation are compared with the estimated value.
Minerology of asphaltenes separated from crude oils and tar pollutants by x-ray, polarizing microscope, IR and NMR techniques
00100133
Barakat, M. A. K. et al. Pet. Sci. Technol., 1999, 17, (7 & 8), 677-691. The asphaltenes separated from Middle East crude oils and tar pollutants were analysed to detect their inorganic and organic composition. The relationship between the crude oils and tar pollutants was also determined. Each area studied has revealed specific inorganic components and its mineralogy was, for the first time, identified: silica-
14
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2001
solid solution, Alsilicate, Al-oxides: other sulfates were identified in its composition. The same characterrstic bands were indicated on both infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra for tar asphaltenes and crude oils.
00100134 Natural gas-to-liquids: solution for the next millennium Venkataraman, V. Gas. Liq. Process. ‘99, Intertech’s Int. Bus. Dev. Conf., 2nd, 1999, 16/l-16/12. Conversion of natural gas to motor fuels, such as liquefaction and oxidative coupling are reported on in this paper. An emphasis is placed on Fischer-Tropsch reaction, including process economics.
00100135 Nitrogen compound distribution in middle distillate fuels derived from petroleum, oil shale, and tar sand sources
Mushrush, G.W. et al. Fuel Process. Technol., 1999, 61, (3) 197-210. Serious problems are created for producers and consumers when nitrogen compounds are discovered in crude sources. For producers, these compounds are responsible for poisoning catalysts during the refining processes. For consumers, these compounds are responsible for the degrading fuels during storage. The quality of petroleum, as measured by “API gravity, continues to decrease in quality. This, coupled with the inevitable use of other crude sources, if used in quantity will further decrease the stability of middle distillate fuels. This paper presents a novel method for the separation and quantitation of the slate of nitrogen compounds present in middle distillate fuels derived from oil shale, petroleum and tar sand sources. The experimental results produced indicate that the indole type of nitrogen compound present in middle distillate fuels is the most detrimental.
OOlOO136 Overview of fast pyrolysis of biomass for the production of liquid fuels
Diebold, J. P. and Bridgwater, A. V. Fast Pyrolysis Biomass, 1999, l432. Edited by Bridgwater A. Liquid fuels can be produced during fast pyrolysis of biomass. The basic concepts are described that pertain to the realization of fast pyrolysis in research, bench, and pilot scales. Also included is a detailed description of the products and their potential uses.
00100137 Oxidation chemistry of a pentaerythritol tetraester oil Karis, T. E. et al. Tribal. Trans., 1999, 42. (3). 431-442. Synthetic oils have come into widespread use’owing to their consistent ohvsical orooerties. inherent stabilitv and reoroducible comoonents. 1 ~~ As &dr incieabing demands are being placed on oil performance in magnetic recording disk drives by increasing rotation rates up to 10 000 rpm, it is vital tomknow the ultimate limitations of these-functional fluids due to oxidation. In this study, the authors focus on a oentaervthritol ester oil. Accelerated aeeine tests were oerformed on ihe oil at elevated temperatures. Tests-were also perfoimed with 50 ppm of dissolved iron in the oil. The progress of oxidation was followed by analytical techniques including UV/visible, proton NMR and infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, thin layer chromatoeraohv. viscometrv. and differential scanninn calorimetrv. A new tech&que of laser desorption mass spectrometryhith jet coohng, which provides the parent ion mass spectrum, provided the mass distribution of intermediate oxidation products. These techniques enabled detection of the predominant oxidation products. Oxidaiion proceeds through interchain and intrachain proton abstraction. Hydroxyl groups form on alkyl chains. Intrachain proton abstraction. leads to formation of oxetane and conjugated ketone on the original alkyl chain and to cleavage of the alkyl chain with the formation of methyl ketones and carboxylic acid- end groups. Dissolved iron increased the formation rate of hydroxyl and oxetane without changing the hydroperoxide concentration. Oligomers were absent from the mass spectrum of the oxidized oil. Increasing intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups located on the alkyl chains was the cause of the increase in oil viscosity with accelerated ageing. L
00100138
Pressurized fluid extraction of coal
Butala. S. J. M. ef al. Fuel. 2000. 79. (13). 1657-1664. Three ‘Argonne Premium Coals ‘(UpperlFreeport,, Pittsburgh #8 and Lewiston-Stockton) were extracted with benzene m both Soxhlet and pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) systems. The extracts were compared on the basis of dry mass yield and hydrocarbon profiles as obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrdmetry. The- dry mass vields (wt%, daf) indicated no difference bv either method for the UpperLFreeport coal, but statistically differem yields were obtained for the Pittsburgh #8 and Lewiston-Stockton coals. In this study, PFE required = 90 ~01% less solvent compared to Soxhlet extraction. The gas chromatograms obtained from the Soxhlet extracts contained solvent contaminant peaks as dominant peaks, which were not