Author's Accepted Manuscript
Observation on the traditional phytotherapy among the Malayali tribes in Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, South India Thangaraj Francis Xavier, Moorthy Kannan, Anthonysamy Auxilia
www.elsevier.com/locate/jep
PII: DOI: Reference:
S0378-8741(15)00124-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.045 JEP9349
To appear in:
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Received date: 12 November 2014 Revised date: 20 February 2015 Accepted date: 21 February 2015 Cite this article as: Thangaraj Francis Xavier, Moorthy Kannan, Anthonysamy Auxilia, Observation on the traditional phytotherapy among the Malayali tribes in Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, South India, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.045 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Observation on the traditional phytotherapy among the Malayali tribes in Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, South India Thangaraj Francis Xavier* , Moorthy Kannan , Anthonysamy Auxilia Centre for Ethnopharmacological Research, Department of Botany, St.Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli – 620 002, Tamil Nadu, India * Corresponding author :
[email protected]
Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicine remained as the most affordable and easily accessible source of treatment for many ailments. The Malayali tribes living in the kolli hills region of Eastern Ghats of Tamilnadu has long history of ethnomedicinal knowledge has been remained unexplored hither to. Hence, this study was initiated with an aim to record the ethnomedicinal plants of Malayali tribes and to document and analyse the local knowledge on phytotheraphy before environmental and cultural changes deplete the resources. Methods: In order to document the phytotherapical knowledge, a field study was carried out between August 2012 – February 2014. The ethnomedicinal knowledge was recorded through interviews among the malayali tribes, and traditional healers. In addition a semi structure questionnaire was used to collect information on the local name of the plant, plant part used for curing, method of preparation in phytoremedies and any other plants/agents used as ingredients. Factor of informant consensus (Fic), use value (UV), fidelity level (FL), relative importance (RI) and novelty index were employed in data analysis. Results: Current research work reports total of 86 medicinal plant species belonging to 76 genera of 46 different families. Herbs constituted the largest growth habit (48 species 56%) followed by trees (13 species 15%) and shrubs (9 species 11%) etc. Leaf 43 (46%) is the plant part widely used followed by whole plant 9 (10%), seeds and fruits 9 (10%) and root 7 (8%). Paste was the most common preparation method use in herbal recipes. These plants
were used to treat various human diseases and ailments grouped under 19 disease categories with the highest number of species (31) being used for Dermatological infections/diseases followed by Gastro-intestinal ailments (28) and General health (15). Asystasia chelonoides (UV of 2.76) and Piper nigrum (UV of 2.12) are the most frequently and popularly used medicinal plant species in the study area. Conclusion: The result of the study revealed that there was high diversity of medicinal plants and traditional knowledge about the use, preparation, and application of which is still maintained in the study area. However, the knowledge of herbal medicine was held by elders. The decline in the use of plants by the younger generation may gradually lead to the fading away of indigenous knowledge associated with the plants.
Keywords: Ethnomedicine, Phytotherapy, Malayali tribes, Kolli hills
1.INTRODUCTION Plants are the important source of therapeutic drugs and play a significant role in the survival of the many tribal and ethnic communities. The tribal people are the ecosystem people who live in harmony with the nature and maintain a close link between man and environment. According to World Health Organization (WHO) some 80% of the developing countries rely on the traditional medicines and in which 85% use plants or their extracts as active principles as plant drugs for their healthcare need (Sheldon et al.,1998, Senthilkumar et al., 2013). India is one among the developing countries with medico-cultural diversity where the medicinal plant sector is part of a time honoured tradition which possesses an ancient system of healthcare based chiefly medicinal plants of diverse nature, ranging from higher plants to microorganisms from which more than 80% of therapeutic products are derived have been used for 6000–7000 years (Balakrishnan et al, 2009). Many studies have stated that tribal population in remote area, not only depend on plant based resources for medicines, food, forage, and fuel, but also play a vital role in the management of natural resources (Ignacimuthu et al., 2006; Ragupathy et al., 2008). In this way, the studies on the tribal’s indigenous knowledge about various kinds of plants and their values constitute an important aspect on medicinal plants and their usages. Documentation of these local knowledge system concerning medicinal plants may have high impacts from a bio-economic point of view (Ghiselin and Landa 2005). Kolli hills, a part of Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu in south India is known for rich diversity of medicinal plants and is believed that the Sithars (ancient medicine and meditation men) were lived in the hills and they used to meditate and practice on various medicinal plants for many ailments and for the regular health care of human beings. The hill supports approximately 37, 000 inhabitants living in 274 hamlets (Natarajan and Udhayakumar, 2013). The population is primarily Malayali, a cultural group that has been assigned Scheduled Tribe designation by the Government of India. About 780 tribal families in the Kolli hills depend
on forest for their food, fodder, herbal medicines, fire wood and timber resources. They posses wealth of knowledge on the local utilization and conservation of food and medicinal plants.Traditionally, this treasure of knowledge has been passed on orally from generation to generation without any written document (Perumal Samy and Ignacimuthu, 2000) and is still retained by various indigenous groups of people around the world. Tribal people provide considerable information about the use of many plants or plant parts as a medicine. Hence, the present work has been made to document the indigenous medicinal systems and plants used by the Malayali tribes of Kolli hills in Eastern Ghats against various diseases and human health disorders. 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1. Study area and people Kolli hills, a part of Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu lies between 11ż10’54”-11ż30’00” N latitude and 78ż15’00” -78ż30’00 E longitude (Fig.1). Physiologically it is hilly region located at an ever-so-pleasant altitude ranging from 1000 to 1300 metres above mean sea level and mainly occupied by Malayali tribes (98.8%). Geologically, the study area is occupied by acid charnockite quartize(Geological Survey of India, 1976). The mean annual rainfall is 1318mm, which is received largely between May and December (2001-2005). Annual mean maximum and mean minimum temperature are 35żC and 18żC, respectively ( Meteorological Report, 2001-05). The total population of this hill during 2011 was 42,200 in 14 villages (Prabu M. and Kumuthakalavalli R., 2012). 2.2. Data collection In order to document the utilization of medicinal plants, field trips were made during the 19 months period (August 2012 – February 2014) ensuring that the dry and monsoon seasons were accommodated (Fig.2).The collected specimens were identified and
authenticated with the help of valid references (Henry et al., 1987; Henry et al., 1989; Gamble and Fischer, 1935; Matthew,1991; and Bor, 1960) and further validated through herbarium referencing at the Department of Botany, St, Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli, TN. Angiosperm phylogenic group III (APG III, 2009) was followed to classify the species. Nomenclature and correct author citation for all the species were thoroughly checked in (Tropicos, 2012) data base. A total of forty one resource persons or informants or traditional healers were identified to get the ethno medicinal information through direct interviews/oral conversations. Information gathered from the traditional healers on local name of the plant, plant part used for curing, method of preparation, any other plants/agents used as ingredients, modes of administration and etc. (Fig.7) were recorded for each collected ethno medicinal plant. 2.3. Ailment categories Based on the information obtained from the traditional healers in the study area, all the reported ailments were categorized into 19 categories (Table 1) viz. Cancer diseases (CD), Circulatory system / cardiovascular diseases (CSCD), Cooling agents (CA), Dental / oral care (DOC),
Dermatological infections/diseases (DID),
Ear, nose, throat problems (ENT),
Endocrinal disorders (ED), Eye infection (EI), Fever (Fvr), Gastro-intestinal ailments (GIA), General health (GH), Genito urinary ailments (GUA), Hair care (HC), Kidney stone (US), Liver problems (LP), Nerve system (NS), Poisonous bites (PB), Respiratory systems diseases (RSD), Skeleto-muscular system disorders (SMSD) 2.4. Data analysis 2.4.1. Informant consensus factor (Fic) The informant consensus factor (Fic) was used to see if there was agreement in the use of plants in the ailment categories between the plant user in the study area. The Fic was calculated following formula (Heinrich et al., 1998).
Fic = Nur − Nt Nur − 1 Nur ĺ The number of use-reports for a particular ailment category, Nt ĺ The number of taxa used for a particular ailment category by all informants. The product of this factor ranges from 0 to 1. A high value (close to 1.0) indicates that relatively few taxa are used by a large proportion of the informants. A low value indicates that the informants disagree on the taxa to be used in the treatment within a category of illness. 2.4.2. Use value (UV) The relative importance of each plant species known locally to be used as herbal remedy is reported as use value (UV) and it was calculated using the following formula (Phillips et al., 1994). UV = U
n
UV ĺ The use value of a species, U ĺ The number of use reports cited by each informant for a given plant species, n ĺ The total number of informants interviewed for a given plant. The UV is helpful in determining the plants with the highest use (most frequently indicated) in the treatment of an ailment. UVs are high when there are many use-reports for a plant and low when there are few reports related to its use. 2.4.3. Fidelity level (FL) To determine the most frequently used plant species for treating a particular ailment category by the informants of the study area, we calculated the fidelity level (FL). The FL was calculated using the following formula (Friedmen et al., 1986). FL (%)= Np N × 100 Np ĺ The number of use-reports cited for a given species for a particular ailment category, N ĺ The total number of use reports cited for any given species.
Generally, high FLs are obtained for plants for which almost all use-reports refer to the same way of using it, whereas low FLs are obtained for plants that are used for many different purposes (Srithi et al., 2009) 2.4.4. Relative importance (RI) The relative importance (RI) of every counteractive plant based on the normalized number of pharmacological properties (PH) accredited to it and the normalized number of body systems (BS) it treated. Data on counteractive uses were prearranged according to the PH accredited to each taxon (e.g. astringent, anti-inflammatory, emollient etc.) and to the specific body systems treated (e.g. jaundice, cold, wounds, fever etc.). The RI was calculated using the following formula (Bennett and Prance, 2000): RI = Rel PH + Rel BS × 100 2 PH ĺ The number of reported pharmacological properties for the given plant, BS ĺ The number of body systems treated, Rel.PH ĺ The relative number of pharmacological properties (PH of a given plant/maximum PH of all reported species), Rel. BS ĺ The relative number of body systems treated(BS of a given plant/maximum BS of all reported species). 3. Result and Discussion 3.1. Certification of home-grown ethnomedicinal information In this study, it was noted that 86 plant species in which76 genera and 46 different families are used as herbal solution for the treatment of more than a few ailments(Table 2). Among them, 48 plants were herbs, 13 tree species, 9 plants are shrubs, 8 climber species, 4 plants are under shrub, 2 species are climbing shrub, 1 is liana and another one is shrub or tree(Fig.3).
3.2. Living being and parts used Among the living being and parts used, it is found that the leafy crude drug preparation are mostly recommended as ethno medicine and followed by entire plant, seeds & fruits, root, stem or bark, flower, rhizome & bulb. The most frequently used preparations being paste, juice, raw plant, powder and decoction. The methods and period of administration may be widely different. 3.3. Herbal drug preparation and utilization In the present investigation, we observed that almost all parts of the different plant species were used against common diseases. The most commonly used plant species in herbal drug preparation were leaves (46%) followed by whole plant (10%), fruit seeds (10%), roots (8%), stem (5%), bark (5%), stem bark (5%), flower (5%), rhizome (3%), tuber (2%), bulb and suckers (1%) in many preparations more than one part of the same species generally leaves, stem bark and tubers are used in various drug preparations(Fig.4). Since leaves are main photosynthetic organ of plants they considered to be the main part of the plant where many biologically active compounds can be synthesized and they are pharmacologically active against many diseases (Passalacqua, 2007). The preparation and utilization of plant parts were grouped into five categories (Fig.5). Of these, most commonly used method of preparation was paste (37 records) followed by juice (24 records), raw form (12 records-taken as raw material of plant parts like leaves, fruits etc.), powder(12 records) and decoction (8 records). Preparation of paste for the treatment of ailments is a common practise among the other tribal people in India (Ignacimuthu et al., 2006) and other parts of the world (Giday et al., 2010). The major routes of administration in the study area were reported to be oral, topical, oral/topical, and inhalation. Oral administration was most cited route (52.32%) followed by topical (28%) and inhalation (1.16%). Both oral and topical routes (18.6%)
permit rapid physiological reaction of the prepared medicines with the pathogens and raise its therapeutic power (Fig.6). 3.4. Ingredients added The medicinal arrangements were complete out of a single plant part or in mixture of several plant parts. In case of Malayali traditional healers medicinal arrangements multiple modes of preparation were dominating over the single mode of arrangements (Table 2). Kolli hills traditional healers used more than two or three plant parts for the preparation of medicine in the treatment of single or multiple ailments; the similar findings were reported by several researchers (Teklehaymanot et al., 2007; Ignacimuthu et al., 2008 and Tabuti et al., 2010). It is believed that the multiple prescriptions contain a range of pharmacologically active compounds and poly-herbal treatment has more healing power than single medicinal plant treatment, since each medicinal plant used in the mixture is a remedy (Teklehaymanot et al., 2007). Traditional healers use some ingredients such as coconut oil, groundnut oil, goat milk, cow milk, honey, castor oil, breast milk and common salt are used frequently to improve the acceptability and medicinal property of certain remedies. Water and hot water were commonly used for the preparation of medicine. They were using specific plant parts and specific dosages for the treatment of diseases and the dose given to the patient depended on age, physical status and health conditions. 3.5. Plant use values The most commonly used species was A. chelonoides with 113 use reports by 41informants giving the highest use value of 2.76, it is attributed to its use in the treatment of dermatological infections/diseases and dog bite, and it is well recognized by all the informants as most medicinal value. Other important plants with high use value was Piper nigrum with 87use reports by 41informants giving the second highest use value of 2.12. P.
nigrum is mainly used in the treatment of various diseases, and it is well recommended plant by all informants. The plants with very low use value was R. cordifolia (6 use reports by 41informants with a use value of 0.15(Table 2). 3.6. Informant consensus factor Commonly Fic of local knowledge for disease treatment depended on the availability of the plant species in the study area (Raja Kumar and Shivanna, 2009). The Fic values in our study are ranged from 0.94 to 1. (Table 1)The use categories with more than 500 use- reports were gastro-intestinal ailments (583 use reports, 28 plant species), dermatological infections/diseases (577 use reports 31 plant species). The least agreement between the informants was observed in general health and poisonous bites with a Fic of 0.94 followed by dermatological infections/diseases, gastro intestinal ailments, kidney stone and nerve system with a Fic of 0.95. Thus the study indicate the degree of knowledge shared by the users in the study area regarding the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of ailments are high. Gastrointestinal ailments had the lowest Fic of 0.94, but this ailment category rank first in the number of use reports (583) and number of taxa (28) and dermatological infections/diseases had the lowest Fic of 0.95, but this ailment category rank second in the number of use reports (577) and number of taxa (31) attributed to this category. It may be lack of communication among the informants in the study area who are practicing these ailment categories (Raja Kumar and Shivanna, 2009). 3.7. Fidelity level Analysed categories with major agreements to highlight the most important plants in each category (Table 1). Of the reported plants, 54 species had highest fidelity level of 100% most of which were used in single ailment category with multiple informants. A list of plants with highest FL of 100% were shown in Table 1. The maximum FL for the plants listed in table indicate the 100% choice of the interviewed informants for treating specific ailments and this could be an indication of their healing potential. In support to our study. 100% FL
was reported in P. amarus for jaundice among the herbal healers in Shimoga district of Karnataka (Raja Kumar and Shivanna, 2009) and Malasar tribals in Velliangiri hills of Tamil Nadu (Ragupathy et al., 2008). 3.8. Relative importance (RI)
The plant with more number of pharmacological properties (PH) was A. indica (18
PH); it has a normalized PH value(Relative number of pharmacological properties) of 1.00 (18/18). A. chelonoides, L. aspera and P. nigrum were employed in four body systems and have normalized BS value (Relative number of body system treated) of 1.00 (4/4). Z. officinale had the highest RI value of 87.5 (Table 2)followed by L. aspera (81.5), P. nigrum(81.5), P. longum(76.5), A. indica(75). These plants were also used to treat more body systems and were considered as the most resourceful taxa in the study area. A number of the remedial plants reported during the present study were reported for biological activities and bioactive constituents accountable for their remedial properties which validate and authenticate the usages of these species for curative purposes in the study area. 3.9. Identification of new claims and reliability of reported uses In the comparative analysis of present study reports with neighbouring hills of Eastern Ghats, adjoining hills of India as well as other countries, there are 74 plant species has new medicinal uses (Table 3). Medicinal plants which are used frequently in repetitive manner in any ailments could be more likely to have various bioactive compounds (Trotter and Logan, 1986; Senthil Kumar et al., 2013). Many of the ethnomedicinal plants reported during present investigation were proved for various biological activities and bioactive compounds with therapeutical properties. Among them A. paniculata is a scientifically proven ethnomedicinal plant of kolli hills is used for hepatoprotective activity (Devaraj et al., 2010). In this study, the hepatoprotective activity of methanol extract was evaluated against paracetamol induced
(500mg/kg) hepatic damage in mice. The orally administrated extracts of A. paniculata at 10mg/kg and 100mg/kg were exhibited a significant protective effect in the liver morphology of mice. TLC and spectrum studies confirmed the presence of active compound, andrographolide which has contributed to the hepatoprotective activity of A. paniculata (Fig.8) G. sylvestre is an indispensible medicinal plants used as a treatment for diabetes for a long time in India and elsewhere in the world and it claimed to has blood glucose lowering activity both in vitro and in vivo by a number of reports (Nakamura et al., 1999; Mukherjee et al., 2006; Senthil Kumar et al., 2013).The informants in the present study also using this plant for the treatment of diabetes. In support of our study, experimental studies, for instance, have found that many of the constituents in Gymnema decrease the uptake of glucose from the small intestine. The anti-diabetic array of molecules have been isolated and identified from the leaves G. sylvestre. Among them Gymnemic acids (Fig.9) is the major component of an extract shown to stimulate insulin release from pancreas (Persaud et al., 1999; Thakur et al., 2012). Similarly T. procumbens was scientifically evaluated for its wound properties using animal model (Talekar et al., 2012). In the linear incision wound model there was a significant increase in the tensile strength of wounds when treated with both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Tridax procumbens. Treatment of rat wounds with extracts of T. procumbens led to reduced polymorpho nuclear leucocytes (PMNLs), congestion oedima, mononuclear leucocyte infiltration and necrosis. T. procumbens extract treated animals were found to have mild vascular proliferation and accessory skin structures. Along with this considerable increase in the dermal collagen content was evidence from the histopathological observation. These results were supported the ethnomedicinal claim of T. procumbens. S. nigrum is another herbal plant which is reported in the present study for the management of gastric ulcers. This was to also scientifically investigated through the studies
on antiulcer effect of fruits extract (SNE) on cold restraint stress (CRU), indomethacin (IND), pyloric ligation (PL) and ethanol (EtOH) induced gastric ulcer models and ulcer healing activity on acetic acid induced ulcer model in rats (Jainu and Devi , 2006). The treatment with SNE at higher dose significantly inhibited the gastric lesions induced by CRU (76.6%), IND (73.8%), PL (80.1%) and EtOH (70.6%). SNE showed concomitant attenuation of gastric secretary volume, acidity and pepsin secretion in ulcerated rats. In addition, SNE (200 and 400mg/kgb.w.) accelerated the healing of acetic acid induced ulcers after the treatment for 7 days. Further, to ascertain the anti secretary action, the effects of SNE on H(+)K(+)ATPase activity and plasma concentration of gastrin hormone in ulcerated rats were determined. SNE significantly inhibits H (+)K(+)ATPase activity and decreases the gastrin secretion in EtOH-induced ulcer model. The severity of the reaction of ulcerogen and the reduction of ulcer size by SNE was also evident by histological findings. Toxicity studies of SNE have also been carried out for its safety evaluation. SNE, thus, offers antiulcer activity by blocking acid secretion through inhibition of H(+)K(+) ATPase and decrease of gastrin secretion. These results further supported that Solanum nigrum was found to possess antiulcerogenic as well as ulcer healing properties. The anthelmintic claim of S. torvum was also supported scientifically by Karumari et al., 2014. In their study, they evaluated the efficacy of different concentrations(10mg 130mg/100ml) of aqueous fruit extracts of S. torvum through in vitro nematode survival method. The aqueous fruit extracts at the concentration of 10mg/100ml was more effective as it is fatal to the parasites in low concentration. R. serpentine is an ethnomedicinal plant of present study claiming for its antihypertension activity. This has scientifically proven long back by Ray (1953). In his studies, he reported an alkaloid Reserpine (Fig.10) which had antihypertension activity. He also found that, injection of Reserpine in to the systematic circulation of Rabbit produce an immediate fall in blood pressure. In addition, Bein, 1953
supported this study based on his animal experiments; found that Reserpine possesses marked and long lasting antihypertension activity. The M. oleifera has been in use by the tribals of Kolli hills region as a means of treating sexual inadequacy and stimulating sexual vigour. This claim is proven scientifically by administration of aqueous extract of M. oleifera at doses of 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg in reproductive abilities of male albino rats. The aqueous extract at the dose of 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg, significantly increased the sperm concentration (sperm count) (P< 0.001) in testes and epididymis as compared to control group. Similarly the standard group animal also showed significant increase in the sperm concentration (sperm count) (P< 0.001) as compared with the control group. These results may be due to presence of flavanoids and phenolic compounds viz. Kaempferol, Quercetin, Rutin and Caffeoylquinic acids (Fig.11) are well known antioxidants that can ameliorate oxidative stress- related testicular impairments in animal tissues (El-Missiry, 1999; Ghosh et al., 2002; Kujo, 2004). It also stimulates testicular androgenesis and is essential for testicular differentiation, integrity, and steroidogenic functions (Dawson et al., 1990; Salem et al., 2001; D’cruz and Mathur, 2005) also proved that the sperm cytoplasm contained very low concentrations of scavenging enzymes therefore an increase in the antioxidant enzyme system levels by Moringa treatment can favour the reproductive process and also enhances spermatogenesis It also thus provides a rationale for the traditional use of M. oleifera as acclaimed aphrodisiac and for the management of male sexual disorders. 3.10. Novelty Index The present study results were comparatively analyzed with neighbouring regions of India as well as with aligned countries. For comparative analysis, published research articles were selected randomly. In neighbouring regions of India all studies published from 2007 – 2014 were taken for analysis while from aligned countries 3 research articles from 2011 – 2013 were analyzed. It was noted that majority of the medicinal plants reported in the present
investigation are confined to the neighbouring regions of India because the study is a continuous chain of Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. This may be also due to their native habitats & their supportive conditions. Many of the plants reported in the presents were also widely distributed in aligned countries due to their adaptability in difference ecological zones. In comparative analysis many new medicinal uses were reported. Among all medicinal plant reported in kolli hills of Eastern Ghats in India, there are 27 (31%) medicinal plants (A. esculentus, A. caesia, A. bidentata, A. sisalana, A. mexicana, A. chelonoides, B. pilosa, C. macrocarpum, C. baccifera, C. phlomidis, C. lacryma- jobi, C. peltata, C. zeylanicum, D. cordata, E. buxifolia, G. pinnata, G. abyssinica, H. annuus, I. asarifolia, L. nudicaulis, P. edulis, P. tetraphylla, R. cordifolia, S. rheedii, T. asiatica .var. floribunda, T. asiatica.var. gracilis, T. procumbens) were recorded first time in neighbouring regions as well as in aligned countries. The present study was also quantitatively compared with fifteen published research articles from neighbouring regions and aligned countries through novelty index. Quantitative data between the medicinal plant uses in the present study and previous reports in the three selected aligned countries were analyzed (Table 4) 4. Conclusion The present study revealed that the traditional knowledge and usage of phyto medicine for the treatment of various ailments among Malayali tribes is still a major part of their life and culture. Though they were not much conscious about the documentation and preservation of the phytomedicine preparation and usage. All the traditional healers have strong faith on their phytomedicine. The observations also revealed that the new claims were also recorded from the study area and they will contribute for the welfare of our human kind. The ethnomedicinal plants observed from the present study with high fidelity level, informant consensus and use values should be investigated scientifically for various bioassays and toxicity. This could add new knowledge for the formulation of new drugs to treat various ailments.
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the Malayali tribes and traditional healers mainly Kullanthaisamy, Arappali, Ponnusamy and other informants of Eastern Ghats for sharing their indigenous knowledge throughout the field study, without their participation this research would not have been possible. Dr. TFX is thankful to the University Grants Commission, New Delhi (F. No 41-426/2012(SR) for financial support and also thank Rev. Dr. S. John Britto, Rector, Rev. Dr. S. Sebastian, Secretary, Rev. Dr. F. Andrew, Principal of St. Joseph's College, Trichy for proving infrastructure. The authors are also thankful to Editor-in-Chief Dr. Robert Verpoorte, Anonymous reviewers for their critical comments and useful suggestions on the previous version of the manuscript.
Table 1: Ailments grouped by different ailment categories, Informant consensus factor (Fic) and Fidelity Level (FL) values for common medicinal plants used by Malayali tribes in Kolli hills in Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu by ailment category Ailment category
Biomedical terms / Tamil terms
Nur
Nt
Fic
Cancer diseases (CD)
Cancer/ Puttrunoi
25
1
1
Circulatory system / cardiovascular diseases (CSCD)
Memory power/ Gnapagasakthi,
192
9
0.96
Most preferred species with Np (specific ailment)
FL%
Catharanthus roseus CD:25(cancer)
100
Alternanthera sessilis CSCD:33(blood circulation problem)
100
Centella asiatica CSCD:30(memory power)
40
40
Heart diseases/ Idaya noi, Blood circulation problem/ Rathaottakolaru,
Passiflora edulis CSCD:28(blood pressure)
Blood pressure/ Rathaalutham, Blood purification/ Rathasuthikarippu Cooling agents (CA)
Body cooling/ Udal kulirchi
65
2
0.98
Hemidesmus indicus CA:33(body cooling)
100 46
Citrus aurantifolia CA:32(body cooling) Dental / oral care (DOC)
Oral thrush/ Nakkil karaipadithal,
275
10
0.97
Acorus calamus DOC:36(tooth ache)
45 57
Dental Problem/ Palnoi,
Azadirachta indica DOC:36(tooth brush)
64
Tooth ache/ Palvali, Achyranthes bidentata DOC:34(tooth ache)
Teeth swelling/ Palveekkam, Mouth ulcers/ Vaaypun
Dermatological infections/diseases (DID)
Allergy/ Allergy, Hard swelling or swelling/ Katti,
577
31
0.95
Asystasia chelonoides DID:30(body irritation)
27 100
Gloriosa superba DID:29(wounds) 100
Wounds/ Kayangal or pungal, Scabies/ Sori Sirangu, Skin rashes/ Thol arippu, Skin diseases/ Thol vyuadi, Body irritation/ Udal arippu, Fungal infection/ Vandukadi, Crack/ Vedippu, Incised wounds/ Vettukayam
Acacia caesia DID: 27(skin diseases)
Ear, nose, throat problems (ENT)
Ear diseases/ Kaadhunoi,
74
3
0.97
Agave sisalana ENT:31(ear diseases)
Ear pain/ Kaadhuvali,
100 28
Piper nigrum ENT:24(throat pain) Throat pain/ Thondai vali Endocrinal disorders (ED)
Diabetes/ Neeralivu
61
2
0.98
Gymnema sylvestre ED:32(diabetes)
100 52
Andrographis paniculata ED:29(diabetes) Eye infection (EI)
Diseases of eyes/ Kannil poovizhuthal or Kannoi,
39
2
0.97
Achyranthes aspera EI:24(eye pain)
100
70
3
0.97
Vitex negundo Fvr :29(fever)
100
Eye pain/ Kan vali Fever (Fvr)
Fever/ Kaachal, Dog bite fever/ Naaikadi kaachal
Gastro-intestinal ailments (GIA)
Indigestion/ Ajeeranam or Pasillathanmai,
583
28
0.95
Aloe vera Fvr :27(fever)
46
Cyclea peltata GIA:36(stomach pain)
55 41
Child Indigestion/ Kulanthai ajeerana kolaru,
Centella asiatica GIA:31(gastritis complaint)
Umbilical pain/ Thoppul vali,
Zingiber officinale GIA:29(indigestion)
39
Diarrhoea/ Vayitrupokku, Worms in stomach/ Vayitrupulu, Gastric complaints/ Vayukolaru General health (GH)
Destruction of mind/ Mayakkam,
226
15
0.94
Piper nigrum GH:29(disease resistant)
33 34
Disease resistant/ Noi ethirpusakthi, Body worms/ Udal kirumi, Body shining/ Udal palapalappu, Weight increase/ Udal paruman, Body refreshment/ Udal puthunarchi, Body pain/ Udal vali, Body heat/ Udal veppam, Sweat/ Viyarvai
Passiflora edulis GH:24(body heat)
Genito urinary ailments (GUA)
Infertility/ Malattuthanmai,
160
8
0.96
Aloe vera GUA:32(sexual disability)
54 100
Irregular periods/ Mathavidai sularchi,
Moringa oleifera GUA:32(sperm production)
Lactation in women/ Paal surathal, Sexual power/ Paalunarvu, Over bleeding/ Uthirapokku, Sexual disability/ Veeraipu sakthi, White vaginal discharge/ Vellaipaduthal, Sperm production in men/ Uyiranu urpathi, Menstrual pain/ Vayitruvali Hair care (HC)
Dandruff or Fungal infection on head/ Podugu
Kidney stone (US)
Urinary tract disorders/ Siruneer upadhai,
26
1
1
133
7
0.95
Drymaria cordata HC:26(dandruff) Musa paradisiaca US:30(kidney stone)
100
49 59
Kidney stones/ Siruneeragakal,
Mimosa pudica US:26(urinary tract disorders)
Urinary tract disorders/ Siruneerkolaru Liver problems (LP)
Jaundice/ Manjalkamalai,
82
3
0.98
Andrographis lineata LP:31(jaundice)
Liver tonic/ Kalleeral marunthu
62 48
Andrographis paniculata LP:27(jaundice) Nerve system (NS)
Fits/ Janni,
75
4
0.95
Convulsive disorder/ Valippu or Kakkavalippu
Poisonous bites (PB)
Dog bite/ Naaikadi,
Cardiospermum halicacabum NS:29(fits)
100 100
Coix lacryma- jobi NS:27(convulsive disorder) 127
8
0.94
Cissus quadrangularis PB:26(dog bite)
Snake bites/ Pambukadi,
60 43
Musa paradisiaca PB:26(poison bites)
Centipede bite/ Poorankadi, Poison bites/ Vishakadi
Respiratory systems diseases (RSD)
Asthma/ Asthuma,
208
8
0.97
Coleus aromaticus RSD:34(cough)
Cough/ Irumal,
Leucas aspera RSD:31(cold)
Cold/ Jaladhosam
Solanum trilobatum
100 46 100
RSD:31(cold)RSD:27(cough) Skeleto-muscular system disorders (SMSD)
Bone fracture/ Elumbu murivu
14
1
1
Senna occidentalis SMSD:14(bone fracture)
Nur: No. of use reports, Nt: No. of taxa, Np: No. of use reports for a given species for particular ailment category
100
Local Name
Kasthuri vendai Thuthi Nanjupatti Shikakaai Kuppaimeni Raroenchi Naiuruvi Vasambu
Narkatralai Alangi
Poondu Sothukathalai Perarathai Ponnanganni Siriyanangai Nilavembu
Botanical Name (Family)
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Malvaceae)
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet (Malvaceae)
Acacia caesia (L.) Willd. (Fabaceae)
Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd.ex Del.subsp. indica (Benth) Brenan (Fabaceae)
Acalypha indica L. (Euphorbiaceae)
Achyranthes bidentata Blume. (Amaranthaceae)
Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae)
Acorus calamus L. (Acoraceae)
Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm (Asparagaceae)
Alangium salvifolium (L. f.) Wang. (Alangiaceae)
Allium sativum L. (Alliaceae)
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. (Xanthorrhoeaceae)
Alpinia galanga Sw. (Zingiberaceae)
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. (Amaranthaceae)
Andrographis lineata Wall. ex Nees. (Acanthaceae)
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees. (Acanthaceae)
Leaf
Leaf
Leaf
Rhizome
Sucker
Bulb
Leaf
Leaf
Stem bark
Leaf
Stem
Leaf
Stem bark
Bark
Leaf
Leaf, Flower
Part(s) used
1.36
1.22
0.8
0.58
1.44
0.71
1.32
0.76
1.95
0.58
1.29
0.32
0.44
0.66
0.76
0.85
UV
ED:29(diabetes)LP:27(jaundice)
PB:19(snake bite)LP:31(jaundice)
CSCD:33(blood circulation problem)
GIA:24(fecal impaction)
GUA:32(sexual disability)Fvr:27(fever)
GIA:29(gastric stimulant)
DID:19(skin diseases)
GIA:21(diarrhoea)Fvr:14(dog bite fever)
ENT:31(ear diseases)
DOC:36(tooth ache)GIA:18(stomach pain) GIA:26 (indigestion)
EI:24(eye pain)
DOC:34(tooth ache)DOC:19(teeth swelling)
DID:13(skin diseases)
DID:18(skin diseases)
DID: 27(skin diseases)
DOC:31(dental problem)
DID:23 (scabies)DID: 12(skin diseases)
Ailment category: no. of use-reports(ailment treated)
—/ Goat or cow's milk
Acorus calamus/
Citrus aurantifolia / Honey
Acorus calamus /
Other plants / ingredients added for drug preparation
Table 2: Ethnomedicinal plants -Their Use Value(UV), No. of Use-reports, Other Ingredients added for drug preparation and Relative Importance(RI).
62
54.5
21.5
33
49
31
61.5
25.5
56
34.5
39.5
31
29
34.5
42
41.5
RI
Saetthupun thazhai Brumma thundu Aduthinna Pazhi
Sirugurunjan
Vembu Ottaraichedi Mukkuratai Erukku Mudakkathan Nithiyakalyani Vallari
Guluma maram Ellavangapathiri Sirunjjurii Pirandai Ezhumitchai
Naikadugau
Anisochilus carnosus (L. f.) Wall. ex Benth. (Lamiaceae)
Argemone mexicana L. (Papavaraceae)
Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. (Aristolochiaceae)
Asystasia chelonoides Nees. (Acanthaceae)
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae)
Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae)
Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae)
Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br. (Apocynaceae)
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae)
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don. (Apocynaceae)
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. (Apiaceae)
Cinnamomum macrocarpum Hook.f. (Lauraceae)
Cinnamomum tamala (Buch. Ham.)T.Nees&C.H.Eberm. (Lauraceae)
Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq. (Meliaceae)
Cissus quadrangularis L. (Vitaceae)
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle. (Rutaceae)
Cleome viscosa L. (Capparaceae)
Leaf
Fruit
Stem bark
Stem bark
Stem, Leaf
Leaf, Bark
Leaf
Whole plant
Whole plant
Leaf
Leaf
Whole plant
Leaf, Stem
Whole plant
Leaf
Leaf
Leaf
0.27
1.69
1.04
0.46
0.41
0.68
1.83
0.61
0.71
0.58
0.32
0.92
1.54
2.76
0.88
0.32
0.44
DID:11(wounds)
DID:19(skin emollient)
CA:32(body cooling)RSD:18(asthma)
PB:26(dog bite)GH:17(body refreshment)
GIA:19(umbilical pain)
GH:7(diaphoretic)GIA:10(appetizer)
GIA:12(diarrhoea)DOC:16(tooth ache)
GIA:31(gastritis complaint)CSCD:14(blood purification) CSCD:30 (memory power)
CD:25(cancer)
NS:29(fits)
DID:24(tumors/hard swelling)
DID:13(skin diseases)
DID:32(wounds) GH:6(body worms)
DID:27(skin diseases)DOC:36(tooth brush)
DID:30(body irritation) DID:21 (swelling)
DID:26&17(skin diseases)PB:19(dog bite)
PB:13(centipede bite)
GIA:16(colic)PB:7(snake bite)
DID:13(skin diseases)
DID:18(skin diseases)
Cuminum cyminum
A. calamus, C. cyminum,
—/ Groundnut oil
A. calamus, C. cyminum, A. paniculata/ Castor oil
—/ Coconut oil
36.5
58
52.5
25.5
49
56.5
73
31
38.5
33
33
48.5
75
64
58
33
44
Leaf Whole plant
Omavalli Seeragam Nilappanai Malaithangi Uttuchedi Arugampul Vandugadi chedi Karuoomathi Poduku thalai Karisalanganni Thel chedi Palperuki Amman patcharisi Athi Karu vembu Senganthal Pachillai Sakkarai kolli
Coleus aromaticus Benth. (Lamiaceae)
Cuminum cyminum L. (Apiaceae)
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Hypoxidaceae)
Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms. (Menispermaceae)
Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. (Orchidaceae)
Cynodon dactylon L. (Poaceae)
Cynoglossum zeylanicum(VahlexHornem.)Thunb.exLehm.(Boraginaceae)
Datura metel L. (Solanaceae)
Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Schultes. (Caryophyllaceae)
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (Asteraceae)
Ehretia buxifolia Roxb. (Boraginaceae)
Euphorbia cyathophora Murr. (Euphorbiaceae)
Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae)
Ficus racemosa L. (Moraceae)
Garuga pinnata Roxb. (Burseraceae)
Gloriosa superba L. (Colchicaceae)
Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass. (Asteraceae)
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Schultes. (Apocynaceae)
Leaf
Leaf
Rhizome
Leaf
Stem bark
Whole plant
Leaf
Root
Leaf
Leaf
Leaf
Tuber
Root
Root, Tuber
Fruit
Leaf
Leaf
Kolarampai
Coix lacryma- jobi L. (Poaceae)
Leaf
Thaluthalai
Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f. (Verbenaceae)
0.78
0.63
0.71
0.22
0.29
0.56
0.39
0.66
1.19
0.63
0.36
0.58
0.63
0.41
1.61
1.09
1.04
0.83
0.66
0.39
ED:32(diabetes)
GH:16(weight increase)GH:10(body worms)
DID:29(wounds)
RSD:9(asthma)
DID:12(cracks)
CSCD:23(haemorrhagic enteritis)
GUA:16(lactation in women)
PB:10(poison bites)GIA:17(diarrhoea)
LP:24(liver tonic)DID:25(skin diseases)
HC:26(dandruff)
EI:15(eye diseases)
DID:24(fungal infection on skin)
GIA:26(indigestion)
DID:17(wounds)
GIA:36 & 30(stomach problem)
GUA:21(aphrodisiac)DOC:24(tooth ache)
GH:31(disease resistant)CSCD:12(heart plm)
RSD:34(cough)
NS:27(convulsive disorder)
US:16(urinary track disorders)
—/ Cow milk
—/ Coconut oil
—/ Coconut oil
Citrus aurantifolia
A. calamus, C. cyminum
40
32.5
29
23.5
51.5
44
31
38
43.5
23.5
48
25.5
49.5
25.5
49
47
38
40
34.5
42
Sundangodi
Adathodai Pachillai
Unni chedi Ezhuthani poondu Thumbai chedi
Sathicgai Thottal surungi
Murangai Vazhai maram
Thuraipoodalangod Fruit i
Ottuchedi Sodukku Thakkali
Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schultes. (Convolvulaceae)
Justicia adhatoda L. (Acanthaceae)
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Crassulaceae)
Lantana camara L. var. aculeata (L.) Mold. (Verbenaceae)
Launaea nudicaulis (Linn.)Hook.f. (Asteraceae)
Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link. (Lamiaceae)
Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Macbr. (Sapotaceae)
Mimosa pudica L. (Fabaceae)
Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae)
Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae)
Passiflora edulis Sims. (Passifloraceae)
Peperomia tetraphylla (Forst.f.) Hook. & Arn. (Piperaceae)
Physalis minima L. (Solanaceae)
Fruit
Whole plant
Stem
Flower
Leaf
Fruit
Leaf
Leaf
Leaf
Leaf
Leaf
Leaf
Whole plant
Nannani chedii
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. (Apocynaceae)
Seed, Root
Suriyakanthi
Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae)
0.83
1.19
1.71
1.49
0.78
1.07
0.41
1.66
0.41
0.34
1.71
0.73
1.34
0.8
0.71
US:18(kidney stone)GIA:16(stomach ache)
GIA:24(indigestion)GIA:25(child indigestion
GH:24(body heat)CSCD:28(blood pressure)
CSCD:18(blood circulation problem)
GH:5(body refreshment)
US:30(kidney stone)PB:26(poison bites)
GUA:32(sperm production)
GUA:6(infertility)US:26(urinary tract disorders)DID:12(swelling)
DOC:17(oral thrush)
NS:7(fits)NS:12(convulsive disorders)
RSD:31(cold)DID:18(skin diseases)
DID:9(allergy)GIA:12(diarrhoea)
GIA:14(stomach ache)
GUA:19(menstrual pain)US:24(kidney stone)GIA:27(worms in stomach)
RSD:30(cough)
GIA:12(stomach pain)
DID:24(wounds)GH:19(head ache)
CA:33(body cooling)
US:12(urinary track)DID:10(allergy)PB:7
Common salt
Ipomoea asarifolia /
—/ Breast milk
V. negundo, Allium cepa
38
32.5
46.5
67
49.5
69
45.5
81.5
38
29
52
44
56
34.5
58
Thippili
Melagu
Sarpagantha Cheveligodi Kairagai illai Avvarai
Ponnavarai Manathakkali Sundaikkai Thuthuvalai Periyanaval Marutha maram Veerasingipattai Poriyanai
Nerunchimul
Piper longum L. (Piperaceae)
Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae)
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. (Apocynaceae)
Rubia cordifolia L. (Rubiaceae)
Seidenfia rheedii. (Orchidaceae)
Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. (Fabaceae)
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (Fabaceae)
Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)
Solanum torvum Sw. (Solanaceae)
Solanum trilobatum L. (Solanaceae)
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. (Myrtaceae)
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arm. (Combretaceae)
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. var. floribunda (Wall.)Kurz. (Rutaceae)
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. var. gracilis Gamble. (Rutaceae)
Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae)
Root
Fruit, Bark
Stem
Bark
Bark
Leaf
Leaf
Leaf
Leaf
Flower
Flower
Whole plant
Root
Fruit
Root, Fruit
0.17
0.66
0.8
0.66
0.61
1.41
0.32
1.22
0.34
0.56
0.22
0.15
0.44
2.12
1.32
US:7(urinary troubles)
GIA:11(worms in stomach)
GIA:16(stomach ache)
DOC:33(tooth ache)
GIA:27(indigestion)
GIA:25(indigestion)
RSD:31(cold)RSD:27(cough)
GH:13(body worms)
DOC:29(mouth ulcer)GIA:21(stomach ache)
SMSD:14(bone fracture)
DID:16(skin rashes)
GUA:7(white vaginal discharge)
GIA:9(cholera)
GH:6(body pain)
CSCD:18(blood pressure)
ENT:24(throat pain)
GH:29(disease resistant)GH:18(body shining)
CSCD:16(blood circulation problem)
ENT:19(throat pain)
RSD:28(asthma)GH:7(disease resistant)
A. calamus, C. cyminum,
—/ Groundnut oil
—/ Goat milk
53
45.5
27
40
44
39.5
33
54.5
36.5
32.5
21.5
48
55
81.5
76.5
Vettukaya Poondu Notchi Inchii
Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae)
Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae)
Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Zingiberaceae)
Rhizome
Leaf
Leaf
1.8
0.71
0.44
GIA:29(indigestion)GH:18(body refresh)
GUA:27(over bleeding)
Fvr:29(fever)
DID:18(wounds)
Cuminum cyminum
87.5
38.5
34.5
dental problem
skin diseases
skin diseases
skin diseases
tooth ache, teeth swelling
eye pain
tooth ache, stomach pain, indigestion
ear diseases
diarrhoea, dog bite fever, skin diseases
gastric stimulant
sexual disability, fever
fecal impaction
blood circulation problem
snake bite, jaundice
jaundice, diabetes
skin diseases
Abutilon indicum
Acacia caesia
Acacia nilotica
Acalypha indica
Achyranthes bidentata
Achyranthes aspera
Acorus calamus
Agave sisalana
Alangium salvifolium
Allium sativum
Aloe vera
Alpinia galanga
Alternanthera sessilis
Andrographis lineata
Andrographis paniculata
Anisochilus carnosus
MURNIC
scabies, skin diseases
Medicinal uses reported by Kolli hills tribes
Abelmoschus esculentus
Botanical name
Kamble SY. et al., 2008.
Thirumalai T., et al., 2012. Niranjan A. et al., 2010.
Subhashini T. et al., 2010. Murugan BS. et al., 2013.
Verma RK. et al., 2011.
Rajeshwari R. et al., 2012. www.HealingAloe.com
Mane P. et al., 2011. Gebreyohannes G. and Gebreyohannes M., 2013.
Alagesaboopathi C., 2011.
Kuvar SD. and Bapat UC., 2010
Singh R. et al., 2011. Amit K. and Vandana, 2013. Motley TJ., 1994. Sivaranjani R. and Ramakrishnan K., 2012.
Dey A., 2013. Singh VK. et al., 1996.Managal A. and Sharma MC., 2009.
Umadevi P. et al., 2007. Zhu X. et al., 2012.Shiddamallayya N. et al., 2010.
Ramakrishnan K., 2012.
Alagesaboopathi C., 2011. Tripathi SC. and Srivastava M., 2010.Sivaranjani R. and
Atifali et al., 2012.
Ignacimuthu S., et al., 2006.
Mohapatra and Sahoo, 2008. Gul Jan et al., 2009.
NileshJain et al., 2012.
References
Table 3: Comparison of medicinal uses reported by Malayali tribes and neighboring indigenous communities
skin diseases
colic, snake bite, centipede bite
skin rashes, skin diseases, dog bite, body irritation, swelling
skin diseases, tooth brush
wounds, incised wounds, body worms
skin diseases
tumours/hard swelling
fits
cancer
gastritis complaint, blood purification, memory power
diarrhoea, tooth ache
diaphoretic, appetizer
umbilical pain
dog bite, body refreshment
body cooling, asthma, skin emollient
wounds
urinary track disorders
convulsive disorder
cough
disease resistant, heart diseases
Argemone mexicana
Aristolochia bracteolata
Asystasia chelonoides
Azadirachta indica
Bidens pilosa
Boerhavia diffusa
Calotropis gigantea
Cardiospermum halicacabum
Catharanthus roseus
Centella asiatica
Cinnamomum macrocarpum
Cinnamomum tamala
Cipadessa baccifera
Cissus quadrangularis
Citrus aurantifolia
Cleome viscosa
Clerodendrum phlomidis
Coix lacryma- jobi
Coleus aromaticus
Cuminum cyminum
Deepak, 2013.
Khare RS. et al., 2011. Rout OP. et al., 2012.
Jiang HE. et al., 2008.
Vijayamirtharaj R. et al., 2011.
PandurajuT. et al., 2011. Ayyanar M. and Ignacimuthu S. 2009
Pathan RK. et al., 2012.
Shah U. et al., 2011. Mishra G. et al., 2010.
Chandra R. et al., 2007.
Sharma G. and Nautiyal AR., 2011.
Ragupathy S. et al., 2008. Jiofack T. et al., 2010.
Singh S. et al., 2010. Hashim P., 2011.
Gajalakshmi S. et al., 2013.Alagesaboopathi C., 2011.Semenya SS. and Potgieter MJ., 2013.
Natarajan A. et al., 2013. Deepan T. et al., 2012.
Bulani V. et al., 2011. Ayyanar M. and Ignacimuthu S. 2009
Mahesh AR. et al., 2012. Riyaz H. et al., 2014.
www.raintree.com. Kazembe TC. and Nkome S., 2012.
Biswas K. et al., 2002. Alagesaboopathi C., 2011. Sivaranjani R. and Ramakrishnan K., 2012.
Alagesaboopathi C., 2011. Umapriya T. et al., 2011. Thirumal M. et al., 2012.
Priya CL. and Rao KVB., 2012. Sivaranjani R. and Ramakrishnan K., 2012.
aphrodisiac, tooth ache,
stomach pain, worms in stomach
wounds
indigestion
fungal infection on skin
eye diseases
dandruff
liver tonic, skin diseases
poison bites, diarrhoea
lactation in women
hemorrhagic enteritis
cracks
asthma
wounds
weight increase in child, body worms
diabetes
urinary track disorders, allergy, poison bites
body cooling
wounds, head ache, stomach pain
cough
Curculigo orchioides
Cyclea peltata
Cymbidium aloifolium
Cynodon dactylon
Cynoglossum zeylanicum
Datura metel
Drymaria cordata
Eclipta prostrata
Ehretia buxifolia
Euphorbia cyathophora
Euphorbia hirta
Ficus racemosa
Garuga pinnata
Gloriosa superba
Guizotia abyssinica
Gymnema sylvestre
Helianthus annuus
Hemidesmus indicus
Ipomoea asarifolia
Justicia adhatoda
Arun Vijayan et al., 2007. Sampath kumar KP. et al., 2010. Ignacimuthu S., et al., 2006.
Jegede IA. et al., 2009.
Vengatasamy R et al., 2010. Silja, V.P., et al., 2008
www.cpa.msu.edu/beal
Thakur GS. et al., 2012. Alagesaboopathi C., 2011.
Sumeet D. and Seema K., 2012. Megersa M. et al., 2013.
Lal HS. and Mishra PK., 2011.
Thupurani MK. et al., 2013. Thupurani MK. et al., 2012.
Shiksharthi AR. and Mittal S., 2011.
Badgujar SB. and Mahajan RT., 2011.Kumar S. et al., 2010.
Badgujar SB. and Mahajan RT., 2011.
Owuor BO. et al., 2005.
Khan AV. and Khan AA., 2008.
Ramashankar and Rawat MS., 2008. Saikia B. et al., 2010.
Mandal BK. et al., 2013.
Anitha M. et al., 2013.
Alagesaboopathi C., 2011.
Sekaran R. and Jagadeesan M., 1997. Howlader A. and Alam M., 2011.
Savithramma N. et al., 2011.
Britto JD. and Mahesh R., 2007. Saba Irshad et al., 2006.
menstrual pain, kidney stone, worms in stomach
stomach ache
allergy, diarrhoea
cold, skin diseases, fits, convulsive disorders
oral thrush
infertility, urinary tract disorders, swelling
sperm production
kidney stone, poison bites, body refreshment
blood circulation problem, body heat, blood pressure
indigestion, child indigestion
kidney stone, stomach ache
asthma, disease resistant, throat pain
blood circulation problem, disease resistant, body shining, throat pain
blood pressure
body pain
cholera
white vaginal discharge, skin rashes
bone fracture
mouth ulcer, stomach ache
Kalanchoe pinnata
Lantana camara
Launaea nudicaulis
Leucas aspera
Madhuca longifolia
Mimosa pudica
Moringa oleifera
Musa paradisiaca
Passiflora edulis
Peperomia tetraphylla
Physalis minima
Piper longum
Piper nigrum
Rauvolfia serpentina
Rubia cordifolia
Seidenfia rheedii
Senna auriculata
Senna occidentalis
Solanum nigrum
Jain R. et al., 2011. Gojoi P and Islam M. 2012.
Arya V. et al., 2010.
Singh S. et al., 2013. Shanmugasundaram R. et al., 2011.
Xavier TF. and Kumar SS. 2013.
Tiwari S. et al., 2012.
Poongodi A. et al., 2011. Bhatia BB., 1942.
Chahal J. et al., 2011.
Manoj P. et al., 2004.
Chothani DL. and Vaghasiya HU. 2012.
Nishanthi M. et al., 2012.
Poongodi A. et al., 2011. Jawla S. et al., 2012.
Muthu. et al., 2006. Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu, 2011.
Vengatasamy, R. et al., 2010. Silja V P et al., 2008. Jery Thomas and John De Britto, 1999.
Joseph B. et al., 2013.
Akshatha KN. et al., 2013.
Alagesaboopathi C., 2011. Islam AKM. and Noguchi HK., 2012.
Al.Mahrezi JA. et al., 2011.
Muthu C. et al., 2006.
Majaz QA. et al., 2011.
cold, cough
indigestion
indigestion
tooth ache
stomach ache, worms in stomach
urinary troubles
wounds
fever
over bleeding, indigestion, body refreshment
Solanum trilobatum
Syzygium cumini
Terminalia arjuna
Toddalia asiatica .var. floribunda
Toddalia asiatica . var. gracilis
Tribulus terrestris
Tridax procumbens
Vitex negundo
Zingiber officinale
Malhotra S. and Singh AM., 2003. Ghosh AK. et al., 2011.
Ignacimuthu S. et al., 2006. Rani SL. et al., 2011.
Rani SL. et al., 2011. Alagesaboopathi C., 2011.
Alagesaboopathi C., 2011. RajaM. andVenkataraman R., 2011.
Rani SL. et al., 2011.
Sekaran R. and Jagadeesan M., 1997. Muthu C. et al., 2006.
Gowri SS. et al., 2010.
Sahu J. et al., 2013. Parmar S. et al., 2010.
Karumari J.R., et al., 2014. Yousaf Z. et al., 2013.
MURNIC Medicinal uses reported by neighboring indigenous communities. Similar usesDifferent usesUses not reported
body worms
Solanum torvum
Table 4: Comparative Quantitative data between Malayali tribes in Kolli hills and neighboring indigenous communities and aligned countries based on medicinal uses Author Area ( Country) (Year of Study)
Total No. of No. of species No. of species No. of Percentage species with similar with different species with of New uses reported (Ȉ uses as in Kolli uses from Kolli new uses reported U) Hills Hills reported
Dindigul DistrictAlagesaboopathi, C., 2012 T. N. (India)
44
7
9
70
81
Kattunayakan - T. Amuthavalluvan, V., 2011 N. (India)
60
6
5
75
87
Bhaskar, A and Samant, L.R., 2012
PachamalaiHills T. N. (India)
66
5
11
70
81
Divya, V.V. et al., 2013
Kanyakumari - T. N. (India)
106
13
9
64
74
Ganesan, S. et al., 2008
Alagarkoil Hills T. N. (India)
111
5
32
49
57
Karuppusamy, S., 2007
Sirumalai Hills Southern India
90
3
10
73
85
Kumar, N. and Choyal, R., Himachal Pradesh 2013 (India)
32
2
6
78
91
Lingaiah, M and Rao, N.P., 2013
Adilabad District A.P. (India)
44
3
4
79
92
Mishra, L. et al., 2014
Rajasthan (India)
31
4
7
75
87
Mou, S.M. et al., 2012
Moulvibazar (Bangladesh)
25
2
4
80
93
Oladunmoye, M.K and Kehind, F.Y., 2011
South Western Nigeria
208
0
4
82
95
Shrivatsava,S and Kanugo, Surguja V.K., 2013 Chhattisgarh (India) 15
2
4
80
93
Singh, A.G. et al., 2012
Western Nepal
66
15
7
64
74
Smita, R. et al.,2013
Koraput District Odisha (India)
50
0
7
79
92
Uddin, S.B. et al., 2013
Bazar District (Bangladesh)
82
6
13
67
78
T. N. ĺ Tamil Nadu, A. P. ĺ Andhra Pradesh.
Fig 1. Map showing the location of Kolli hills in Eastern Ghats. Tamilnadu.
!" #$%&" '&" (" (")%&"
'&"
Fig. 3. Analysis of habit with respect to no. of species
+
*
*
,&"
'"-
,&"
'&/-
&.'$
'
Fig. 4. Statistics of plant parts used
! "
Fig. 5. Categories of Kolli hills tribes mode of utilization for the preparation of medicine m
#
$!%!
Fig. 6. Rout administration of medicinal plants
Fig.7. Format of field data sheet used to record the plant details and ethnomedicinal information
Fig.8. Hepatoprotective compound – Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata
b) Gymnemic acid II
a) Gymnemic acid I
c) Gymnemesaponin V Fig.9. Anti-diabetic compounds from Gymnema sylvestre
Reserpine Fig.10. Antihypertensive alkaloid compound
a) Kaempferol
b) Quercetin
c) Rutin
d) Phenolic compound – Caffeoylquinic acid
Fig.11. compounds from
References Akshatha, K.N., Murthy, S.M., Lakshmidevi, N., 2013. Ethnomedical uses of Madhuca longifolia - A Review, International Journal of Life Science & Pharma research 3(1), 44-53. Alagesaboopathi. C., 2011. Ethnobotanical studies on useful plants of Kanjamalai Hills of Salem district of Tamil Nadu, India. Scholars research library 3(5), 532-539. Alagesaboopathi. C., 2012. Ethnobotanical Studies on useful plants of Sirumalai Hills of EasternGhats, Dindigul District of Tamil Nadu, Southern India. International Journal of Bio Sciences. 2(2), 77-84. Al. Mahrezi, J.A., Al- Sabahi, J.N., Akhtar, M.S., Selim, D., Weli, A.M., 2011. Essential oil composition and Antimicrobial Screening of Launaea nudicaulis Grown in Oman. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2(12), 3166-3169. Amit, K., Vandana, 2013. Medicinal properties of Acorus calamus. Journal of drug delivery and therapeutics 3(3), 143-144. Amuthavalluvan V., 2011. Ethnomedicinal practices and traditional healing system of Kattunayakan in Tamil Nadu : An anthropological study. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 1(7), 47-51. Anitha, M., Daffodil, E.D., Muthukumarasamy, S., Mohan, V.P., 2013. Anti-inflammatory activity of Whole plant of Cynoglossum zeylanicum (VAHL Ex Hornem) Thunb. Ex. Lehm. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology and Research 3(1), 20-22. APG III. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 16:105 – 121. Arun Vijayan, Liju, V.B., John, J.V., Parthipan, B., and Renuka, C., 2007. Traditional remedies of kani tribes of kottoor reserve forest, Agasthyavanum, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Indian Journal of Traditional knowledge 6(4), 589 594. Arya, V., Yadav, S., Kumar, S., Yadav, J.P., 2010. Antimicrobial activity of Cassia occidentalis L. (leaf) against various Human Pathogenic Microbes. Life Sciences and Medicine research 9, 1-11. Atifali, Akhtar, A., Alikhan, B., ShoaibKhan, M., Rasul, A., Zaman, S., Khalid, N., Waseem, K., Mahmood, T., LiaqatAli, 2012. Acacia nilotica: A plant of multipurpose medicinal uses, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 6(9), 1492-1496.
Ayyanar, M., Ignacimuthu, S., 2009. Herbal medicines for wound healing among tribal people in Southern India: Ethnobotanical and Scientific evidences. International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products, search in Natural Products 2(3), 29-42 Badgujar, S.B., Mahajan, R.T., 2011. Bioprospecting of Euphorbia nivulia Buch, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research 1(1), 4-9. Balakrishnan, V., Prema, P., Ravindran, K C., Philip Robinson, J., 2009. Ethnobotanical studies among villages from Dharapuram Taluk, Tamil Nadu, India. Global Journal of Pharmacology 3(1), 8–14. Bein, H.J.1953. Zur pharmakologie des Reserpine , eines neuen Alk.aus. Rauvolfia serpentine (Benth). Experientia 9, 1073. Bennett, B.C., Prance, G.T., 2000. Introduced plants in the indigenous pharmacopoeia of Northern South America. Society for Economic Botany 54, 90–102. Biswas, K., Chattopadhyay, I., Banerjee, R.K., Bandyopadhyay, U., 2002. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica). Current Science 82(11), 1336-1345. Bhaskar, A., Samant, L.R., 2012. Traditional Medication of Pachamalai Hills, Tamil Nadu, India. Global Journal of Pharmacology 6(1), 47-51. Bhatia, B.B., 1942. On the use of Rauvolfia serpentina in High blood Pressure, Journal of Indian Medical Association (XI) 9, 262. Bor, N.L., 1960. The grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan. London: Pergamon Press. Britto, J.D., and Mahesh, R., 2007, Exploration of Kani tribal Botanical knowledge in Agasthiyamalai Biosphere Reserve - South India, Ethnobotanical leaflets 11, 258-265. Bulani, V., Biyani, K., Kale, R., Joshi, U., Charhate, K., Kumar, D., Pagore, R., 2011. Inhibitory effect of Calotropis gigantea extract on Ovalbumin- induced airway inflammation and Arachidonic acid induced inflammation in a murine model of asthma. International Journal of Current Biological and Medical Science 1(2), 19-25. Chahal, J., Ohylan, R., Kandale, A., Walia, A., Puri, S., 2011. Introduction, Phytochemistry, Traditional uses and Biological activity of genus Piper: A review. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 2(2), 130-144.
Chandra, R., Mahato, M., Mandal, S.C., Kumar, K., Kumar, J., 2007. Ethnomedicinal formulations used by traditional herbal practitioners of Ranchi, Jharkhand. Indian J. Traditional Knowledge 6(4), 599-601. Chothani, D.L., Vaghasiya, H.U., 2012. A Phyto- Pharmacological Overview on Physalis minima Linn. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 3(4), 477-482. Dawson, E. B., Harris, W. A., Powell, S. A. (1990). Relationship between ascorbic acid and male fertility. World Review of Nutrition Dietetics 62, 1- 26. Deepan, T., Alekhya, V., Saravanakumar, P., Dhanaraju, M.D., 2012. Phytochemical and Anti-microbial studies on the leaves extracts of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. Advances in Biological Research 6(1), 14-18. Deepak, 2013. Importance of Cuminum cyminum L. and Carum carvi L. in traditional medicaments - a review. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 12(2), 300-307. Dey, A., 2013. Achyranthes aspera L: Phytochemical and Pharmacological aspects. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 9(2), 72-82. Divya, V.V., Karthick, N., Umamaheswari, S., 2013. Ethnopharmacological studies on the medicinal plants used by Kani tribes of Thachamalai Hills, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India. International Journal of Advanced Biological Research 3(3), 384-393. !"#$%$&$%' El-Missiry, M. A. 1999. Enhanced testicular antioxidant system by ascorbic acid in alloxn diabetic rats. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 124, 233-237. Friedmen, J., Yaniv, Z., Dafni, A., Palewitch, D., 1986. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev desert, Israel. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 16, 275-287. Gajalaksmi, S., Vijayalakshmi, S., Rajeshwari, D.V., 2013. Pharmacological activities of Catharanthus roseus: A perspective review, International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 4(2), 431-439.
Gamble, J.S., Fischer, C.E.C., 1921-1935. Flora of the Presidency of Madras (Vol. 1-3), London: Adlard and Son Ltd.
Ganesan, S., Pandi, N.R., Banumathy, N., 2008. Ethnomedicinal survey of Alagarkoil hills (Reserved forest), Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic Journal of Indian medicine 1, 1-18. Gebreyohannes, G., Gebreyohannes, M., 2013. Medicinal Values of garlic: A review. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 5(9), 401-408. Geological Survey of India, Tamil Nadu Circle, Chennai, 1976. Ghiselin, M., Landa, J., 2005. The Economics and Bioeconomics of Folk and Scientific Classification. Journal of Bioeconomics 7(3), 21-238. Ghosh, A.K., 2011. Zingiber officinale: A Natural gold. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 2(1), 283-294. Ghosh, D., Das, U. B., Misro, M. 2002. Protective role of alpha- tochopherol- succinate in cyclophosphamide induced testicular gametogenic steroidogenic disorders: a correlative approach to oxidative stress. Free Radic Research 36, 1209-1218. Giday, M., Asfaw, Z., Wouldu, Z., 2010. Ethnomedicinal study of plants used by Sheko ethnic group of Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 132, 75 – 85. GulJan, Ajabkhan, M., FarzanaJan, 2009. Medicinal Value of the Asteraceae of Dir Kohistan Valley, NWFP, Pakistan, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13, 1205-1215. Gogoi, P., Islam, M., 2012. Ethnomedicinal study of Solanum nigrum L and S. myriacanthus Dunal used by Tribals and Non- Tribals from Districts of Upper Assam, India. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences 3(1), 73-81. Gowri, S.S., Vasantha, K., 2010. Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial activity of Syzygium cumini(L.) (Myrtaceae) Leaves extracts, International Journal of Pharm Tech Research 2(2), 1569-1573. Hashim, P., 2011. Centella asiatica in food and beverage applications and its potential antioxidant and neuro protective effect. International Food Research Journal 18(4), 1215-1222. Heinrich, M., Ankli, A., Frei, B., Weimann, C., Sticher, O., 1998. Medicinal plants in Mexico: healers’ consensus and cultural importance. Social Science and Medicine 47, 91–112. Henry, A.N., Chitra, V., and Balakrishnan, N.P., 1987. Flora of Tamil Nadu, India. Series I: Analysis. Vol.3. Coimbatore: Botanical Survey of India.
Henry, A.N., Kumari, G.R., and Chitra, V., 1989. Flora of Tamil Nadu, India. Series I: Analysis. Vol. 2. Coimbatore: Botanical Survey of India. p.258. Howlader, A., Alam, M., 2011. Central nervous system depressant effects of the ethanolic extract of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.). Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 1(9), 60-62. Ignacimuthu, S., Ayyanar, M., Sankarasivaraman, K., 2006. Ethnobotanical investigations among tribes in Madurai district of Tamilnadu, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2/25, 1-7. Ignacimuthu, S., Ayyanar, M., Sankarasivaraman, K., 2008. Ethno-botanical study of medicinal plants used by Paliyar tribals in Theni district of Tamil Nadu, India. Fitoterapia 79, 562-568. Islam, A.K.M., Noguchi, H.K., 2012. Allelopathic Potentiality of Medicinal plant Leucas aspera. International Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 4(1), 1-7. Jain, R., Sharma, A., Gupta, S., Sarethy, I.P., Gabrani, R., 2011. Solanum nigrum: Current perspectives on Therapeutic properties, Alternative medicine review 16(1), 78-85.
Jainu M and Devi C.S, 2006. Antiulcerogenic and ulcer healing effects of Solanum nigrum (L.) on experimental ulcer models: possible mechanism for the inhibition of acid formation, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104(1-2), 156-63 Jawla, S., Kumar, Y., Khan, M.S.Y., 2012. Antimicrobial and Antihyperglycemic activities of Musa paradisiaca flowers. Asian pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, S914S918. Jegede, I.A., Nuwinyi, F.C., Ibrahim, J., Ugbade, G., Dzarma, S., Kunle, O.F., 2009. Investigation of Phytochemical, Anti inflammatory and Anti nociceptive properties of Ipomoea asarifolia Leaves. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3(3), 160-165. Jery Thomas, A., John De Britto., 1999. An Ethnobotanical Survey of Naduvil Panchayat in Kannur dist. Kerala. Ancient Science of life 18(3&4), 279- 283. Jiang, H.E., Wang, B., Li, X., Lu, E.G., Li, C.S., 2008. A Consideration of the involucre remains of Coix lacryma- jobi L. (Poaceae) in the Sampula Cemetery (2000 years BP), Xinjiang China. Journal of Archaeologial Science 35, 1311-1316.
Jiofack, T., Fokunang, C., Guedje, N., Kerneuze, V., Fongnzossie, E., Nkongmeneck, B.A., Mapongmetsem, P.M., Tsabang, N., 2010. Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants of two ethnoecological regions of Cameroon. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2(3), 60-79. Joseph, B., George, J., Mohan, J., 2013. Pharmacology and Traditional Uses of Mimosa pudica. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 5(2), 41-44. Kamble, S.Y., More, T.N., Patil, S.R., Pawar, S.G., Bindurani, R., Bodhankar, S.L., 2008. Plants used by tribes of Northwest Maharashtra for the treatment of gastro intestinal disorders. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 7(2), 321-325. Karumari, J.R., Sumathi, S., Vijayalakshmi, K., Ezhilarasi, S., Balasubramanian, 2014. Anthelmintic Efficasy of Sesbania grandiflora Leaves and Solanum torvum Fruits against the Nematode Parasite Ascaridia galli. American Journal of Ethnomedicine 1(5), 326333. Karuppusamy, S., 2007. Medicinal plants used by Paliyan tribes of Sirumalai hills of Southern India. Natural Product Radiance 6(5), 436-442. Kazembe, T.C., Nkomo, S., 2012. Use of Blumea alata, Bidens pilosa and Chenopodium ambrosioides as Mosquito Repellents and Mosquitocides. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences 1(7), 59-66. Khan, A.V., Khan, A.A., 2008. Ethnomedicinal uses of Eclipta Prostrata Linn. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 7(2), 316-320. Khare, R.S., Banerjee, S., Kundu, K., 2011. Coleus aromaticus Benth - A nutritive medicinal plant of potential therapeutic value. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 2(3), 488-500. Kujo, S. 2004. Vitamin C: basic metabolism and its function as an index of oxidative stress. Current Medicinal Chemistry 11, 1041- 1064. Kumar, S., Rashmi, Kumar, D., 2010. Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Euphorbia hirta Linn. in Streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. Indian Journal of Natural Product and Resources 1(2), 200-203. Kumar, N., Choyal, R., 2013. Ethnomedicinal uses of some plants of Lower Foot Hills of Himachal Pradesh for the Treatment of Oral health problems and Other mouth disorders. International Journal of Advanced Research 1(5), 1-7.
Kuvar, S.D., Bapat, U.C., 2010. Medicinal plants used by Kokani tribals of Nasik district. Maharashtra to cure cuts and wounds. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9(1), 114-115. Lal, H.S., Mishra, P.K., 2011. Gloriosa superba - An Endangered plant Spotted for the first time from forest of Tpchanchi, Hazaribag (Jharkhand) India. Science Research Reporter 1(2), 61-64. Lingaiah, M., Rao, N.P., 2013. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by traditional healers of Adilabad District, Andhra Pradesh, India. International Quarterly Journal of Biology and Life Sciences 1(1), 17-23. Mahesh, A.R., Kumar, H., Ranganath, M.K., Devkar, R.A., 2012. Detail Study on Boerhavia diffusa Plant for its Medicinal Importance. A review. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1(1), 28-36. Malhotra, S., Singh, A.M., 2003. Medicinal properties of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Natural product Radiance 2(6), 296-301. Mandal, B.K., Shah, A., 2013. A review on Pharmacological action and use of the plant Datura. Universal Journal of Pharmacy 2(2), 47-51. Manoj, P., Soniya, E.V., Banerjee, N.S., Ravichandran, P., 2004. Natural Product Radiance, 3(4), 222-227. Mane, P., Mayee, R., Atre, K., 2011. Medicinal properties of Allium sativum (Garlic): A review. International Journal of Pharma Research and Development 3(2), 145150. Managal, A., Sharma, M.C., 2009. Evaluation of certain medicinal plants for anti-obesity properties. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 8(4), 602-605. Matthew, K.M., 1991. An excursion Flora of Central Tamil Nadu. Tiruchirappalli: Rapinat Herbarium. Majaz, Q.A., Tatiya, A.U., Khurshid, M., Nazim, S., Siraj, S., 2011. The Miracle Plant (Kalanchoe pinnata): A Phytochemical and Pharmacological review. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy 2(5), 1478-1482. Meteorological Report, Horticulture Department, Padasolai, Kolli Hills, 2001-2005. Mishra, G., Srivastava, S., Nagori, B.P., 2010. Pharmacological and Therapeutic activity of Cissus quadrangularis: An Overview. International Journal of Pharma Tech Research 2(2), 1298-1310.
Mishra, L., Dixit, Y., Singh, M., 2014. Studies on Ethnomedicinal plants of Shekhawati Region, Rajasthan, Having Hypoglycemic properties, Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied life sciences 4(2), 62-66. Megersa, M., Asfaw, Z., Kelbessa, E., Beyene, A., Woldeab, B., 2013. An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in Wayu Tuka District, East Welega Zone of Oromia Regional State, West Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 9(68), 118. Mohapatra, S.P., Sahoo, H.P., 2008. An Ethno-Medico-Botanical Study of Bolangir, Orissa, India: Native plant remedies against Gynecological Diseases. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12, 846-850. Motley, T.J., 1994. The Ethnobotany of Sweet flag, Acorus calamus (Araceae). Economic Botany 48(4), 397-412. Mou, S.M., Mahal, M.J., Bhuiyan, P., Zakaria, A.S.M., Datta, B., Rana, M., Islam, A., Khatun, Z., Rahmatullah, M., 2012. Medicinal plants and formulations of the Goala tribe of Moulvibazar, Bangladesh. American - Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 6(4), 254-260. Muthu, C., Ayyanar, M., Raja, N., Ignacimuthu, S., 2006. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2, 43. Mukherjee P.K., Maiti K., Mukherjee K., Houghton P.J. 2006 Leads from Indian medicinal plants with hypoglycaemic potentials. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 106, 1–28. Murugan, B.S., Reshma, A., Deepika, R., Balamurugan, S., Sathishkumar, R., 2013. Antioxidant capacities of Amaranthus tristis and Alternanthera sessilis: A comparative study. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 7(30), 2230-2235. Nakamura Y., Tsumura Y., Tonogai Y., Shibata T. 1999. Fecal steroi excretion is increased in rats by oral administration of gymnemic acids Contained in Gymnema sylvestre leaves. Journal of Nutrition 129, 1214–1222. Natarajan, A., Leelavinodh, K.S., Jayavelu, A., Devi, K., Senthilkumar, B., 2013. A Study on Ethnomedicinal plants of Kalavai, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 3(1), 99-102. NileshJain., RuchiJain., VaibhavJain., SurendraJain., 2012. A review on: Abelmoschus esculentus. Pharmacia 1 (3), 84-89.
Niranjan, A., Tewari, S.K., Lehri, A., 2010. Biological activities of kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees.) and its active principles - A review. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 1(2), 125-135. Nishanthi, M., Mohanambal, E., Narendiran, S., Shankar, M., Aanandhi, M.V., Vijayakumar, B., 2012. Extraction and Preliminary phytochemical investigation on Whole plant of Peperomia tetraphylla (G. Forst. Hook & Arn). International Journal of Phytopharmacology 3(2), 173-177. Oladunmoye, M.K., Kehinde, F.Y., 2011. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in treating viral infections among Yoruba tribe of Southwestern Nigeria, African Journal of Microbiology Research 5(19), 2991-3004. Owuor, B.O., Mulemi, B.A., Kokware, J.O., 2005. Indigenous Snake bite remedies of the Luo of Western Kenya. Journal of Ethnobiology 25(1), 129-141. Panduraju, T., Parvathi, B., Rammohan, M., Reddy, C.S., 2011. Wound Healing Properties of Cleome viscosa Linn. Hygeia. Journal for Drugs and Medicines 3(1), 41-45. Parmar, S., Gangwal, A., Sheth, N., 2010. Solanum xanthocarpum (Yellow Berried Night Shade): A Review, Scholars Research Library 2(4), 373-383. Passalacqua, N.G., Guarrera, P.M., De Fine, G, 2007. Contribution to the knowledge of the folk plant medicine in Calabria region (Southern Italy). Fitoterapia, 78, 52–68. Pathan, R.K., Gali, P.R., Pathan, P., Gowtham, T., Pasupuleti, S., 2012. In vitro Antimicrobial activity of Citrus aurantifolia and its Phytochemical Screening. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. S328-S331. Persaud SJ, Al-Majed H, Raman A, Jones PM. 1999. Gymnema sylvestre stimulates insulin release in vitro by increased membrane permeability. Journal of Endocrinology. 163: 207-212. Perumal Samy, R., Ignacimuthu S., 2000. Antibacterial activity of some of folklore medicinal plants used by tribals in Western Ghats of India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69, 63– 71. Phillips, O., Gentry, A.H., Reynel, C., Wilkin, P., Galvez-Durand, B.C., 1994. Quantitative ethnobotany and Amazonian conservation. Conservation Biology 8, 225–248. Poongodi, A., Thilagavathi, S., Aravindhan, V., Rajendran, A., 2011. Observation on Some Ethnomedicinal plants in Sathyamangalam forests of Erode District, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Medicinal plants Research 5(19), 4709-4714.
Prabu, M., Kumuthakalavalli, R., 2012. Folk remedies of Medicinal plants for Snake bites, Scorpion stings and Dog bites in Eastern Ghats of Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu, India. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy 3(5), 696-700. Priya, C.L., Rao, K.V.B., 2012. Ethnobotanical and Current Ethnopharmacological aspects of Argemone mexicana Linn: An overview. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3(7), 2143-2148. Ragupathy, S., Steven, N.G., Maruthakkutti, M., Velusamy, B., Ul-Huda, M.M., 2008. Consensus of the ‘Malasars’ traditional aboriginal knowledge of medicinal plants in the Velliangiri holy hills, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 4, 8. Raja, M., Venkataraman, R., 2011. Pharmacognostical Studies on Tribulus terrestris and Tribulus alatus. Pelagia Research Library 2(4), 136-139. Rajakumar, N., Shivanna, M.B., 2009. Ethnomedicinal application of plants in the eastern region of Shimoga District, Karnataka, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 126, 64–73. Rajeshwari, R., Umadevi, M., Rahale, C.S., Pushpa, R., Selvavenkadesh, S., Sampathkumar, K.P., Bhowmik, D., 2012. Aloe vera: The miracle plant its medicinal and Traditional uses in India. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 1(4), 118-124. Ramashankar, Rawat, M.S., 2008. Ethno-Botanical Observations of Drynaria cordata Willd. Ex Roem & Schult. (Caryophyllaceae), Bulletin of Arunachal forest Research 24(1&2), 22-24. Rani, S.L., Devi, V.K., Soris, P.T., Maruthupandian, A., Mohan, V.R., 2011. Ethnomedicinal plants used by Kanikars of Agasthiarmalai Biosphere reserve, Western Ghats, Journal of Ecobiotechnology 3(7), 16-25. Ray, G.K., Roy, P.K and Dasgupta, S.R.1953. Action of Rauwolfia serpentina vasomotor reflexes, Arch.Exp.Path. U.Pharmakol. 219, 310 -314. Riyaz, H., Raza, S.A., Hussain, S., Mahmood, S., Malik, F., 2014. An Overview of Ethnopharmacological properties of Boerhavia diffusa. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 8(2), 49-58. Rout, O.P., Acharya, R., Mishra, S.K., Sahoo, R., 2012. Pathorchur (Coleus aromaticus): A review of the medicinal Evidence for its Phytochemistry and Pharmacology Properties. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology 3(4), 348-355.
Saba Irshad, J., Singh, S. P., Jain, S. P.S., Khanuja., 2006. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Kali Musali) An endangered medicinal plant of commercial value. Natural Product Radiance 5 (5), 369-372. Sahu, J., Rathi, B., Koul, S., Khosa, R.L., 2013. Solanum trilobatum (Solanaceae) An overview. Journal of Natural Remedies 13(2), 76-80. Saikia, B., Borthakur, S.K., Saikia, N., 2010. Medico-Ethnobotany of Bodo tribals in Gohpur of Sonitpur District, Assam, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9(1), 52-54. Salem, M. H., Kamel, K. I., Yousef, M. I., Hassan, G.A.,EL- Nouty, F.D. 2001. Protective role of ascorbic acid to enhance semen quality of rabbits treated with sublethal doses of aflatoxin B1. Toxicology 162, 209- 218. Sampathkumar, K.P., Bhowmik, D., Chiranjib, Tiwari, P., Kharel, R., 2010. Indian Traditional Herbs Adhatoda vasaca and its Medicinal application. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 2(1), 240-245. Savithamma, N., Rao, M.L., Suhrulatha, D., 2011. Screening of Medicinal Plants for Secondary Metabolites, Middle East. Journal of Scientific Research 8(3), 579-584. Sekaran, R., and Jagadeesan, M., 1997. An Ethnobotanical survey of Javvadhu Hills, Tamil Nadu, India. Ancient Science of Life, XVI 3, 206-214. Semenya, S.S., Potgieter, M.J., 2013. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don.: Extraordinary Bapedi Medicinal herb for gonorrhea. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research 7(20), 1434-1438. Senthilkumar, K., Aravindhan, V., Rajendran, A., 2013. Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by Malayali Tribes in Yercaud Hills of Eastern Ghats, India. Journal of Natural Remedies 13(2), 118-132. Shah,U., 2011. Cissus quadrangularis L.: Phytochemical, Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Activities - A Review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(4), 41-44. Shanmugasundaram, R., Devi, K.V., Soris, T.P., Maruthupandian, A., Mohan, V.R., 2011. Antidiabetic, Antihyperlipidaemic and Antioxidant activity of Senna auriculata(L.) Roxb. leaves in alloxan induced diabetic rats, International Journal of Pharm Tech Research 3(2), 747-756. Sharma, G., Nautiyal, A.R., 2011. Cinnamomum tamala: A Valuable tree from Himalayas, International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 1(1), 1-4.
Sheldon, L M., Balick, M., Laird, SA., Is using medicinal plants compatible with conservation? Plant talk. 1998; 29–31. Shiddamallayya, N., Yasmeen, A., Gopakumar, K., 2010. Medico-botanical survey of kumar parvatha kukke Subramanya, Mangalore, Karnataka. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9(1), 96-99. Shiksharthi, A.R., Mittal, S., 2011. Ficus racemosa: Phyto chemistry, Traditional uses and Pharmacological Properties: A review. International Journal of Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Research 4, 06-15. Shrivastava, S., Kanungo, V.K., 2013. Ethnobotanical survey of Surguja District with special reference to plants used by Uraon tribe in treatment of diabetes. International Journal of Herbal Medicine 1(3), 127-130. Silja ,V. P., Samitha Varma, K., Mohanan., K.V., 2008. Ethnomedicinal plant Knowledge of the Mullu Kuruma tribe of Wayanad dist. Kerala. Indian Journal of Traditional knowledge 7(4), 604-612. Singh, V.K., Ali, Z., Zaidi, S.T.H., 1996. Ethnomedicinal uses of plants from Gonda district forests of Uttar Pradesh, India. Fitoterapia LXVII, 2, 129-139. Singh, R., Sharma, P.K., Malviya, R., 2011. Pharmacological properties and Ayurvedic value of Indian buch plant (Acorus calamus): A short review. Advances in Biological Research 5(3), 145-154. Singh, S., Gautam, A., Sharma, A., Batra, A., 2010. Centella asiatica(L.): A plant with immense medicinal potential but threatened. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 4(2), 09-17. Singh, A.G., Kumar, A., Tewari, D.D., 2012. An Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Terai forest of Western Nepal, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 8:9. Singh, S., Singh, S.K., Yadav, A., 2013. A Review on Cassia species Pharmacological, Traditional and Medicinal aspects in various countries. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics 1(3), 291-312. Sivaranjani, R., Ramakrishnan, K., 2012. Traditional Uses of Medicinal Plants in Treating Skin diseases in Nagapattinam District of Tamil Nadu, India. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 3(5), 201-204.
Smita, R., Sangeeta, R., Kumar, S.S., Soumya, S., and Deepak, P., 2013. An Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Semiliguda of Koraput District, Odisha, India. Research Journal of Recent Sciences 2(8), 20-30.
Srithi, K., Balslev, H., Wangpakapattanawong, P., Srisanga, P., Trisonthi, C., 2009. Medicinal plant knowledge and its erosion among the Mien (Yao) in northern Thailand. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123, 335–342. Subhashini, T., Krishnaveni, B., Srinivasreddy, C., 2010. Anti-Inflammatory activity of leaf Extracts of Alternanthera sessilis. Hygela Journal for Drug and Medicine 2(1), 54-56. Sumeet, D., Seema, K., 2012. Folk-lore uses of Guizotia abyssinica (L.F) Cass. among tribal and rural people of Madhya Pradesh. International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching & Practices 3(4), 434-437. Sutha, Devaraj, Jegathambigai, R., Kumar, P., Sivaramakrishnan, S, 2010. A study on the hepatoprotective effect of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.F) Nees on mice. Journal of Phytology 2(11), 25-30 Tabuti, J.R.S., Kukunda, C.B., Waako, P.J., 2010. Medicinal plants used by traditional medicine practitioners in the treatment of tuberculosis and related ailments in Uganda. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 127, 130–136. Talekar, Y.P., Das, B., Paul, T., Talekar, D., Apte, K.G and Parab, P.B. 2012. Evaluation of wound healing potential of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Tridax procumbens Linn. in wister rats, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 5(4), 141145. Teklehaymanot, T., Giday, M.,Medhin, G., Mekonnen, Y., 2007. Knowledge and use of medicinal plants by people around Debre Libanos monastery in Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111, 271–283. Tiwari, S., Upadhyaya, R., Shroti, R., Upadhyaya, S.T., 2012. Rubia cordifolia Root extract induces apoptosis in cancer cell line, Science Secure Journal of Biotechnology 1(2), 39-42. Thakur, G.S., Sharma, R., Sanodiya, B.S., Pandey, M., Prasad, G.B.K.S., Bisen, P.S., 2012. Gymnema sylvestre: An alternative Therapeutic agent for Management of Diabetes. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences 2(12), 1-6.
Thirumalai, T., David, B.C., Sathiyaraj, K., Senthilkumar, B., David, E., 2012. Ethnobotanical study of Anti-diabetic medicinal plants used by the local people in Javvadhu Hills, Tamil Nadu, India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine S910-S913. Thirumal, M., Vadivelan. R., Kishore, G., Brahmaij, V.S., 2012. Aristolochia bracteolata : An overview on Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties, Critical review in Pharmaceutical Sciences 1(1), 70-82. Thuurani, M.K., Reddy, P.N., Thirupathaiah, A., Charya, S., Shiva, D., 2012. In vitro determination of anti-oxidant activities of Garuga pinnata Roxb. International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 2 (4), 566-572. Thupurani, M.K., Niskanth, R.P., Mathi, P., Raman, V.B., Charya, S., 2013. Studies on Anticancer and Antibacterial Potentialities of Garuga pinnata Roxb. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 21(2), 163-167. Tripathi, S.C., Srivastava, M., 2010. Ethnomedicinal flora of Euphorbiaceae used in dermatological problems. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9 (2), 318-320. Tropicos, 2012. Electronic database accessible at http://tropicos.org/ NameSearch.aspx captured on 27 January 2012. Trotter RT, Logan MH. 1986. Informants consensus: a new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants. In: Etkin NL, editor. Plants in indigenous medicine and diet. New York: Redgrave Publishing Company, 91–112. Uddin, S.B., Ratna, R.S., Faruque, M.O., 2013. Ethnobotanical Study on Medicinal plants of Rakhaing Indigenous Community of Cox's Bazar District of Bangladesh. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2(4), 164-174. Umadevi, P., Murugan, S., Suja, S., Selvi, S., Chinnaswamy, P., Vijayanand, E., 2007. Antibacterial, In vitro lipid per oxidation and phytochemical observation on Achyranthes bidentata Blume. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 6 (5), 447-451. Umapriya, T., Rajendiran, A., Aravindhan, V., Thomas, B., Maharajan, M., 2011. Ethnobotany of Palamalai Hills, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 2(2), 250-255. Venkatasamy, Ethno district of 1(2), 387-
R., Mohammad Mubarack, H., Doss, A., Ravi, T.K., Sukumar, M., 2010. botanical study of medicinal plants used by Malasar tribals in Coimbatore Tamil Nadu (South India). Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences 392.
Verma, R.K., Mishra, G., Singh, P., Jha, K.K., Khosa, R.L., 2011. Alpinia galanga. An Important medicinal plant: A review. Der Pharmacia Sinica 2(1), 142-154. Vijayamirtharaj, R., Vincent, S., Senthilkumar, N., 2011. Anti-inflammatory activity of chloroform extract of aerial part of Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 2(1), 390-395. www.cpa.msu.edu/beal/plants/helianthus_annuus_20080901. www. raintree.com. www.HealingAloe.com.
Xavier, T.F., Kumar, S.S., 2013. Bacteriostatic effect of Seidenfia rheedii on Bacterial pathogens by Time course assay, International Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Sciences 2(3), 630-638. Yousaf, Z., Wang, Y., Baydoun, E., 2013. Phytochemistry and Pharmacological studies on Solanum torvum Swartz. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 3(4), 152-160. Zhu, X., Pan, Y., Zheng, Li., Cui, L., Cao, Y., 2012. Polysaccharides from the Chinese medicinal herb Achyranthes bidentata enhance anti-malarial immunity during Plasmodium yoelii 17 XL infection in mice. http://www.malariajournal.com/cotent/11/1/49.
Andrographolide
Scientific confirmation / reliability
Gymnemic acid II SMSD
Feve
EI
CSCD
ENT
GUA
DOC
HC LP
Ethnomedicinal plants for various ailments
RSD
CD
Ethnobotanical survey
Ethnomedicinal observations in Kolli hills region of Eastern Ghats of Tamil nadu
*Graphical Abstract (for review)
NS
DID
PB
US
GH
ED
CA
GIA