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Microwave assisted extraction of oil from pongamia pinnata seeds
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect www.materialstoday.com/proceedings Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 2960–2964
ICAMA 2016
Microwave assisted extraction of oil from pongamia pinnata seeds Chandra Kumar Rc*, M M Benalb, B Durga Prasada, M S Krupashankarac, R S Kulkarnic, Siddaligaswamy N Hd a
JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapuramu, India Government Engineering College, Kushalnagar, India c R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India d AICTE, MHRD, Government of India, New Delhi, India b
Abstract Extraction of oil from seeds is typically carried out by mechanical oil extraction machine. In this study, oil extraction of pongamia pinnata seeds has been carried out using energy from microwaves. A microwave assisted oil extraction system was developed and oil was successfully extracted. Oil extraction was carried out by microwave powers of 300W, 600W and 900W. It was observed that at 300W, efficiency was low. 900W was efficient upto an extraction time of 8 minutes after which charring was observed. Hence optimum condition was found to be 600W and 14 minutes of extraction time. Obtained oil was subjected to quality testing and was compared with the oil obtained from mechanical method. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Advanced Materials and Applications (ICAMA 2016). Keywords: Microwave ; Energy ; Oil ; Extraction ; Pongamia
1. Introduction Microwaves are electromagnetic energy with frequencies from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. This energy is transmitted as waves, which penetrates into biomaterials and interact with molecules to generate heat [1]. Microwaves interact selectively with the free water molecules present, leading to localized heating. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]
2214-7853 © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Advanced Materials and Applications (ICAMA 2016).
Chandra Kumar R et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 2960–2964
2961
Thus temperature increases rapidly near or above the boiling point of water. Thus there is rapid expansion leading to the rupture of their walls [2]. Lipids have low specific heat. Hence they become susceptible to this radiation [3]. This would lead to permanent pores in the seed and thus result in higher yield [4]. Rapid heating is the key advantage of microwaves. Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) has shown to reduce extraction time and minimizing environmental impact by emitting lesser CO2 [5, 6] and requiring only a small fraction of the energy used in conventional extraction methods [7]. This method considerably enhances the efficiency of the extraction [8]. Thus Microwave assisted extraction is relatively cost-effective [9]. The short exposure time to microwaves, preserves most compounds from degradation reactions [10]. Better extraction rates, high oil yields and good oil quality indicate that a continuous microwave system would be feasible for a greater variety of oil bearing seeds [11]. Thus it can be inferred that it is a potential process for extraction of oil from pongamia pinnata seeds.Pongamia pinnata is the tree species found abundantly in southern part of India and oil content is non-edible. Due to increase in demand of fuels and pressure on edible oils, also having advantages such as being able to be grown in non-fertile and waste land, the pongamia pinnata is an important sustainable feedstock for producing biodiesel [12]. 2. Materials and methods The microwave oven used in this study is Samsung CE1041DFB with the operating frequency of 2450 MHz, which is suitable for oil extraction [13]. The microwave was modified by drilling a hole at the center on the top to assemble a glass tube with side arm. A heat exchanger was connected to this glass tube by means of a rubber tube to ensure condensation of the oil vapors. For circulation of cold water in heat exchanger, a low capacity electric pump was connected. Other end of the heat exchanger was connected to a vacuum flask which in turn was connected to a diaphragm pump. Diaphragm pump ensures a negative pressure throughout the system, to collect the condensed oil. Air tightness of the system was ensured.The MAE system thus developed is as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Microwave assisted system for extraction of oil.
The pongamia seeds were fine ground using a mechanical expeller that converted the whole seed mass into a fine flake structure that increases the overall surface area of exposure of the seeds to the microwave radiations. Increase in the temperature on exposure of seed to microwaves causes oil solute in the seed matrix to get converted into oil vapor. Due to the pressure difference created by diaphragm pump, the oil vapours start to move into the condenser. In the condenser, the oil vapours gets converted into oil by giving heat to the coolant flowing in the glass tube. The oil flows to the vacuum flask and gets collected in it. 3. Results and discussion 25 grams of powdered pongamia seeds were taken in the glass tube (W1). Power in the microwave oven was set at available powers of microwave oven. i.e. 300 W, 600 W and 900 W. Glass tube was placed in the microwave cavity. Microwave oven was started. Experiment was repeated for various extraction times at each power setting of microwave oven. Yield obtained was noted down.
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3.1.1. Results at 300 W Experiment was repeated for 10 – 30 minutes of extraction time in intervals of 10 minutes and weight was recorded. Yield obtained was noted down as shown in Table 1. It was observed that oil yield was very low. Table 1. Observations at 300 W. Trial No.
Time in min
Final Weight (W2) in g
W1-W2 (g)
Yield %
2 3
20 30
24.0 23.7
1.0 1.3
4.0 5.2
3.2. Results at 600 W Experiment was repeated for 10 – 18 minutes of extraction time in intervals of 2 minutes and weight was recorded. Yield obtained was noted down as shown in Table 2. It was observed that amount of oil collected increased with increase in extraction time. After extraction time of 14 minutes, amount of oil collected remained constant. Table 2. Observations at 600 W. Trial No.
Time in min
Final Weight (W2) in g
W1-W2 (g)
Yield %
1 2 3 4 5
10 12 14 16 18
21.1 20.4 20.1 20.1 20.1
3.9 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.9
15.6 18.4 19.6 19.6 19.6
3.3. Results at 900 W Experiment was repeated for 6 – 10 minutes of extraction time in intervals of 2 minutes and weight was recorded. Yield obtained was noted down as shown in Table 3. It was observed that amount of oil collected increased with increase in extraction time. At an extraction time of 10 minutes, collection of char in the heat exchanger was observed. This was due to combustion of oil vapor. Hence further trials were not conducted at 900 W. Table 3. Observations at 900 W. Trial No.
Time in min
Final Weight (W2) in g
W1-W2 (g)
Yield %
1 2 3
6 8 10
22.2 20.9 18.8
2.8 4.1 6.2
11.2 16.4 24.8
Thus comparison of yield at different power levels indicates that 900 W resulted in oil yield of 16.4% with 8 minutes of extraction time. However with an extraction time of 10 minutes at this power, the seed mass gets burnt. Also yield at 300 W was very low. Power of 600 W and 14 minutes of extraction gave an oil yield of 19.6%. Beyond 14 minutes with this power, there was no further increase in oil yield.
Fig. 2. Comparison of oil yield at different power levels.
Chandra Kumar R et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 2960–2964
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Hence power of 600W and 14 minutes of extraction time was the optimum condition for extraction of oil from pongamia seeds. Oil yield % at different power levels are as shown in Fig. 2. 3.4. Characterization of extracted oil Properties of oil extracted using MAE was tested and compared with oil obtained from conventional mechanical expeller as shown in Table 4. Table 4. Comparison of properties oil obtained from mechanical expeller and MAE system. Property
Oil extracted using Mechanical expeller
Oil extracted using MAE system
Flash point Kinematic Viscosity at 400C Density
1830C 4.031 10-5m2/s 0.9275 g/cm3
1750C 3.84 10-5 m2/s 0.940 cm3
Hence it is clear that properties of obtained oil from MAE are comparable with the oil obtained from mechanical expeller [14]. 4. Conclusions Microwave Assisted Extraction has been successfully carried out from pongamia pinnata seeds in this work. Experiments on oil extraction have been carried out with different powers of microwave. It was found that 600 W of power with an extraction time of 14 min was the optimum condition for extraction of oil. Also characterization of oil thus obtained indicated that quality of oil was comparable with that of oil obtained using conventional method of oil extraction using mechanical oil expeller. Scaling up of this system could be carried out to increase oil yield. Acknowledgements Authors wish to thank Karnataka State Bioenergy Development Board and Karnataka State Council for Science & Technology for supporting this work. References [1] Takeuchi T., Pereira C., Maróstica M., Braga M., Leal P, Meirelles A., Low- Pressure Solvent Extraction (Solid-Liquid Extraction, Microwave Assisted and Ultrasound Assisted) from Condiments Plants Extracting Bioactive Compounds for Food Products, first ed., chapter 4, 2009. [2] B. G. Terigar, S. Balasubramanian, C. M. Sabliov, M. Lima, D. Boldor, Soybean and rice bran oil extraction in a continuous microwave system: From laboratory - to pilot –scale, J. Food Engineering .104 (2010) 208-217. [3] E. Chiavaro, M. T. Rodriguez-Estrada, E. Vittadini, N. Pellegrini, Microwave Heating of Different Vegetable Oils: Relation Between Chemical and Thermal Parameters, LWT- Scie. Tech. 43 (2010) 1104-1112. [4] S. Azadmard-Damirchi, F. Habibi-Nodeh, J. Hesari, M. Nemati, B. F. Achachlouei, Effect of pretreatment with microwaves on oxidative stability and nutraceuticals content of oil from rapeseed, Food Chemistry. 121 (2009) 1211-1215. [5] Ferhat M., Meklati B., Smadja J., Chemat F.,An improved microwave Clevenger apparatus for distillation of essential oils from orange peel, J. Chromatogr. A. 1112(1-2) (2006) 121-126. [6] Lucchesi M. E., Smadja J., Bradshaw S., Louw W., Chemat F., Solvent free microwave extraction of Elletaria cardamomum L.: A multivariate study of a new technique for the extraction of essential oil, J. Food Engineering. 79(3) (2007) 1079–1086. [7] Farhat A., Ginies C., Romdhane M., Chemat F., Eco-friendly and cleaner process for isolation of essential oil using microwave energy: Experimental and theoretical study, J. Chromatogr. A. 1216(26) (2009) 5077-5085. [8] M.P. Lompart, R.A. Lorenzo, Cela, R., Optimization of a Microwave assisted Extraction Method for Phenol and Methylphenol Isomers in Soil Samples Using a Central Composite Design Pare, J.R.J. Analyst. 122 (1997) 133-137. [9] M.E. Lucchesi, F. Chemat, J. Smadja, Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from aromatic herbs: comparison with conventional hydrodistillation, J. Chromatogr. A. 1043 (2004) 323-327. [10] F. Amarni, H. Kadi, Kinetics study of microwave-assisted solvent extraction of oil from olive cake using hexane: Comparison with the conventional extraction, IFSET. Vol. 11(2009) 322-327. [11] S. Balasubramanian, J. D. Allen, A. Kanitkar, D. Boldor, Oil extraction from Scenedesmusobliquus using a continuous microwave system – design, optimization, and quality characterization, Bioresource Tech. 102 (2010) 3396-3403.
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[12] Bobade S.N., Khyade V.B, “Detail study on the Properties of Pongamia Pinnata (Karanja) for the Production of Biofuel”, Research Journal of Chemical Sciences. 2 (2012)16-20. [13] Routray W., Orsat V., Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids: A review, Food and Bioprocess Technology. 5(2) (2012) 409-424. [14] F. Amarni, H. Kadi, Kinetics study of microwave-assisted solvent extraction of oil from olive cake using hexane: Comparison with the conventional extraction, IFSET. 11(2009) 322-327.
ScienceDirect www.materialstoday.com/proceedings Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 2960–2964
ICAMA 2016
Microwave assisted extraction of oil from pongamia pinnata seeds Chandra Kumar Rc*, M M Benalb, B Durga Prasada, M S Krupashankarac, R S Kulkarnic, Siddaligaswamy N Hd a
JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapuramu, India Government Engineering College, Kushalnagar, India c R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India d AICTE, MHRD, Government of India, New Delhi, India b
Abstract Extraction of oil from seeds is typically carried out by mechanical oil extraction machine. In this study, oil extraction of pongamia pinnata seeds has been carried out using energy from microwaves. A microwave assisted oil extraction system was developed and oil was successfully extracted. Oil extraction was carried out by microwave powers of 300W, 600W and 900W. It was observed that at 300W, efficiency was low. 900W was efficient upto an extraction time of 8 minutes after which charring was observed. Hence optimum condition was found to be 600W and 14 minutes of extraction time. Obtained oil was subjected to quality testing and was compared with the oil obtained from mechanical method. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Advanced Materials and Applications (ICAMA 2016). Keywords: Microwave ; Energy ; Oil ; Extraction ; Pongamia
1. Introduction Microwaves are electromagnetic energy with frequencies from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. This energy is transmitted as waves, which penetrates into biomaterials and interact with molecules to generate heat [1]. Microwaves interact selectively with the free water molecules present, leading to localized heating. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]
2214-7853 © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Advanced Materials and Applications (ICAMA 2016).
Chandra Kumar R et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 2960–2964
2961
Thus temperature increases rapidly near or above the boiling point of water. Thus there is rapid expansion leading to the rupture of their walls [2]. Lipids have low specific heat. Hence they become susceptible to this radiation [3]. This would lead to permanent pores in the seed and thus result in higher yield [4]. Rapid heating is the key advantage of microwaves. Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) has shown to reduce extraction time and minimizing environmental impact by emitting lesser CO2 [5, 6] and requiring only a small fraction of the energy used in conventional extraction methods [7]. This method considerably enhances the efficiency of the extraction [8]. Thus Microwave assisted extraction is relatively cost-effective [9]. The short exposure time to microwaves, preserves most compounds from degradation reactions [10]. Better extraction rates, high oil yields and good oil quality indicate that a continuous microwave system would be feasible for a greater variety of oil bearing seeds [11]. Thus it can be inferred that it is a potential process for extraction of oil from pongamia pinnata seeds.Pongamia pinnata is the tree species found abundantly in southern part of India and oil content is non-edible. Due to increase in demand of fuels and pressure on edible oils, also having advantages such as being able to be grown in non-fertile and waste land, the pongamia pinnata is an important sustainable feedstock for producing biodiesel [12]. 2. Materials and methods The microwave oven used in this study is Samsung CE1041DFB with the operating frequency of 2450 MHz, which is suitable for oil extraction [13]. The microwave was modified by drilling a hole at the center on the top to assemble a glass tube with side arm. A heat exchanger was connected to this glass tube by means of a rubber tube to ensure condensation of the oil vapors. For circulation of cold water in heat exchanger, a low capacity electric pump was connected. Other end of the heat exchanger was connected to a vacuum flask which in turn was connected to a diaphragm pump. Diaphragm pump ensures a negative pressure throughout the system, to collect the condensed oil. Air tightness of the system was ensured.The MAE system thus developed is as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Microwave assisted system for extraction of oil.
The pongamia seeds were fine ground using a mechanical expeller that converted the whole seed mass into a fine flake structure that increases the overall surface area of exposure of the seeds to the microwave radiations. Increase in the temperature on exposure of seed to microwaves causes oil solute in the seed matrix to get converted into oil vapor. Due to the pressure difference created by diaphragm pump, the oil vapours start to move into the condenser. In the condenser, the oil vapours gets converted into oil by giving heat to the coolant flowing in the glass tube. The oil flows to the vacuum flask and gets collected in it. 3. Results and discussion 25 grams of powdered pongamia seeds were taken in the glass tube (W1). Power in the microwave oven was set at available powers of microwave oven. i.e. 300 W, 600 W and 900 W. Glass tube was placed in the microwave cavity. Microwave oven was started. Experiment was repeated for various extraction times at each power setting of microwave oven. Yield obtained was noted down.
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Chandra Kumar R et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 2960–2964
3.1.1. Results at 300 W Experiment was repeated for 10 – 30 minutes of extraction time in intervals of 10 minutes and weight was recorded. Yield obtained was noted down as shown in Table 1. It was observed that oil yield was very low. Table 1. Observations at 300 W. Trial No.
Time in min
Final Weight (W2) in g
W1-W2 (g)
Yield %
2 3
20 30
24.0 23.7
1.0 1.3
4.0 5.2
3.2. Results at 600 W Experiment was repeated for 10 – 18 minutes of extraction time in intervals of 2 minutes and weight was recorded. Yield obtained was noted down as shown in Table 2. It was observed that amount of oil collected increased with increase in extraction time. After extraction time of 14 minutes, amount of oil collected remained constant. Table 2. Observations at 600 W. Trial No.
Time in min
Final Weight (W2) in g
W1-W2 (g)
Yield %
1 2 3 4 5
10 12 14 16 18
21.1 20.4 20.1 20.1 20.1
3.9 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.9
15.6 18.4 19.6 19.6 19.6
3.3. Results at 900 W Experiment was repeated for 6 – 10 minutes of extraction time in intervals of 2 minutes and weight was recorded. Yield obtained was noted down as shown in Table 3. It was observed that amount of oil collected increased with increase in extraction time. At an extraction time of 10 minutes, collection of char in the heat exchanger was observed. This was due to combustion of oil vapor. Hence further trials were not conducted at 900 W. Table 3. Observations at 900 W. Trial No.
Time in min
Final Weight (W2) in g
W1-W2 (g)
Yield %
1 2 3
6 8 10
22.2 20.9 18.8
2.8 4.1 6.2
11.2 16.4 24.8
Thus comparison of yield at different power levels indicates that 900 W resulted in oil yield of 16.4% with 8 minutes of extraction time. However with an extraction time of 10 minutes at this power, the seed mass gets burnt. Also yield at 300 W was very low. Power of 600 W and 14 minutes of extraction gave an oil yield of 19.6%. Beyond 14 minutes with this power, there was no further increase in oil yield.
Fig. 2. Comparison of oil yield at different power levels.
Chandra Kumar R et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 2960–2964
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Hence power of 600W and 14 minutes of extraction time was the optimum condition for extraction of oil from pongamia seeds. Oil yield % at different power levels are as shown in Fig. 2. 3.4. Characterization of extracted oil Properties of oil extracted using MAE was tested and compared with oil obtained from conventional mechanical expeller as shown in Table 4. Table 4. Comparison of properties oil obtained from mechanical expeller and MAE system. Property
Oil extracted using Mechanical expeller
Oil extracted using MAE system
Flash point Kinematic Viscosity at 400C Density
1830C 4.031 10-5m2/s 0.9275 g/cm3
1750C 3.84 10-5 m2/s 0.940 cm3
Hence it is clear that properties of obtained oil from MAE are comparable with the oil obtained from mechanical expeller [14]. 4. Conclusions Microwave Assisted Extraction has been successfully carried out from pongamia pinnata seeds in this work. Experiments on oil extraction have been carried out with different powers of microwave. It was found that 600 W of power with an extraction time of 14 min was the optimum condition for extraction of oil. Also characterization of oil thus obtained indicated that quality of oil was comparable with that of oil obtained using conventional method of oil extraction using mechanical oil expeller. Scaling up of this system could be carried out to increase oil yield. Acknowledgements Authors wish to thank Karnataka State Bioenergy Development Board and Karnataka State Council for Science & Technology for supporting this work. References [1] Takeuchi T., Pereira C., Maróstica M., Braga M., Leal P, Meirelles A., Low- Pressure Solvent Extraction (Solid-Liquid Extraction, Microwave Assisted and Ultrasound Assisted) from Condiments Plants Extracting Bioactive Compounds for Food Products, first ed., chapter 4, 2009. [2] B. G. Terigar, S. Balasubramanian, C. M. Sabliov, M. Lima, D. Boldor, Soybean and rice bran oil extraction in a continuous microwave system: From laboratory - to pilot –scale, J. Food Engineering .104 (2010) 208-217. [3] E. Chiavaro, M. T. Rodriguez-Estrada, E. Vittadini, N. Pellegrini, Microwave Heating of Different Vegetable Oils: Relation Between Chemical and Thermal Parameters, LWT- Scie. Tech. 43 (2010) 1104-1112. [4] S. Azadmard-Damirchi, F. Habibi-Nodeh, J. Hesari, M. Nemati, B. F. Achachlouei, Effect of pretreatment with microwaves on oxidative stability and nutraceuticals content of oil from rapeseed, Food Chemistry. 121 (2009) 1211-1215. [5] Ferhat M., Meklati B., Smadja J., Chemat F.,An improved microwave Clevenger apparatus for distillation of essential oils from orange peel, J. Chromatogr. A. 1112(1-2) (2006) 121-126. [6] Lucchesi M. E., Smadja J., Bradshaw S., Louw W., Chemat F., Solvent free microwave extraction of Elletaria cardamomum L.: A multivariate study of a new technique for the extraction of essential oil, J. Food Engineering. 79(3) (2007) 1079–1086. [7] Farhat A., Ginies C., Romdhane M., Chemat F., Eco-friendly and cleaner process for isolation of essential oil using microwave energy: Experimental and theoretical study, J. Chromatogr. A. 1216(26) (2009) 5077-5085. [8] M.P. Lompart, R.A. Lorenzo, Cela, R., Optimization of a Microwave assisted Extraction Method for Phenol and Methylphenol Isomers in Soil Samples Using a Central Composite Design Pare, J.R.J. Analyst. 122 (1997) 133-137. [9] M.E. Lucchesi, F. Chemat, J. Smadja, Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from aromatic herbs: comparison with conventional hydrodistillation, J. Chromatogr. A. 1043 (2004) 323-327. [10] F. Amarni, H. Kadi, Kinetics study of microwave-assisted solvent extraction of oil from olive cake using hexane: Comparison with the conventional extraction, IFSET. Vol. 11(2009) 322-327. [11] S. Balasubramanian, J. D. Allen, A. Kanitkar, D. Boldor, Oil extraction from Scenedesmusobliquus using a continuous microwave system – design, optimization, and quality characterization, Bioresource Tech. 102 (2010) 3396-3403.
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Chandra Kumar R et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 2960–2964
[12] Bobade S.N., Khyade V.B, “Detail study on the Properties of Pongamia Pinnata (Karanja) for the Production of Biofuel”, Research Journal of Chemical Sciences. 2 (2012)16-20. [13] Routray W., Orsat V., Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids: A review, Food and Bioprocess Technology. 5(2) (2012) 409-424. [14] F. Amarni, H. Kadi, Kinetics study of microwave-assisted solvent extraction of oil from olive cake using hexane: Comparison with the conventional extraction, IFSET. 11(2009) 322-327.