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NFC Interface for Standalone Data Acquisition Device*
14th IFAC IFAC Conference Conference on on Programmable Programmable Devices Devices and and Embedded Embedded 14th 14th Systems 14th IFAC IFAC Conference Conference on on Programmable Programmable Devices Devices and and Embedded Embedded Systems 14th IFAC5-7, Conference onCzech Programmable Devices and Embedded Systems October 2016. Brno, Brno, Republic Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Systems5-7, October 2016. Czech Republic Systems October October 5-7, 5-7, 2016. 2016. Brno, Brno, Czech Czech Republic Republic October 5-7, 2016. Brno, Czech Republic
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IFAC-PapersOnLine 49-25 (2016) 437–441
NFC NFC NFC
Interface for Standalone Interface for Interface for Standalone Standalone Acquisition Device Acquisition Acquisition Device Device
Data Data Data
Michal Prauzek, Prauzek, Jaromir Jaromir Konecny, Konecny, Marketa Marketa Venclikova, Venclikova, Vojtech Vojtech Baranek Baranek Michal Michal Prauzek, Jaromir Konecny, Marketa Venclikova, Vojtech Baranek Michal Michal Prauzek, Prauzek, Jaromir Jaromir Konecny, Konecny, Marketa Marketa Venclikova, Venclikova, Vojtech Vojtech Baranek Baranek Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava-Poruba 70833, Department Cybernetics and Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba 70833, Department of of Cybernetics and Biomedical Biomedical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba 70833, Czech Republic (email: [email protected], VSB-Technical University of Ostrava-Poruba 70833, Czech Republic (email: [email protected], VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba 70833, Czech Republic (email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], Czech [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], Czech Republic Republic (email: (email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) [email protected]) [email protected]) Abstract: Abstract: Standalone Standalone embedded embedded monitoring monitoring devices devices are are powered powered utilizing utilizing alternative alternative sources sources Abstract: Standalone embedded monitoring monitoring devicesgrid. are powered powered utilizingof alternative sources of energy to be fully independent on the power grid. To be capable of the long long horizon horizon Abstract: Standalone embedded devices are utilizing alternative sources of energy to be fully independent on the power To be capable the Abstract: Standalone embedded monitoring devices are powered utilizing alternative sources of energy such to bea fully independent on energetic the power grid. Toconditions. be capableThis of article the long horizon operation such device need to to satisfy satisfy energetic neutrality conditions. This article introduces of energy to fully on the grid. be of the horizon operation device need neutrality introduces of energy such to be beaa device fully independent independent on energetic the power power grid. To Toconditions. be capable capableThis of article the long long horizon operation need to satisfy neutrality introduces a power energy independent measurement embedded monitoring system concept using NFC operation such a device need to satisfy energetic neutrality conditions. This article introduces a power energy independent measurement embedded monitoring system concept using NFC operation such aindependent device need measurement to satisfy energetic neutrality conditions. This article using introduces acommunication, power energy embedded monitoring system concept NFC profiting from a low energy efficient transmission on the side of the embedded a power energy independent measurement embedded monitoring system concept using NFC communication, profiting frommeasurement a low energy embedded efficient transmission on the side of theusing embedded acommunication, power energy profiting independent monitoring system concept NFC from NFC a lowinterface energy efficient transmission on the side side ofprotocol the embedded device. The The concept concept comprises NFC interface with aa proposal proposal of communication communication protocol design communication, profiting from a energy transmission on the device. comprises with of design communication, profiting from NFC a low lowinterface energy efficient efficient transmission on the the side of ofprotocol the embedded embedded device. The concept comprises with a proposal of communication design utilizing a non-volatile EEPROM. The measurement system is based on Kinetis FRDM-KL25Z device. The concept comprises NFC interface with a proposal of communication protocol design utilizing a non-volatile EEPROM. The measurement system is based on Kinetis FRDM-KL25Z device. The concept comprises NFCThe interface with a proposal ofbased communication design utilizing adevelopment non-volatile EEPROM. measurement system is on Kinetis protocol FRDM-KL25Z Freedom platform. The testing has that the NFC communication interface utilizing non-volatile EEPROM. The measurement system based Kinetis FRDM-KL25Z Freedom a development platform. The testing has proved proved that is the NFCon communication interface utilizing a non-volatile EEPROM. The measurement system is based on Kinetis FRDM-KL25Z Freedom development platform. The testing has proved that the NFC communication interface is only configuration data and the wireless diagnostics. merge Freedom development The has that NFC interface is not not eligible eligible only for forplatform. configuration data recording recording and thethe wireless diagnostics. The The merge Freedom development The testing testing has proved proved that NFC communication communication interface is not eligible eligible onlyinterface forplatform. configuration data recording recording and thethe wireless diagnostics. The merge between the NFC interface and EEPROM technology is suitable also for a limited measured is not only for configuration data and the wireless diagnostics. The merge between the NFC and EEPROM technology is suitable also for a limited measured is not eligible only for configuration data recording and the wireless diagnostics. The merge between the NFC interface interface and EEPROM EEPROM technology is is suitable also also for aa limited limited measured data transfer. transfer. between the data between the NFC NFC interface and and EEPROM technology technology is suitable suitable also for for a limited measured measured data transfer. transfer. data data transfer. © 2016, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Keywords: Android; Android; embedded; embedded; low-power; low-power; NFC; NFC; measuring measuring Keywords: Android; embedded; low-power; NFC; measuring Keywords: Android; embedded; low-power; NFC; measuring measuring Keywords: Android; embedded; low-power; NFC; bedded monitoring monitoring devices devices not not having having any any energy energy budget budget 1. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION bedded 1. 1. INTRODUCTION bedded monitoring devices not having any energy budget available. 1. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION bedded monitoring devices not having any energy budget available. 1. bedded monitoring devices not having any energy budget available. available. Within the the range range of of embedded embedded systems systems utilized utilized to to gather gather available. Within This article article describes describes aa possibility possibility of of NFC NFC interface interface dedeThis Within the range of embedded systems utilized to gather various of from natural sources (Prauzek Within the range range of either embedded systems utilized to gather This various type type of data data either fromsystems natural utilized sources to (Prauzek article describes aa monitoring possibility of NFC interface deployment in embedded system together with This article describes possibility of NFC interface deWithin the of embedded gather ployment in embedded monitoring system together with This article describes a possibility of NFC interface devarious type of data either from natural sources (Prauzek (Prauzek et or a of provarious type of of data data either from natural natural sources et al. al. (2014a)) (2014a)) or as as a product product of technological technological pro- ployment in embedded monitoring system together with aployment proposal of communication protocol concept utilizing a in embedded monitoring system together with various type either from sources (Prauzek a proposal of communication protocol concept utilizing a ployment in embedded monitoring system together with et al. (2014a)) or as a product of technological processal. (Pies et al. al. (2014)) (2014)) there often arises arises conflicts of of goals. goals. et al. (2014a)) or as as there a product product of technological technological pro- anon-volatile cess (Pies et often conflicts proposal of communication protocol concept utilizing a EEPROM. The basic overview regarding NFC a proposal of communication protocol concept utilizing a et (2014a)) or a of pronon-volatile EEPROM. The basic overview regarding NFC a proposal of communication protocol concept utilizing a cess (Pies et al. (2014)) there often arises conflicts of goals. Such a conflicts are tied up mainly with requirements onto cess (Pies et al. (2014)) there often arises conflicts of goals. Such a conflicts are tied up mainly with requirements onto non-volatile EEPROM. The basic overview regarding NFC communication interface and low-power systems requirenon-volatile EEPROM. The basic overview regarding NFC cess (Pies et al. (2014)) there often arises conflicts of goals. communication interface and low-power systems requirenon-volatile EEPROM. The basic overview regarding NFC Such a conflicts are tied up mainly with requirements onto system functionality which are in a direct conflict with a Such a conflicts are tied up mainly with requirements onto system functionality which are in awith direct conflict with a ments communication interface and low-power systems requirecan be in Background. communication interface low-power systems requireSuch a conflicts are tied up mainly requirements onto ments and and definitions definitions can and be found found in section section Background. interface and low-power systems requiresystem functionality which are in aa direct conflict with deliverable power options al. system functionality which are in in(Prauzek direct et conflict with aaa communication deliverable power supply supply options (Prauzek et al. (2014b)). (2014b)). ments and definitions can be found in section Background. The section Measurement Device Concept describes how ments and definitions can be found in section Background. system functionality which are a direct conflict with The section Measurement Device Concept describes how ments and definitions can be found in section Background. deliverable power supply options (Prauzek et al. (2014b)). While the the system system functionality requirements are extensive The deliverable power functionality supply options options (Prauzek et et are al. (2014b)). (2014b)). While requirements extensive section Measurement Device Concept describes how the device is composed detailing particular subsegments. The section Measurement Device Concept describes how deliverable power supply (Prauzek al. the device is composed detailing particular subsegments. The section Measurement Device Concept describes how While the system functionality requirements are extensive in terms of various sensor measurement options, data storWhile the system functionality requirements are extensive in terms of various sensor measurement options, data storthe device is composed detailing particular subsegments. Subsequently the section Application and Testing provides the device is composed detailing particular subsegments. While the system functionality requirements are extensive Subsequently the section Application and Testing provides the device is composed detailing particular subsegments. in terms of various sensor measurement options, data storage and data transfer, the power supply sources for those in terms of various sensor measurement options, data storageterms and data transfer, themeasurement power supplyoptions, sourcesdata for those Application and Testing provides verification the proposed system from pracSubsequently the section Application and provides in of various sensor stor- Subsequently verification of ofthe thesection proposed system design design from the the pracsection Application and Testing Testing provides age and data transfer, the power supply sources for those systems are habitually habitually limited bysupply battery dimensions or Subsequently age and data data transfer, the the powerby supply sources for those those systems are limited battery dimensions or verification ofthe the proposed system design from in the practical side. The whole experiment is summarized in section verification of the proposed system design from the pracage and transfer, power sources for tical side. The whole experiment is summarized section verification of the proposed system design from the pracsystems are habitually limited by battery dimensions or the variability variability of the the alternative alternative sources of (namely systems are habitually habitually limited by by battery dimensions or tical the of sources of energy energy (namely side. The whole experiment is summarized in section Conclusion providing the outline of the future additional tical side. The whole experiment is summarized in section systems are limited battery dimensions or Conclusion providing the outline of the future additional tical side. The whole experiment is summarized in section the variability of the alternative sources of energy (namely solar, wind, mechanical, thermoelectric etc.) (Hajovsky the variability of the the alternative alternative sources of ofetc.) energy (namely Conclusion solar, wind, mechanical, thermoelectric (Hajovsky providing the outline of the future additional research in particular Conclusion providing the outline the variability of sources energy (namely research in the the particular field. providing the field. outline of of the the future future additional additional solar, wind, mechanical, thermoelectric etc.) (Hajovsky et Control the systems solar, wind, mechanical, mechanical, thermoelectric etc.) (Hajovsky (Hajovsky et al. al. (2016)). (2016)). Control of ofthermoelectric the above above mentioned mentioned systems Conclusion research in the particular field. research in the particular field. solar, wind, etc.) research in the particular field. et al. (2016)). Control of the above mentioned systems is mainly based on a fuzzy control algorithm (Watts et al. et al. (2016)). Control of the above mentioned systems is mainly based on a fuzzy control algorithm (Watts et al. et al. (2016)). Control of control the above mentioned systems 2. BACKGROUND BACKGROUND is mainly based on fuzzy algorithm (Watts et al. 2. (2014)), (Prauzek etfuzzy al. (2016)), (2016)), prediction of obtainable is mainly (Prauzek based on on aaaet fuzzy controlprediction algorithm of (Watts et al. al. (2014)), al. obtainable is mainly based control algorithm (Watts et 2. BACKGROUND 2. (2014)), (Prauzek et al. (2016)), prediction of obtainable energy gained from alternative sources (Prauzek et al. (2014)), (Prauzek et al. (2016)), prediction of obtainable 2. BACKGROUND BACKGROUND energy gained fromet alternative sources (Prauzek et al. (2014)), (Prauzek al. (2016)), prediction of obtainable 2.1 NFC NFC -- Near Near Field Field Communication Communication energy gained from alternative sources (Prauzek et al. (2015)) and of algorithms energy gained from alternative alternative sources (Prauzek (Prauzek etdesal. 2.1 (2015)) gained and utilization utilization of the the optimization optimization algorithmset desenergy from sources al. 2.1 NFC -- Near Field Communication 2.1 NFC Near Field Communication (2015)) and utilization of the optimization algorithms designated for various specifics of operation (Krömer et al. (2015)) and utilization of the optimization algorithms designated for various specifics of operation (Krömer et al. 2.1 NFC Near Field Communication (2015)) and utilization of the optimization algorithms designated for various specifics of operation (Krömer et al. The idea that portable devices could (2014)). ignated for various specifics of operation (Krömer et al. The idea that portable could communicate communicate with with (2014)). ignated for various specifics of operation (Krömer et al. The idea that portable devices devices could communicate with (2014)). other devices, either portable or immobile ones, utilizThe idea that portable devices could communicate with (2014)). other devices, either portable or immobile ones, utilizThe idea that portable devices could communicate with (2014)). A broad broad range range of of wireless wireless communication communication interfaces interfaces (Koudelka (Koudelka other A devices, either portable or immobile ones, utilizing a radio communication mediated by an embedded other devices, either portable or immobile ones, utilizing a radio communication mediated by an embedded other devices, either portable or immobile ones, utilizA broad range of wireless communication interfaces (Koudelka et broad al. (2014)) (2014)) opens up communication today to to be be utilized utilized by (Koudelka such aa ing A broad range of of wireless communication interfaces (Koudelka et al. opens up today by such communication an embedded antenna (Al-Wohaishi et al. al. mediated (2011)) for forby short distances ing aaa radio radio communication mediated by an A range wireless interfaces antenna (Al-Wohaishi et (2011)) distances radio communication mediated byshort an embedded embedded et al. (2014)) opens up today to be utilized by such systems benefiting from low transmission et al. (2014)) (2014)) opens upa today to be beefficient utilized by such such aaa ing systems benefiting from a today low energy energy efficient transmission antenna (Al-Wohaishi et al. (2011)) for short distances with security in addition, had caused the formation of antenna (Al-Wohaishi et al. (2011)) for short distances et al. opens up to utilized by with security in addition, had caused the formation of an an antenna (Al-Wohaishi et al. (2011)) for short distances systems benefiting from low energy efficient transmission on of monitoring systems whilst systems benefiting from aaa low low energy efficient efficient transmission on the the side side of embedded embedded monitoring systems whilst the the with security in addition, had caused the formation of an NFC standard. There had been many projects having the with security in addition, had caused the formation of an systems benefiting from energy transmission NFC standard. There had been many projects having the with security in addition, had caused the formation of an on the side of embedded monitoring systems whilst the main energy load is on on the the side of of the the data acquisition acquisition on theenergy side of ofload embedded monitoring systems whilst the the NFC main is side data standard. There had been many projects having the same idea in the past, but only the NFC have found its NFC standard. There had been many projects having the on the side embedded monitoring systems whilst same idea in the past, but only the NFC have found its NFC standard. There had been many projects having the main energy load is on the side of the data acquisition deviceenergy (Lian et et al. is (2013)). Near Field Connection (NFC) same main energy load is on the theNear sideField of the the data acquisition acquisition device (Lian al. (2013)). Connection (NFC) in the past, but only the NFC have found its employment. same idea idea main load on side of data employment. idea in in the the past, past, but but only only the the NFC NFC have have found found its its device (Lian et al. (2013)). Near Field Connection (NFC) appears to suitable communication interface emdevice (Lian eta al. (2013)). Near Field Field Connection Connection (NFC) appears(Lian to be beet a al. suitable communication interface for for em- same employment. employment. device (2013)). Near (NFC) employment. appears to be aa suitable communication interface for emThe NFC NFC is is in in fact fact aa standard standard described described by by the the ISO/IEC ISO/IEC appears to be suitable communication interface for emThe appears to be a suitable communication interface for em- The NFC is in fact a standard described by the ISO/IEC 14443, ISO/IEC 18092 and other other standards published by The NFC is aa standard described by ISO/IEC This 14443, ISO/IEC 18092 and standards published by This work work was was supported supported by by the the project project SP2016/162, SP2016/162, “Develop“DevelopThe NFC is in in fact fact standard described by the the ISO/IEC 14443, ISO/IEC 18092 and other other standards published by NFC Forum. The NFC Forum is an association founded 14443, ISO/IEC 18092 and standards published by This was by the project SP2016/162, “Development of work algorithms and systems systems for control, measurement and safety NFC Forum. The NFC Forum is an association founded Thisof work was supported supported by for thecontrol, project measurement SP2016/162, and “Development algorithms and safety 14443, ISO/IEC 18092 and other standards published by Thisof work was supported by for thecontrol, project measurement SP2016/162, and “DevelopNFC Forum. The NFC Forum is an association founded by ment algorithms and systems safety NXP Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to unify companies applications II” of Student Grant System, VSB-TU Ostrava. NFC Forum. The NFC Forum is an association founded by ment of algorithms and systems for control, measurement and safety NXP Forum. Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to unifyfounded companies applications II” of Student Grant System, VSB-TU Ostrava. NFC The NFC Forum is an association by ment of algorithms and systems for control, measurement and safety NXP Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to unify companies applications NXP Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to unify companies applications II” II” of of Student Student Grant Grant System, System, VSB-TU VSB-TU Ostrava. Ostrava. NXP Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to unify companies applications II” of Student Grant System, VSB-TU Ostrava.
Copyright © 2016, 2016 437 Copyright 2016 IFAC IFAC 437 Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2405-8963 © IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Copyright © 2016 IFAC 437 Copyright ©under 2016 responsibility IFAC 437Control. Peer review of International Federation of Automatic Copyright © 2016 IFAC 437 10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.12.051
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participating the NFC technology development, today covering up to 200 of companies. The NFC expands the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system, whereas the NFC focus bandwidth is rather narrow. It utilizes loop antennas operating on frequency of 13.56 MHz for communication intentionally limited by the reach up to 10 cm in maximum, while the real reach is halved of the maximum declared reach or less.
forming the basis of the system, digital and analog interfaces to connect sensors, NFC interface and a smartphone. The device is supplied from the inner power supply source.
The NFC Forum defines a data exchange format among the NFC entities called NDEF (NFC Data Exchange Format). A fundamental unit is called NDEF record comprising information about data type, data length and the transferred data itself. The data can be some of the NFC Forum defined types, URI, MIME or even unknown. Records of the same type are being merged into NDEF message. The entire problematics of the NDEF mechanism is complex, targeting to optimize the communication. The NFC is systematically divided into several groups according to purpose of the NFC utilization corresponding to NFC modes of operation: • Reader/Writer mode means that the reader can access tag data. The communication is regulated according to ISO/IEC 14443 standard, or FeliCa. The reader provides the source of energy to the tag which determines this mode to be the least energy efficient. • Peer-to-peer mode means that two readers communicate mutually and exchange data between each other. The communication is regulated by NFCIP-1 standard, which introduces basic mechanisms in the link layer. A LLCP protocol extends the NFCIP-1 standard on advanced mechanisms in the way of the link layer behavior. • Card emulation mode is an NFC specialty since the reader acts as a tag and the communication is going in the same way as in reader/writer mode.
Fig. 1. Block diagram of embedded measurement concept with NFC interface 3.1 Microcontroller - MCU The Freescale Kinetis L microcontroller (MCU) creates a core of the embedded measurement system. This Kinetis L MCU series, based on the ARM Cortex-M0+ 32-bit core is targeted to ultra–low power applications benefiting from low consumption and sufficient performance at the same time. This makes the Kinetis L MCU series ideal for such a system where an accumulator serves as a power supply source alongside with the demand onto computational power.
2.2 Low-power methods Many of the embedded monitoring devices are independent on the power grid, utilizing alternative sources of energy to supply their operation. The devices must fulfill so–called energetic neutrality conditions to be capable of the long horizon operation. The main concept of the energetic neutrality of the device, that is supposed to operate continuously and infinitely, stands on the principal that the power supply source must deliver at least such an amount of energy that the device is supposed to consume in a certain period of time. The theory of the energetic neutrality was first presented in (Kansal et al. (2004)), similar theories were also published in other literatures (Hsu et al. (2006), Kansal et al. (2006), Vigorito et al. (2007)). The article (Kansal et al. (2007)) describes the power supply source and the consuming device using the same mathematical model derived by generalizing the former theoretical studies (Kansal et al. (2004)). 3. MEASUREMENT DEVICE CONCEPT
Fig. 2. FRDM-KL25Z: Freedom Development Platform for Kinetis
The device (block diagram can be seen on Fig. 1) is composed of essential blocks comprising a microcontroller
The FRDM-KL25Z microcontroller based platform (see Fig. 2) was deployed in the measurement system. First
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of all a code for the general functionality of the MCU comprising libraries supporting control of the communication interfaces (UART and I2 C ) and ADC measurement has been developed. In the following phase libraries to access the M24SR IC were implemented. Finally a control system putting the aforementioned algorithms into effect and providing the entire system functionality in such a manner that MCU is capable to respond to changes caused by another device (smartphone in particular), was implemented. 3.2 Power Supply The device is supplied from the independent source, a coin cell CR2032 specifically. This source enables operation of the device independent on the additional sources, however there is no longer possible to keep wireless subblock of the device energy–efficient . The coin cell source is connected to the device without utilizing any DC/DC converters, which causes the efficiency to be approaching 100%. For the future design there is a possibility to use another source of energy (e.g. Li-ion cell) or utilize a supercapacitor to supply the system. There is also an option to use renewable energy sources available from the environment gained with solar panels and other converters (mechanical, thermoelectric etc.). 3.3 NFC Interface The ST Microelectronics IC M24SR was used to implement a physical layer of the NFC standard. This chip consists of several components: an EEPROM of 8 kB capacity constitutes a basis of the chip that interconnects other two communication components. The first one is I2 C communication interface, where the chip acts as a slave, the second one is NFC interface connected to antenna. Within the NFC the chip is responsible for planning specification of ISO/IEC 14443 type A and NFC Forum type 4, and receives messages on 13.56 MHz frequency over a short distances. There is no need to plug in an additional power supply to perform NFC communication since the antenna serves also as a source of energy during ongoing communication. In addition the chip features one input and one output pin. The input pin marked RF disable disables the antenna when reading log. one so it cannot be even recognized by the active devices. The output pin function (marked as GPO) is to notify the external MCU about the NFC activity. The chip provides several modes of operation including manual control or it is capable of automatic reflection of the smartphone to antena etc. The purpose of the communication is to perform reading/writing to/from the memory. A certain arbitration is implemented in the chip preventing the coincident access to the memory. Both sides does not have an equaled level of rights. Certain operations cannot be performed via NFC, for instance the GPO mode cannot be configured this way. On the other hand I2 C is has the option to disable the NFC functionality and even to terminate ongoing NFC communication. 439
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3.4 Digital and Analog sensors The concept of the device enables to connect either analogue or digital sensors. A certain demands are placed onto sensors to be connected, particularly in terms of low power consumption not to load down the available source of energy significantly. A group of recommended sensors comprises all the active analogue sensors acting as a current source in their run mode, followed by energy efficient digital sensors usually connected via UART, SPI, I2 C or 1-wire communication interfaces. 3.5 User Interface - Smart-Phone The application has been developed using JAVA language and put into the test utilizing two methods - a White and a Black box. The testing was performed with a help of Huawei P8 Lite smartphone having the Android Lollipop 5.0.1 operational system. During the Black box testing the application was being used in the common way, it means that measurements were repeatedly performed, interrupted, data were read and deleted, the configuration was changed, all together to simulate a common application user. The application was assessed as a flawless based on the results of the Black box testing. Afterwards the White box testing method was performed, where all the possible combinations of options were intentionally configured, incorrect data and non-ideal inputs were fed into the application. 4. APPLICATION AND TESTING The entire system was also tested on the experimental measurement of the charging characteristic of the capacitor. An RC circuit was connected to the device analogue inputs to perform a simulation of the charging and discharging. Also a period of measurement and a number of samples could be modified using the developed application on the smartphone. After a successful measurement sequence initiation, the device has started to measure. When the sequence has been finished, the data could be read using the smartphone and the awaited charging and discharging characteristics of the capacitor could be checked. 4.1 Measurement procedure The algorithm 1 describes the way of data acquisition which is under the control of the MCU. The measurement is performed on demand (an interrupt clocked by the real time clock is generated). This approach enables scheduling of the individual measurement sequences and alongside the MCU can be in a power–safe mode during the period of time when no measurements are required. The data are stored in externally approachable EEPROM which makes the data writing operation being independent both on the level of the energy available in the power supply and the current MCU mode. 4.2 Measurement and Configuration Tool A user interface of the measurement and configuration tool is presented on figure 3.
2016 IFAC PDES 440 October 5-7, 2016. Brno, Czech Republic Michal Prauzek et al. / IFAC-PapersOnLine 49-25 (2016) 437–441
(b) New measurement wizard
(a) Main menu - information
(c) Data output format and sending
(d) Permissions configuration
Fig. 3. Set of screen-shots of software measurement and configuration tool implemented in OS Android The main menu is an entry point of the application. The configuration menu is accessible through the icon (1) . Clicking on the button (2) is an essential transaction causing a prompt to attach the smartphone, so the data are read from the NFC chip memory and subsequently displayed in the application window (3). Buttons (5,6) are only enabled after data are loaded from the memory. The dialog detailing the information about the measurement state is displayed by clicking on the text field (4). Button 5 is to open a chip security menu, button 6 to open measurement manager window.
Algorithm 1 Measurement algorithm 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: 20: 21: 22:
if Measurement running then if RTC alarm then Validate date if Datum correct then Measure and write sample if Maximum reached then Terminate measurement return else Calc next alarm Set alarm return end if end if end if end if if Phone appears then Measure battery if Is phone away then Assessment end if end if
The way how to protect the chip memory can be selected from the following options (1): non-secured mode, secured memory writing mode or compound secured writing and reading mode. Different options are displayed depending on the activity done by modifying options in (1), for instance when the mode of memory protection is changed from the secured writing to the secured writing and reading, this action causes a display of the switch enabling a password change. The password can be written into the text field (2) and the repeated password input may be required. The check-box (3) enables to remember the password for the later changes. Changes are confirmed 440
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by clicking the button (4), the password is checked and afterwards the user is prompted to attach the smartphone. 5. CONCLUSION This article presents a solution enabling to connect an energy passive communication interface in form of NFC. This solution is suitable for applications having energy constraints from the power supply side and the power supply of the wireless communication interface itself is inconvenient or technically demanding. The testing has proved that the NFC communication interface is not eligible only for configuration data recording and the wireless diagnostics. The merge between the NFC interface and EEPROM technology is suitable also for a limited measured data transfer. The solution is then appropriate for measurement systems having a long measurement period. NFC also fulfills such a power supply concept demands utilizing a coin cell battery. In the future work this concept will be put through the long term testing along with the analysis of the operation time of such monitoring devices and a possibility of the data reading automation will be inspected. An option of interconnection NFC monitoring systems with the devices utilizing automated localization (as described in (Konecny et al. (2016))) will be the next subject of the study. REFERENCES Al-Wohaishi, M., Martinek, R., and Zidek, J. (2011). Analysis of M-QAM data communication system using 3D eye diagram, volume 189 CCIS of Communications in Computer and Information Science. Hajovsky, R., Pies, M., and Richtar, L. (2016). Analysis of the appropriateness of the use of peltier cells as energy sources. Sensors (Switzerland), 16(6). Hsu, J., Zahedi, S., Kansal, A., Srivastava, M., and Raghunathan, V. (2006). Adaptive duty cycling for energy harvesting systems. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, volume 2006, 180–185. Kansal, A., Hsu, J., Srivastava, M., and Raghunathan, V. (2006). Harvesting aware power management for sensor networks. In Proceedings - Design Automation Conference, 651–656. Kansal, A., Potter, D., and Srivastava, M. (2004). Performance aware tasking for environmentally powered sensor networks. Performance Evaluation Review, 32(1), 223–234. Kansal, A., Hsu, J., Zahedi, S., and Srivastava, M.B. (2007). Power management in energy harvesting sensor networks. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst., 6(4). doi: 10.1145/1274858.1274870. Konecny, J., Prauzek, M., Kromer, P., and Musilek, P. (2016). Novel point-to-point scan matching algorithm based on cross-correlation. Mobile Information Systems, 2016, 11. doi:doi:10.1155/2016/6463945. Koudelka, P., Soltys, P., Martinek, R., Latal, J., Siska, P., Kepak, S., and Vasinek, V. (2014). Utilization of m-qam modulation during optical wireless car to car communication. In 2014 OptoElectronics and Communication Conference, OECC 2014 and Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology, ACOFT 2014, 452–454. 441
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Krömer, P., Prauzek, M., and Musilek, P. (2014). Harvesting-aware control of wireless sensor nodes using fuzzy logic and differential evolution. In Workshop on Energy Harvesting Communications, IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON 2014). Lian, K.Y., Hsiao, S.J., and Sung, W.T. (2013). Mobile monitoring and embedded control system for factory environment. Sensors (Switzerland), 13(12), 17379– 17413. Pies, M., Hajovsky, R., Latocha, M., and Ozana, S. (2014). Radio telemetry unit for online monitoring system at mining dumps. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 548549, 736–743. Prauzek, M., Krömer, P., Rodway, J., and Musilek, P. (2016). Differential evolution of fuzzy controller for environmentally-powered wireless sensors. Applied Soft Computing Journal, 48, 193–206. Prauzek, M., Musilek, P., Kromer, P., Rodway, J., Stankus, M., and Hlavica, J. (2015). Energy availability forecasting for harvesting-aware wireless sensor networks: Analysis of energy demand of a predictor based on evolutionary fuzzy rules. Proceedings - 2015 International Conference on Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems, IEEE INCoS 2015, 200–203. Prauzek, M., Musilek, P., Watts, A., and Michalikova, M. (2014a). Powering environmental monitoring systems in arctic regions: A simulation study. Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika, 20(7), 34–37. Prauzek, M., Watts, A.G., Musilek, P., Wyard-Scott, L., and Koziorek, J. (2014b). Simulation of adaptive duty cycling in solar powered environmental monitoring systems. In Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), 2014 IEEE 27th Canadian Conference on, 1–6. doi:10.1109/CCECE.2014.6901008. Vigorito, C., Ganesan, D., and Barto, A. (2007). Adaptive control of duty cycling in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In 2007 4th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, SECON, 21–30. Watts, A.G., Prauzek, M., Musilek, P., Pelikan, E., and Sanchez-Azofeifa, A. (2014). Fuzzy power management for environmental monitoring systems in tropical regions. In Neural Networks (IJCNN), 2014 International Joint Conference on, 1719–1726.
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IFAC-PapersOnLine 49-25 (2016) 437–441
NFC NFC NFC
Interface for Standalone Interface for Interface for Standalone Standalone Acquisition Device Acquisition Acquisition Device Device
Data Data Data
Michal Prauzek, Prauzek, Jaromir Jaromir Konecny, Konecny, Marketa Marketa Venclikova, Venclikova, Vojtech Vojtech Baranek Baranek Michal Michal Prauzek, Jaromir Konecny, Marketa Venclikova, Vojtech Baranek Michal Michal Prauzek, Prauzek, Jaromir Jaromir Konecny, Konecny, Marketa Marketa Venclikova, Venclikova, Vojtech Vojtech Baranek Baranek Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava-Poruba 70833, Department Cybernetics and Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba 70833, Department of of Cybernetics and Biomedical Biomedical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba 70833, Czech Republic (email: [email protected], VSB-Technical University of Ostrava-Poruba 70833, Czech Republic (email: [email protected], VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba 70833, Czech Republic (email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], Czech [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], Czech Republic Republic (email: (email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) [email protected]) [email protected]) Abstract: Abstract: Standalone Standalone embedded embedded monitoring monitoring devices devices are are powered powered utilizing utilizing alternative alternative sources sources Abstract: Standalone embedded monitoring monitoring devicesgrid. are powered powered utilizingof alternative sources of energy to be fully independent on the power grid. To be capable of the long long horizon horizon Abstract: Standalone embedded devices are utilizing alternative sources of energy to be fully independent on the power To be capable the Abstract: Standalone embedded monitoring devices are powered utilizing alternative sources of energy such to bea fully independent on energetic the power grid. Toconditions. be capableThis of article the long horizon operation such device need to to satisfy satisfy energetic neutrality conditions. This article introduces of energy to fully on the grid. be of the horizon operation device need neutrality introduces of energy such to be beaa device fully independent independent on energetic the power power grid. To Toconditions. be capable capableThis of article the long long horizon operation need to satisfy neutrality introduces a power energy independent measurement embedded monitoring system concept using NFC operation such a device need to satisfy energetic neutrality conditions. This article introduces a power energy independent measurement embedded monitoring system concept using NFC operation such aindependent device need measurement to satisfy energetic neutrality conditions. This article using introduces acommunication, power energy embedded monitoring system concept NFC profiting from a low energy efficient transmission on the side of the embedded a power energy independent measurement embedded monitoring system concept using NFC communication, profiting frommeasurement a low energy embedded efficient transmission on the side of theusing embedded acommunication, power energy profiting independent monitoring system concept NFC from NFC a lowinterface energy efficient transmission on the side side ofprotocol the embedded device. The The concept concept comprises NFC interface with aa proposal proposal of communication communication protocol design communication, profiting from a energy transmission on the device. comprises with of design communication, profiting from NFC a low lowinterface energy efficient efficient transmission on the the side of ofprotocol the embedded embedded device. The concept comprises with a proposal of communication design utilizing a non-volatile EEPROM. The measurement system is based on Kinetis FRDM-KL25Z device. The concept comprises NFC interface with a proposal of communication protocol design utilizing a non-volatile EEPROM. The measurement system is based on Kinetis FRDM-KL25Z device. The concept comprises NFCThe interface with a proposal ofbased communication design utilizing adevelopment non-volatile EEPROM. measurement system is on Kinetis protocol FRDM-KL25Z Freedom platform. The testing has that the NFC communication interface utilizing non-volatile EEPROM. The measurement system based Kinetis FRDM-KL25Z Freedom a development platform. The testing has proved proved that is the NFCon communication interface utilizing a non-volatile EEPROM. The measurement system is based on Kinetis FRDM-KL25Z Freedom development platform. The testing has proved that the NFC communication interface is only configuration data and the wireless diagnostics. merge Freedom development The has that NFC interface is not not eligible eligible only for forplatform. configuration data recording recording and thethe wireless diagnostics. The The merge Freedom development The testing testing has proved proved that NFC communication communication interface is not eligible eligible onlyinterface forplatform. configuration data recording recording and thethe wireless diagnostics. The merge between the NFC interface and EEPROM technology is suitable also for a limited measured is not only for configuration data and the wireless diagnostics. The merge between the NFC and EEPROM technology is suitable also for a limited measured is not eligible only for configuration data recording and the wireless diagnostics. The merge between the NFC interface interface and EEPROM EEPROM technology is is suitable also also for aa limited limited measured data transfer. transfer. between the data between the NFC NFC interface and and EEPROM technology technology is suitable suitable also for for a limited measured measured data transfer. transfer. data data transfer. © 2016, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Keywords: Android; Android; embedded; embedded; low-power; low-power; NFC; NFC; measuring measuring Keywords: Android; embedded; low-power; NFC; measuring Keywords: Android; embedded; low-power; NFC; measuring measuring Keywords: Android; embedded; low-power; NFC; bedded monitoring monitoring devices devices not not having having any any energy energy budget budget 1. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION bedded 1. 1. INTRODUCTION bedded monitoring devices not having any energy budget available. 1. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION bedded monitoring devices not having any energy budget available. 1. bedded monitoring devices not having any energy budget available. available. Within the the range range of of embedded embedded systems systems utilized utilized to to gather gather available. Within This article article describes describes aa possibility possibility of of NFC NFC interface interface dedeThis Within the range of embedded systems utilized to gather various of from natural sources (Prauzek Within the range range of either embedded systems utilized to gather This various type type of data data either fromsystems natural utilized sources to (Prauzek article describes aa monitoring possibility of NFC interface deployment in embedded system together with This article describes possibility of NFC interface deWithin the of embedded gather ployment in embedded monitoring system together with This article describes a possibility of NFC interface devarious type of data either from natural sources (Prauzek (Prauzek et or a of provarious type of of data data either from natural natural sources et al. al. (2014a)) (2014a)) or as as a product product of technological technological pro- ployment in embedded monitoring system together with aployment proposal of communication protocol concept utilizing a in embedded monitoring system together with various type either from sources (Prauzek a proposal of communication protocol concept utilizing a ployment in embedded monitoring system together with et al. (2014a)) or as a product of technological processal. (Pies et al. al. (2014)) (2014)) there often arises arises conflicts of of goals. goals. et al. (2014a)) or as as there a product product of technological technological pro- anon-volatile cess (Pies et often conflicts proposal of communication protocol concept utilizing a EEPROM. The basic overview regarding NFC a proposal of communication protocol concept utilizing a et (2014a)) or a of pronon-volatile EEPROM. The basic overview regarding NFC a proposal of communication protocol concept utilizing a cess (Pies et al. (2014)) there often arises conflicts of goals. Such a conflicts are tied up mainly with requirements onto cess (Pies et al. (2014)) there often arises conflicts of goals. Such a conflicts are tied up mainly with requirements onto non-volatile EEPROM. The basic overview regarding NFC communication interface and low-power systems requirenon-volatile EEPROM. The basic overview regarding NFC cess (Pies et al. (2014)) there often arises conflicts of goals. communication interface and low-power systems requirenon-volatile EEPROM. The basic overview regarding NFC Such a conflicts are tied up mainly with requirements onto system functionality which are in a direct conflict with a Such a conflicts are tied up mainly with requirements onto system functionality which are in awith direct conflict with a ments communication interface and low-power systems requirecan be in Background. communication interface low-power systems requireSuch a conflicts are tied up mainly requirements onto ments and and definitions definitions can and be found found in section section Background. interface and low-power systems requiresystem functionality which are in aa direct conflict with deliverable power options al. system functionality which are in in(Prauzek direct et conflict with aaa communication deliverable power supply supply options (Prauzek et al. (2014b)). (2014b)). ments and definitions can be found in section Background. The section Measurement Device Concept describes how ments and definitions can be found in section Background. system functionality which are a direct conflict with The section Measurement Device Concept describes how ments and definitions can be found in section Background. deliverable power supply options (Prauzek et al. (2014b)). While the the system system functionality requirements are extensive The deliverable power functionality supply options options (Prauzek et et are al. (2014b)). (2014b)). While requirements extensive section Measurement Device Concept describes how the device is composed detailing particular subsegments. The section Measurement Device Concept describes how deliverable power supply (Prauzek al. the device is composed detailing particular subsegments. The section Measurement Device Concept describes how While the system functionality requirements are extensive in terms of various sensor measurement options, data storWhile the system functionality requirements are extensive in terms of various sensor measurement options, data storthe device is composed detailing particular subsegments. Subsequently the section Application and Testing provides the device is composed detailing particular subsegments. While the system functionality requirements are extensive Subsequently the section Application and Testing provides the device is composed detailing particular subsegments. in terms of various sensor measurement options, data storage and data transfer, the power supply sources for those in terms of various sensor measurement options, data storageterms and data transfer, themeasurement power supplyoptions, sourcesdata for those Application and Testing provides verification the proposed system from pracSubsequently the section Application and provides in of various sensor stor- Subsequently verification of ofthe thesection proposed system design design from the the pracsection Application and Testing Testing provides age and data transfer, the power supply sources for those systems are habitually habitually limited bysupply battery dimensions or Subsequently age and data data transfer, the the powerby supply sources for those those systems are limited battery dimensions or verification ofthe the proposed system design from in the practical side. The whole experiment is summarized in section verification of the proposed system design from the pracage and transfer, power sources for tical side. The whole experiment is summarized section verification of the proposed system design from the pracsystems are habitually limited by battery dimensions or the variability variability of the the alternative alternative sources of (namely systems are habitually habitually limited by by battery dimensions or tical the of sources of energy energy (namely side. The whole experiment is summarized in section Conclusion providing the outline of the future additional tical side. The whole experiment is summarized in section systems are limited battery dimensions or Conclusion providing the outline of the future additional tical side. The whole experiment is summarized in section the variability of the alternative sources of energy (namely solar, wind, mechanical, thermoelectric etc.) (Hajovsky the variability of the the alternative alternative sources of ofetc.) energy (namely Conclusion solar, wind, mechanical, thermoelectric (Hajovsky providing the outline of the future additional research in particular Conclusion providing the outline the variability of sources energy (namely research in the the particular field. providing the field. outline of of the the future future additional additional solar, wind, mechanical, thermoelectric etc.) (Hajovsky et Control the systems solar, wind, mechanical, mechanical, thermoelectric etc.) (Hajovsky (Hajovsky et al. al. (2016)). (2016)). Control of ofthermoelectric the above above mentioned mentioned systems Conclusion research in the particular field. research in the particular field. solar, wind, etc.) research in the particular field. et al. (2016)). Control of the above mentioned systems is mainly based on a fuzzy control algorithm (Watts et al. et al. (2016)). Control of the above mentioned systems is mainly based on a fuzzy control algorithm (Watts et al. et al. (2016)). Control of control the above mentioned systems 2. BACKGROUND BACKGROUND is mainly based on fuzzy algorithm (Watts et al. 2. (2014)), (Prauzek etfuzzy al. (2016)), (2016)), prediction of obtainable is mainly (Prauzek based on on aaaet fuzzy controlprediction algorithm of (Watts et al. al. (2014)), al. obtainable is mainly based control algorithm (Watts et 2. BACKGROUND 2. (2014)), (Prauzek et al. (2016)), prediction of obtainable energy gained from alternative sources (Prauzek et al. (2014)), (Prauzek et al. (2016)), prediction of obtainable 2. BACKGROUND BACKGROUND energy gained fromet alternative sources (Prauzek et al. (2014)), (Prauzek al. (2016)), prediction of obtainable 2.1 NFC NFC -- Near Near Field Field Communication Communication energy gained from alternative sources (Prauzek et al. (2015)) and of algorithms energy gained from alternative alternative sources (Prauzek (Prauzek etdesal. 2.1 (2015)) gained and utilization utilization of the the optimization optimization algorithmset desenergy from sources al. 2.1 NFC -- Near Field Communication 2.1 NFC Near Field Communication (2015)) and utilization of the optimization algorithms designated for various specifics of operation (Krömer et al. (2015)) and utilization of the optimization algorithms designated for various specifics of operation (Krömer et al. 2.1 NFC Near Field Communication (2015)) and utilization of the optimization algorithms designated for various specifics of operation (Krömer et al. The idea that portable devices could (2014)). ignated for various specifics of operation (Krömer et al. The idea that portable could communicate communicate with with (2014)). ignated for various specifics of operation (Krömer et al. The idea that portable devices devices could communicate with (2014)). other devices, either portable or immobile ones, utilizThe idea that portable devices could communicate with (2014)). other devices, either portable or immobile ones, utilizThe idea that portable devices could communicate with (2014)). A broad broad range range of of wireless wireless communication communication interfaces interfaces (Koudelka (Koudelka other A devices, either portable or immobile ones, utilizing a radio communication mediated by an embedded other devices, either portable or immobile ones, utilizing a radio communication mediated by an embedded other devices, either portable or immobile ones, utilizA broad range of wireless communication interfaces (Koudelka et broad al. (2014)) (2014)) opens up communication today to to be be utilized utilized by (Koudelka such aa ing A broad range of of wireless communication interfaces (Koudelka et al. opens up today by such communication an embedded antenna (Al-Wohaishi et al. al. mediated (2011)) for forby short distances ing aaa radio radio communication mediated by an A range wireless interfaces antenna (Al-Wohaishi et (2011)) distances radio communication mediated byshort an embedded embedded et al. (2014)) opens up today to be utilized by such systems benefiting from low transmission et al. (2014)) (2014)) opens upa today to be beefficient utilized by such such aaa ing systems benefiting from a today low energy energy efficient transmission antenna (Al-Wohaishi et al. (2011)) for short distances with security in addition, had caused the formation of antenna (Al-Wohaishi et al. (2011)) for short distances et al. opens up to utilized by with security in addition, had caused the formation of an an antenna (Al-Wohaishi et al. (2011)) for short distances systems benefiting from low energy efficient transmission on of monitoring systems whilst systems benefiting from aaa low low energy efficient efficient transmission on the the side side of embedded embedded monitoring systems whilst the the with security in addition, had caused the formation of an NFC standard. There had been many projects having the with security in addition, had caused the formation of an systems benefiting from energy transmission NFC standard. There had been many projects having the with security in addition, had caused the formation of an on the side of embedded monitoring systems whilst the main energy load is on on the the side of of the the data acquisition acquisition on theenergy side of ofload embedded monitoring systems whilst the the NFC main is side data standard. There had been many projects having the same idea in the past, but only the NFC have found its NFC standard. There had been many projects having the on the side embedded monitoring systems whilst same idea in the past, but only the NFC have found its NFC standard. There had been many projects having the main energy load is on the side of the data acquisition deviceenergy (Lian et et al. is (2013)). Near Field Connection (NFC) same main energy load is on the theNear sideField of the the data acquisition acquisition device (Lian al. (2013)). Connection (NFC) in the past, but only the NFC have found its employment. same idea idea main load on side of data employment. idea in in the the past, past, but but only only the the NFC NFC have have found found its its device (Lian et al. (2013)). Near Field Connection (NFC) appears to suitable communication interface emdevice (Lian eta al. (2013)). Near Field Field Connection Connection (NFC) appears(Lian to be beet a al. suitable communication interface for for em- same employment. employment. device (2013)). Near (NFC) employment. appears to be aa suitable communication interface for emThe NFC NFC is is in in fact fact aa standard standard described described by by the the ISO/IEC ISO/IEC appears to be suitable communication interface for emThe appears to be a suitable communication interface for em- The NFC is in fact a standard described by the ISO/IEC 14443, ISO/IEC 18092 and other other standards published by The NFC is aa standard described by ISO/IEC This 14443, ISO/IEC 18092 and standards published by This work work was was supported supported by by the the project project SP2016/162, SP2016/162, “Develop“DevelopThe NFC is in in fact fact standard described by the the ISO/IEC 14443, ISO/IEC 18092 and other other standards published by NFC Forum. The NFC Forum is an association founded 14443, ISO/IEC 18092 and standards published by This was by the project SP2016/162, “Development of work algorithms and systems systems for control, measurement and safety NFC Forum. The NFC Forum is an association founded Thisof work was supported supported by for thecontrol, project measurement SP2016/162, and “Development algorithms and safety 14443, ISO/IEC 18092 and other standards published by Thisof work was supported by for thecontrol, project measurement SP2016/162, and “DevelopNFC Forum. The NFC Forum is an association founded by ment algorithms and systems safety NXP Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to unify companies applications II” of Student Grant System, VSB-TU Ostrava. NFC Forum. The NFC Forum is an association founded by ment of algorithms and systems for control, measurement and safety NXP Forum. Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to unifyfounded companies applications II” of Student Grant System, VSB-TU Ostrava. NFC The NFC Forum is an association by ment of algorithms and systems for control, measurement and safety NXP Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to unify companies applications NXP Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to unify companies applications II” II” of of Student Student Grant Grant System, System, VSB-TU VSB-TU Ostrava. Ostrava. NXP Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to unify companies applications II” of Student Grant System, VSB-TU Ostrava.
Copyright © 2016, 2016 437 Copyright 2016 IFAC IFAC 437 Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2405-8963 © IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Copyright © 2016 IFAC 437 Copyright ©under 2016 responsibility IFAC 437Control. Peer review of International Federation of Automatic Copyright © 2016 IFAC 437 10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.12.051
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participating the NFC technology development, today covering up to 200 of companies. The NFC expands the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system, whereas the NFC focus bandwidth is rather narrow. It utilizes loop antennas operating on frequency of 13.56 MHz for communication intentionally limited by the reach up to 10 cm in maximum, while the real reach is halved of the maximum declared reach or less.
forming the basis of the system, digital and analog interfaces to connect sensors, NFC interface and a smartphone. The device is supplied from the inner power supply source.
The NFC Forum defines a data exchange format among the NFC entities called NDEF (NFC Data Exchange Format). A fundamental unit is called NDEF record comprising information about data type, data length and the transferred data itself. The data can be some of the NFC Forum defined types, URI, MIME or even unknown. Records of the same type are being merged into NDEF message. The entire problematics of the NDEF mechanism is complex, targeting to optimize the communication. The NFC is systematically divided into several groups according to purpose of the NFC utilization corresponding to NFC modes of operation: • Reader/Writer mode means that the reader can access tag data. The communication is regulated according to ISO/IEC 14443 standard, or FeliCa. The reader provides the source of energy to the tag which determines this mode to be the least energy efficient. • Peer-to-peer mode means that two readers communicate mutually and exchange data between each other. The communication is regulated by NFCIP-1 standard, which introduces basic mechanisms in the link layer. A LLCP protocol extends the NFCIP-1 standard on advanced mechanisms in the way of the link layer behavior. • Card emulation mode is an NFC specialty since the reader acts as a tag and the communication is going in the same way as in reader/writer mode.
Fig. 1. Block diagram of embedded measurement concept with NFC interface 3.1 Microcontroller - MCU The Freescale Kinetis L microcontroller (MCU) creates a core of the embedded measurement system. This Kinetis L MCU series, based on the ARM Cortex-M0+ 32-bit core is targeted to ultra–low power applications benefiting from low consumption and sufficient performance at the same time. This makes the Kinetis L MCU series ideal for such a system where an accumulator serves as a power supply source alongside with the demand onto computational power.
2.2 Low-power methods Many of the embedded monitoring devices are independent on the power grid, utilizing alternative sources of energy to supply their operation. The devices must fulfill so–called energetic neutrality conditions to be capable of the long horizon operation. The main concept of the energetic neutrality of the device, that is supposed to operate continuously and infinitely, stands on the principal that the power supply source must deliver at least such an amount of energy that the device is supposed to consume in a certain period of time. The theory of the energetic neutrality was first presented in (Kansal et al. (2004)), similar theories were also published in other literatures (Hsu et al. (2006), Kansal et al. (2006), Vigorito et al. (2007)). The article (Kansal et al. (2007)) describes the power supply source and the consuming device using the same mathematical model derived by generalizing the former theoretical studies (Kansal et al. (2004)). 3. MEASUREMENT DEVICE CONCEPT
Fig. 2. FRDM-KL25Z: Freedom Development Platform for Kinetis
The device (block diagram can be seen on Fig. 1) is composed of essential blocks comprising a microcontroller
The FRDM-KL25Z microcontroller based platform (see Fig. 2) was deployed in the measurement system. First
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of all a code for the general functionality of the MCU comprising libraries supporting control of the communication interfaces (UART and I2 C ) and ADC measurement has been developed. In the following phase libraries to access the M24SR IC were implemented. Finally a control system putting the aforementioned algorithms into effect and providing the entire system functionality in such a manner that MCU is capable to respond to changes caused by another device (smartphone in particular), was implemented. 3.2 Power Supply The device is supplied from the independent source, a coin cell CR2032 specifically. This source enables operation of the device independent on the additional sources, however there is no longer possible to keep wireless subblock of the device energy–efficient . The coin cell source is connected to the device without utilizing any DC/DC converters, which causes the efficiency to be approaching 100%. For the future design there is a possibility to use another source of energy (e.g. Li-ion cell) or utilize a supercapacitor to supply the system. There is also an option to use renewable energy sources available from the environment gained with solar panels and other converters (mechanical, thermoelectric etc.). 3.3 NFC Interface The ST Microelectronics IC M24SR was used to implement a physical layer of the NFC standard. This chip consists of several components: an EEPROM of 8 kB capacity constitutes a basis of the chip that interconnects other two communication components. The first one is I2 C communication interface, where the chip acts as a slave, the second one is NFC interface connected to antenna. Within the NFC the chip is responsible for planning specification of ISO/IEC 14443 type A and NFC Forum type 4, and receives messages on 13.56 MHz frequency over a short distances. There is no need to plug in an additional power supply to perform NFC communication since the antenna serves also as a source of energy during ongoing communication. In addition the chip features one input and one output pin. The input pin marked RF disable disables the antenna when reading log. one so it cannot be even recognized by the active devices. The output pin function (marked as GPO) is to notify the external MCU about the NFC activity. The chip provides several modes of operation including manual control or it is capable of automatic reflection of the smartphone to antena etc. The purpose of the communication is to perform reading/writing to/from the memory. A certain arbitration is implemented in the chip preventing the coincident access to the memory. Both sides does not have an equaled level of rights. Certain operations cannot be performed via NFC, for instance the GPO mode cannot be configured this way. On the other hand I2 C is has the option to disable the NFC functionality and even to terminate ongoing NFC communication. 439
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3.4 Digital and Analog sensors The concept of the device enables to connect either analogue or digital sensors. A certain demands are placed onto sensors to be connected, particularly in terms of low power consumption not to load down the available source of energy significantly. A group of recommended sensors comprises all the active analogue sensors acting as a current source in their run mode, followed by energy efficient digital sensors usually connected via UART, SPI, I2 C or 1-wire communication interfaces. 3.5 User Interface - Smart-Phone The application has been developed using JAVA language and put into the test utilizing two methods - a White and a Black box. The testing was performed with a help of Huawei P8 Lite smartphone having the Android Lollipop 5.0.1 operational system. During the Black box testing the application was being used in the common way, it means that measurements were repeatedly performed, interrupted, data were read and deleted, the configuration was changed, all together to simulate a common application user. The application was assessed as a flawless based on the results of the Black box testing. Afterwards the White box testing method was performed, where all the possible combinations of options were intentionally configured, incorrect data and non-ideal inputs were fed into the application. 4. APPLICATION AND TESTING The entire system was also tested on the experimental measurement of the charging characteristic of the capacitor. An RC circuit was connected to the device analogue inputs to perform a simulation of the charging and discharging. Also a period of measurement and a number of samples could be modified using the developed application on the smartphone. After a successful measurement sequence initiation, the device has started to measure. When the sequence has been finished, the data could be read using the smartphone and the awaited charging and discharging characteristics of the capacitor could be checked. 4.1 Measurement procedure The algorithm 1 describes the way of data acquisition which is under the control of the MCU. The measurement is performed on demand (an interrupt clocked by the real time clock is generated). This approach enables scheduling of the individual measurement sequences and alongside the MCU can be in a power–safe mode during the period of time when no measurements are required. The data are stored in externally approachable EEPROM which makes the data writing operation being independent both on the level of the energy available in the power supply and the current MCU mode. 4.2 Measurement and Configuration Tool A user interface of the measurement and configuration tool is presented on figure 3.
2016 IFAC PDES 440 October 5-7, 2016. Brno, Czech Republic Michal Prauzek et al. / IFAC-PapersOnLine 49-25 (2016) 437–441
(b) New measurement wizard
(a) Main menu - information
(c) Data output format and sending
(d) Permissions configuration
Fig. 3. Set of screen-shots of software measurement and configuration tool implemented in OS Android The main menu is an entry point of the application. The configuration menu is accessible through the icon (1) . Clicking on the button (2) is an essential transaction causing a prompt to attach the smartphone, so the data are read from the NFC chip memory and subsequently displayed in the application window (3). Buttons (5,6) are only enabled after data are loaded from the memory. The dialog detailing the information about the measurement state is displayed by clicking on the text field (4). Button 5 is to open a chip security menu, button 6 to open measurement manager window.
Algorithm 1 Measurement algorithm 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: 20: 21: 22:
if Measurement running then if RTC alarm then Validate date if Datum correct then Measure and write sample if Maximum reached then Terminate measurement return else Calc next alarm Set alarm return end if end if end if end if if Phone appears then Measure battery if Is phone away then Assessment end if end if
The way how to protect the chip memory can be selected from the following options (1): non-secured mode, secured memory writing mode or compound secured writing and reading mode. Different options are displayed depending on the activity done by modifying options in (1), for instance when the mode of memory protection is changed from the secured writing to the secured writing and reading, this action causes a display of the switch enabling a password change. The password can be written into the text field (2) and the repeated password input may be required. The check-box (3) enables to remember the password for the later changes. Changes are confirmed 440
2016 IFAC PDES October 5-7, 2016. Brno, Czech Republic Michal Prauzek et al. / IFAC-PapersOnLine 49-25 (2016) 437–441
by clicking the button (4), the password is checked and afterwards the user is prompted to attach the smartphone. 5. CONCLUSION This article presents a solution enabling to connect an energy passive communication interface in form of NFC. This solution is suitable for applications having energy constraints from the power supply side and the power supply of the wireless communication interface itself is inconvenient or technically demanding. The testing has proved that the NFC communication interface is not eligible only for configuration data recording and the wireless diagnostics. The merge between the NFC interface and EEPROM technology is suitable also for a limited measured data transfer. The solution is then appropriate for measurement systems having a long measurement period. NFC also fulfills such a power supply concept demands utilizing a coin cell battery. In the future work this concept will be put through the long term testing along with the analysis of the operation time of such monitoring devices and a possibility of the data reading automation will be inspected. An option of interconnection NFC monitoring systems with the devices utilizing automated localization (as described in (Konecny et al. (2016))) will be the next subject of the study. REFERENCES Al-Wohaishi, M., Martinek, R., and Zidek, J. (2011). Analysis of M-QAM data communication system using 3D eye diagram, volume 189 CCIS of Communications in Computer and Information Science. Hajovsky, R., Pies, M., and Richtar, L. (2016). Analysis of the appropriateness of the use of peltier cells as energy sources. Sensors (Switzerland), 16(6). Hsu, J., Zahedi, S., Kansal, A., Srivastava, M., and Raghunathan, V. (2006). Adaptive duty cycling for energy harvesting systems. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, volume 2006, 180–185. Kansal, A., Hsu, J., Srivastava, M., and Raghunathan, V. (2006). Harvesting aware power management for sensor networks. In Proceedings - Design Automation Conference, 651–656. Kansal, A., Potter, D., and Srivastava, M. (2004). Performance aware tasking for environmentally powered sensor networks. Performance Evaluation Review, 32(1), 223–234. Kansal, A., Hsu, J., Zahedi, S., and Srivastava, M.B. (2007). Power management in energy harvesting sensor networks. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst., 6(4). doi: 10.1145/1274858.1274870. Konecny, J., Prauzek, M., Kromer, P., and Musilek, P. (2016). Novel point-to-point scan matching algorithm based on cross-correlation. Mobile Information Systems, 2016, 11. doi:doi:10.1155/2016/6463945. Koudelka, P., Soltys, P., Martinek, R., Latal, J., Siska, P., Kepak, S., and Vasinek, V. (2014). Utilization of m-qam modulation during optical wireless car to car communication. In 2014 OptoElectronics and Communication Conference, OECC 2014 and Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology, ACOFT 2014, 452–454. 441
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