Observation on the traditional phytotherapy among the Malayali tribes in Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, South India

Observation on the traditional phytotherapy among the Malayali tribes in Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, South India

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Observation on the traditional phytotherapy among the Malayali tribes in Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, South India Thangaraj Francis Xavier, Moorthy Kannan, Anthonysamy Auxilia

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S0378-8741(15)00124-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.045 JEP9349

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Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Received date: 12 November 2014 Revised date: 20 February 2015 Accepted date: 21 February 2015 Cite this article as: Thangaraj Francis Xavier, Moorthy Kannan, Anthonysamy Auxilia, Observation on the traditional phytotherapy among the Malayali tribes in Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, South India, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.045 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Observation on the traditional phytotherapy among the Malayali tribes in Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, South India Thangaraj Francis Xavier* , Moorthy Kannan , Anthonysamy Auxilia Centre for Ethnopharmacological Research, Department of Botany, St.Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli – 620 002, Tamil Nadu, India * Corresponding author : [email protected]

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicine remained as the most affordable and easily accessible source of treatment for many ailments. The Malayali tribes living in the kolli hills region of Eastern Ghats of Tamilnadu has long history of ethnomedicinal knowledge has been remained unexplored hither to. Hence, this study was initiated with an aim to record the ethnomedicinal plants of Malayali tribes and to document and analyse the local knowledge on phytotheraphy before environmental and cultural changes deplete the resources. Methods: In order to document the phytotherapical knowledge, a field study was carried out between August 2012 – February 2014. The ethnomedicinal knowledge was recorded through interviews among the malayali tribes, and traditional healers. In addition a semi structure questionnaire was used to collect information on the local name of the plant, plant part used for curing, method of preparation in phytoremedies and any other plants/agents used as ingredients. Factor of informant consensus (Fic), use value (UV), fidelity level (FL), relative importance (RI) and novelty index were employed in data analysis. Results: Current research work reports total of 86 medicinal plant species belonging to 76 genera of 46 different families. Herbs constituted the largest growth habit (48 species 56%) followed by trees (13 species 15%) and shrubs (9 species 11%) etc. Leaf 43 (46%) is the plant part widely used followed by whole plant 9 (10%), seeds and fruits 9 (10%) and root 7 (8%). Paste was the most common preparation method use in herbal recipes. These plants

were used to treat various human diseases and ailments grouped under 19 disease categories with the highest number of species (31) being used for Dermatological infections/diseases followed by Gastro-intestinal ailments (28) and General health (15). Asystasia chelonoides (UV of 2.76) and Piper nigrum (UV of 2.12) are the most frequently and popularly used medicinal plant species in the study area. Conclusion: The result of the study revealed that there was high diversity of medicinal plants and traditional knowledge about the use, preparation, and application of which is still maintained in the study area. However, the knowledge of herbal medicine was held by elders. The decline in the use of plants by the younger generation may gradually lead to the fading away of indigenous knowledge associated with the plants.

Keywords: Ethnomedicine, Phytotherapy, Malayali tribes, Kolli hills

1.INTRODUCTION Plants are the important source of therapeutic drugs and play a significant role in the survival of the many tribal and ethnic communities. The tribal people are the ecosystem people who live in harmony with the nature and maintain a close link between man and environment. According to World Health Organization (WHO) some 80% of the developing countries rely on the traditional medicines and in which 85% use plants or their extracts as active principles as plant drugs for their healthcare need (Sheldon et al.,1998, Senthilkumar et al., 2013). India is one among the developing countries with medico-cultural diversity where the medicinal plant sector is part of a time honoured tradition which possesses an ancient system of healthcare based chiefly medicinal plants of diverse nature, ranging from higher plants to microorganisms from which more than 80% of therapeutic products are derived have been used for 6000–7000 years (Balakrishnan et al, 2009). Many studies have stated that tribal population in remote area, not only depend on plant based resources for medicines, food, forage, and fuel, but also play a vital role in the management of natural resources (Ignacimuthu et al., 2006; Ragupathy et al., 2008). In this way, the studies on the tribal’s indigenous knowledge about various kinds of plants and their values constitute an important aspect on medicinal plants and their usages. Documentation of these local knowledge system concerning medicinal plants may have high impacts from a bio-economic point of view (Ghiselin and Landa 2005). Kolli hills, a part of Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu in south India is known for rich diversity of medicinal plants and is believed that the Sithars (ancient medicine and meditation men) were lived in the hills and they used to meditate and practice on various medicinal plants for many ailments and for the regular health care of human beings. The hill supports approximately 37, 000 inhabitants living in 274 hamlets (Natarajan and Udhayakumar, 2013). The population is primarily Malayali, a cultural group that has been assigned Scheduled Tribe designation by the Government of India. About 780 tribal families in the Kolli hills depend

on forest for their food, fodder, herbal medicines, fire wood and timber resources. They posses wealth of knowledge on the local utilization and conservation of food and medicinal plants.Traditionally, this treasure of knowledge has been passed on orally from generation to generation without any written document (Perumal Samy and Ignacimuthu, 2000) and is still retained by various indigenous groups of people around the world. Tribal people provide considerable information about the use of many plants or plant parts as a medicine. Hence, the present work has been made to document the indigenous medicinal systems and plants used by the Malayali tribes of Kolli hills in Eastern Ghats against various diseases and human health disorders.  2. METHODOLOGY 2.1. Study area and people Kolli hills, a part of Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu lies between 11ż10’54”-11ż30’00” N latitude and 78ż15’00” -78ż30’00 E longitude (Fig.1). Physiologically it is hilly region located at an ever-so-pleasant altitude ranging from 1000 to 1300 metres above mean sea level and mainly occupied by Malayali tribes (98.8%). Geologically, the study area is occupied by acid charnockite quartize(Geological Survey of India, 1976). The mean annual rainfall is 1318mm, which is received largely between May and December (2001-2005). Annual mean maximum and mean minimum temperature are 35żC and 18żC, respectively ( Meteorological Report, 2001-05). The total population of this hill during 2011 was 42,200 in 14 villages (Prabu M. and Kumuthakalavalli R., 2012). 2.2. Data collection In order to document the utilization of medicinal plants, field trips were made during the 19 months period (August 2012 – February 2014) ensuring that the dry and monsoon seasons were accommodated (Fig.2).The collected specimens were identified and

authenticated with the help of valid references (Henry et al., 1987; Henry et al., 1989; Gamble and Fischer, 1935; Matthew,1991; and Bor, 1960) and further validated through herbarium referencing at the Department of Botany, St, Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli, TN. Angiosperm phylogenic group III (APG III, 2009) was followed to classify the species. Nomenclature and correct author citation for all the species were thoroughly checked in (Tropicos, 2012) data base. A total of forty one resource persons or informants or traditional healers were identified to get the ethno medicinal information through direct interviews/oral conversations. Information gathered from the traditional healers on local name of the plant, plant part used for curing, method of preparation, any other plants/agents used as ingredients, modes of administration and etc. (Fig.7) were recorded for each collected ethno medicinal plant. 2.3. Ailment categories Based on the information obtained from the traditional healers in the study area, all the reported ailments were categorized into 19 categories (Table 1) viz. Cancer diseases (CD), Circulatory system / cardiovascular diseases (CSCD), Cooling agents (CA), Dental / oral care (DOC),

Dermatological infections/diseases (DID),

Ear, nose, throat problems (ENT),

Endocrinal disorders (ED), Eye infection (EI), Fever (Fvr), Gastro-intestinal ailments (GIA), General health (GH), Genito urinary ailments (GUA), Hair care (HC), Kidney stone (US), Liver problems (LP), Nerve system (NS), Poisonous bites (PB), Respiratory systems diseases (RSD), Skeleto-muscular system disorders (SMSD) 2.4. Data analysis 2.4.1. Informant consensus factor (Fic) The informant consensus factor (Fic) was used to see if there was agreement in the use of plants in the ailment categories between the plant user in the study area. The Fic was calculated following formula (Heinrich et al., 1998).

Fic = Nur − Nt Nur − 1 Nur ĺ The number of use-reports for a particular ailment category, Nt ĺ The number of taxa used for a particular ailment category by all informants. The product of this factor ranges from 0 to 1. A high value (close to 1.0) indicates that relatively few taxa are used by a large proportion of the informants. A low value indicates that the informants disagree on the taxa to be used in the treatment within a category of illness. 2.4.2. Use value (UV) The relative importance of each plant species known locally to be used as herbal remedy is reported as use value (UV) and it was calculated using the following formula (Phillips et al., 1994). UV = ™ U

n

UV ĺ The use value of a species, U ĺ The number of use reports cited by each informant for a given plant species, n ĺ The total number of informants interviewed for a given plant. The UV is helpful in determining the plants with the highest use (most frequently indicated) in the treatment of an ailment. UVs are high when there are many use-reports for a plant and low when there are few reports related to its use. 2.4.3. Fidelity level (FL) To determine the most frequently used plant species for treating a particular ailment category by the informants of the study area, we calculated the fidelity level (FL). The FL was calculated using the following formula (Friedmen et al., 1986). FL (%)= Np N × 100 Np ĺ The number of use-reports cited for a given species for a particular ailment category, N ĺ The total number of use reports cited for any given species.

Generally, high FLs are obtained for plants for which almost all use-reports refer to the same way of using it, whereas low FLs are obtained for plants that are used for many different purposes (Srithi et al., 2009) 2.4.4. Relative importance (RI) The relative importance (RI) of every counteractive plant based on the normalized number of pharmacological properties (PH) accredited to it and the normalized number of body systems (BS) it treated. Data on counteractive uses were prearranged according to the PH accredited to each taxon (e.g. astringent, anti-inflammatory, emollient etc.) and to the specific body systems treated (e.g. jaundice, cold, wounds, fever etc.). The RI was calculated using the following formula (Bennett and Prance, 2000): RI = Rel PH + Rel BS × 100 2 PH ĺ The number of reported pharmacological properties for the given plant, BS ĺ The number of body systems treated, Rel.PH ĺ The relative number of pharmacological properties (PH of a given plant/maximum PH of all reported species), Rel. BS ĺ The relative number of body systems treated(BS of a given plant/maximum BS of all reported species). 3. Result and Discussion 3.1. Certification of home-grown ethnomedicinal information In this study, it was noted that 86 plant species in which76 genera and 46 different families are used as herbal solution for the treatment of more than a few ailments(Table 2). Among them, 48 plants were herbs, 13 tree species, 9 plants are shrubs, 8 climber species, 4 plants are under shrub, 2 species are climbing shrub, 1 is liana and another one is shrub or tree(Fig.3).

3.2. Living being and parts used Among the living being and parts used, it is found that the leafy crude drug preparation are mostly recommended as ethno medicine and followed by entire plant, seeds & fruits, root, stem or bark, flower, rhizome & bulb. The most frequently used preparations being paste, juice, raw plant, powder and decoction. The methods and period of administration may be widely different. 3.3. Herbal drug preparation and utilization In the present investigation, we observed that almost all parts of the different plant species were used against common diseases. The most commonly used plant species in herbal drug preparation were leaves (46%) followed by whole plant (10%), fruit seeds (10%), roots (8%), stem (5%), bark (5%), stem bark (5%), flower (5%), rhizome (3%), tuber (2%), bulb and suckers (1%) in many preparations more than one part of the same species generally leaves, stem bark and tubers are used in various drug preparations(Fig.4). Since leaves are main photosynthetic organ of plants they considered to be the main part of the plant where many biologically active compounds can be synthesized and they are pharmacologically active against many diseases (Passalacqua, 2007). The preparation and utilization of plant parts were grouped into five categories (Fig.5). Of these, most commonly used method of preparation was paste (37 records) followed by juice (24 records), raw form (12 records-taken as raw material of plant parts like leaves, fruits etc.), powder(12 records) and decoction (8 records). Preparation of paste for the treatment of ailments is a common practise among the other tribal people in India (Ignacimuthu et al., 2006) and other parts of the world (Giday et al., 2010). The major routes of administration in the study area were reported to be oral, topical, oral/topical, and inhalation. Oral administration was most cited route (52.32%) followed by topical (28%) and inhalation (1.16%). Both oral and topical routes (18.6%)

permit rapid physiological reaction of the prepared medicines with the pathogens and raise its therapeutic power (Fig.6). 3.4. Ingredients added The medicinal arrangements were complete out of a single plant part or in mixture of several plant parts. In case of Malayali traditional healers medicinal arrangements multiple modes of preparation were dominating over the single mode of arrangements (Table 2). Kolli hills traditional healers used more than two or three plant parts for the preparation of medicine in the treatment of single or multiple ailments; the similar findings were reported by several researchers (Teklehaymanot et al., 2007; Ignacimuthu et al., 2008 and Tabuti et al., 2010). It is believed that the multiple prescriptions contain a range of pharmacologically active compounds and poly-herbal treatment has more healing power than single medicinal plant treatment, since each medicinal plant used in the mixture is a remedy (Teklehaymanot et al., 2007). Traditional healers use some ingredients such as coconut oil, groundnut oil, goat milk, cow milk, honey, castor oil, breast milk and common salt are used frequently to improve the acceptability and medicinal property of certain remedies. Water and hot water were commonly used for the preparation of medicine. They were using specific plant parts and specific dosages for the treatment of diseases and the dose given to the patient depended on age, physical status and health conditions. 3.5. Plant use values The most commonly used species was A. chelonoides with 113 use reports by 41informants giving the highest use value of 2.76, it is attributed to its use in the treatment of dermatological infections/diseases and dog bite, and it is well recognized by all the informants as most medicinal value. Other important plants with high use value was Piper nigrum with 87use reports by 41informants giving the second highest use value of 2.12. P.

nigrum is mainly used in the treatment of various diseases, and it is well recommended plant by all informants. The plants with very low use value was R. cordifolia (6 use reports by 41informants with a use value of 0.15(Table 2). 3.6. Informant consensus factor Commonly Fic of local knowledge for disease treatment depended on the availability of the plant species in the study area (Raja Kumar and Shivanna, 2009). The Fic values in our study are ranged from 0.94 to 1. (Table 1)The use categories with more than 500 use- reports were gastro-intestinal ailments (583 use reports, 28 plant species), dermatological infections/diseases (577 use reports 31 plant species). The least agreement between the informants was observed in general health and poisonous bites with a Fic of 0.94 followed by dermatological infections/diseases, gastro intestinal ailments, kidney stone and nerve system with a Fic of 0.95. Thus the study indicate the degree of knowledge shared by the users in the study area regarding the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of ailments are high. Gastrointestinal ailments had the lowest Fic of 0.94, but this ailment category rank first in the number of use reports (583) and number of taxa (28) and dermatological infections/diseases had the lowest Fic of 0.95, but this ailment category rank second in the number of use reports (577) and number of taxa (31) attributed to this category. It may be lack of communication among the informants in the study area who are practicing these ailment categories (Raja Kumar and Shivanna, 2009). 3.7. Fidelity level Analysed categories with major agreements to highlight the most important plants in each category (Table 1). Of the reported plants, 54 species had highest fidelity level of 100% most of which were used in single ailment category with multiple informants. A list of plants with highest FL of 100% were shown in Table 1. The maximum FL for the plants listed in table indicate the 100% choice of the interviewed informants for treating specific ailments and this could be an indication of their healing potential. In support to our study. 100% FL

was reported in P. amarus for jaundice among the herbal healers in Shimoga district of Karnataka (Raja Kumar and Shivanna, 2009) and Malasar tribals in Velliangiri hills of Tamil Nadu (Ragupathy et al., 2008). 3.8. Relative importance (RI) 

The plant with more number of pharmacological properties (PH) was A. indica (18

PH); it has a normalized PH value(Relative number of pharmacological properties) of 1.00 (18/18). A. chelonoides, L. aspera and P. nigrum were employed in four body systems and have normalized BS value (Relative number of body system treated) of 1.00 (4/4). Z. officinale had the highest RI value of 87.5 (Table 2)followed by L. aspera (81.5), P. nigrum(81.5), P. longum(76.5), A. indica(75). These plants were also used to treat more body systems and were considered as the most resourceful taxa in the study area. A number of the remedial plants reported during the present study were reported for biological activities and bioactive constituents accountable for their remedial properties which validate and authenticate the usages of these species for curative purposes in the study area. 3.9. Identification of new claims and reliability of reported uses In the comparative analysis of present study reports with neighbouring hills of Eastern Ghats, adjoining hills of India as well as other countries, there are 74 plant species has new medicinal uses (Table 3). Medicinal plants which are used frequently in repetitive manner in any ailments could be more likely to have various bioactive compounds (Trotter and Logan, 1986; Senthil Kumar et al., 2013). Many of the ethnomedicinal plants reported during present investigation were proved for various biological activities and bioactive compounds with therapeutical properties. Among them A. paniculata is a scientifically proven ethnomedicinal plant of kolli hills is used for hepatoprotective activity (Devaraj et al., 2010). In this study, the hepatoprotective activity of methanol extract was evaluated against paracetamol induced

(500mg/kg) hepatic damage in mice. The orally administrated extracts of A. paniculata at 10mg/kg and 100mg/kg were exhibited a significant protective effect in the liver morphology of mice. TLC and spectrum studies confirmed the presence of active compound, andrographolide which has contributed to the hepatoprotective activity of A. paniculata (Fig.8) G. sylvestre is an indispensible medicinal plants used as a treatment for diabetes for a long time in India and elsewhere in the world and it claimed to has blood glucose lowering activity both in vitro and in vivo by a number of reports (Nakamura et al., 1999; Mukherjee et al., 2006; Senthil Kumar et al., 2013).The informants in the present study also using this plant for the treatment of diabetes. In support of our study, experimental studies, for instance, have found that many of the constituents in Gymnema decrease the uptake of glucose from the small intestine. The anti-diabetic array of molecules have been isolated and identified from the leaves G. sylvestre. Among them Gymnemic acids (Fig.9) is the major component of an extract shown to stimulate insulin release from pancreas (Persaud et al., 1999; Thakur et al., 2012). Similarly T. procumbens was scientifically evaluated for its wound properties using animal model (Talekar et al., 2012). In the linear incision wound model there was a significant increase in the tensile strength of wounds when treated with both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Tridax procumbens. Treatment of rat wounds with extracts of T. procumbens led to reduced polymorpho nuclear leucocytes (PMNLs), congestion oedima, mononuclear leucocyte infiltration and necrosis. T. procumbens extract treated animals were found to have mild vascular proliferation and accessory skin structures. Along with this considerable increase in the dermal collagen content was evidence from the histopathological observation. These results were supported the ethnomedicinal claim of T. procumbens. S. nigrum is another herbal plant which is reported in the present study for the management of gastric ulcers. This was to also scientifically investigated through the studies

on antiulcer effect of fruits extract (SNE) on cold restraint stress (CRU), indomethacin (IND), pyloric ligation (PL) and ethanol (EtOH) induced gastric ulcer models and ulcer healing activity on acetic acid induced ulcer model in rats (Jainu and Devi , 2006). The treatment with SNE at higher dose significantly inhibited the gastric lesions induced by CRU (76.6%), IND (73.8%), PL (80.1%) and EtOH (70.6%). SNE showed concomitant attenuation of gastric secretary volume, acidity and pepsin secretion in ulcerated rats. In addition, SNE (200 and 400mg/kgb.w.) accelerated the healing of acetic acid induced ulcers after the treatment for 7 days. Further, to ascertain the anti secretary action, the effects of SNE on H(+)K(+)ATPase activity and plasma concentration of gastrin hormone in ulcerated rats were determined. SNE significantly inhibits H (+)K(+)ATPase activity and decreases the gastrin secretion in EtOH-induced ulcer model. The severity of the reaction of ulcerogen and the reduction of ulcer size by SNE was also evident by histological findings. Toxicity studies of SNE have also been carried out for its safety evaluation. SNE, thus, offers antiulcer activity by blocking acid secretion through inhibition of H(+)K(+) ATPase and decrease of gastrin secretion. These results further supported that Solanum nigrum was found to possess antiulcerogenic as well as ulcer healing properties. The anthelmintic claim of S. torvum was also supported scientifically by Karumari et al., 2014. In their study, they evaluated the efficacy of different concentrations(10mg 130mg/100ml) of aqueous fruit extracts of S. torvum through in vitro nematode survival method. The aqueous fruit extracts at the concentration of 10mg/100ml was more effective as it is fatal to the parasites in low concentration. R. serpentine is an ethnomedicinal plant of present study claiming for its antihypertension activity. This has scientifically proven long back by Ray (1953). In his studies, he reported an alkaloid Reserpine (Fig.10) which had antihypertension activity. He also found that, injection of Reserpine in to the systematic circulation of Rabbit produce an immediate fall in blood pressure. In addition, Bein, 1953

supported this study based on his animal experiments; found that Reserpine possesses marked and long lasting antihypertension activity. The M. oleifera has been in use by the tribals of Kolli hills region as a means of treating sexual inadequacy and stimulating sexual vigour. This claim is proven scientifically by administration of aqueous extract of M. oleifera at doses of 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg in reproductive abilities of male albino rats. The aqueous extract at the dose of 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg, significantly increased the sperm concentration (sperm count) (P< 0.001) in testes and epididymis as compared to control group. Similarly the standard group animal also showed significant increase in the sperm concentration (sperm count) (P< 0.001) as compared with the control group. These results may be due to presence of flavanoids and phenolic compounds viz. Kaempferol, Quercetin, Rutin and Caffeoylquinic acids (Fig.11) are well known antioxidants that can ameliorate oxidative stress- related testicular impairments in animal tissues (El-Missiry, 1999; Ghosh et al., 2002; Kujo, 2004). It also stimulates testicular androgenesis and is essential for testicular differentiation, integrity, and steroidogenic functions (Dawson et al., 1990; Salem et al., 2001; D’cruz and Mathur, 2005) also proved that the sperm cytoplasm contained very low concentrations of scavenging enzymes therefore an increase in the antioxidant enzyme system levels by Moringa treatment can favour the reproductive process and also enhances spermatogenesis It also thus provides a rationale for the traditional use of M. oleifera as acclaimed aphrodisiac and for the management of male sexual disorders. 3.10. Novelty Index The present study results were comparatively analyzed with neighbouring regions of India as well as with aligned countries. For comparative analysis, published research articles were selected randomly. In neighbouring regions of India all studies published from 2007 – 2014 were taken for analysis while from aligned countries 3 research articles from 2011 – 2013 were analyzed. It was noted that majority of the medicinal plants reported in the present

investigation are confined to the neighbouring regions of India because the study is a continuous chain of Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. This may be also due to their native habitats & their supportive conditions. Many of the plants reported in the presents were also widely distributed in aligned countries due to their adaptability in difference ecological zones. In comparative analysis many new medicinal uses were reported. Among all medicinal plant reported in kolli hills of Eastern Ghats in India, there are 27 (31%) medicinal plants (A. esculentus, A. caesia, A. bidentata, A. sisalana, A. mexicana, A. chelonoides, B. pilosa, C. macrocarpum, C. baccifera, C. phlomidis, C. lacryma- jobi, C. peltata, C. zeylanicum, D. cordata, E. buxifolia, G. pinnata, G. abyssinica, H. annuus, I. asarifolia, L. nudicaulis, P. edulis, P. tetraphylla, R. cordifolia, S. rheedii, T. asiatica .var. floribunda, T. asiatica.var. gracilis, T. procumbens) were recorded first time in neighbouring regions as well as in aligned countries. The present study was also quantitatively compared with fifteen published research articles from neighbouring regions and aligned countries through novelty index. Quantitative data between the medicinal plant uses in the present study and previous reports in the three selected aligned countries were analyzed (Table 4) 4. Conclusion The present study revealed that the traditional knowledge and usage of phyto medicine for the treatment of various ailments among Malayali tribes is still a major part of their life and culture. Though they were not much conscious about the documentation and preservation of the phytomedicine preparation and usage. All the traditional healers have strong faith on their phytomedicine. The observations also revealed that the new claims were also recorded from the study area and they will contribute for the welfare of our human kind. The ethnomedicinal plants observed from the present study with high fidelity level, informant consensus and use values should be investigated scientifically for various bioassays and toxicity. This could add new knowledge for the formulation of new drugs to treat various ailments.

Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the Malayali tribes and traditional healers mainly Kullanthaisamy, Arappali, Ponnusamy and other informants of Eastern Ghats for sharing their indigenous knowledge throughout the field study, without their participation this research would not have been possible. Dr. TFX is thankful to the University Grants Commission, New Delhi (F. No 41-426/2012(SR) for financial support and also thank Rev. Dr. S. John Britto, Rector, Rev. Dr. S. Sebastian, Secretary, Rev. Dr. F. Andrew, Principal of St. Joseph's College, Trichy for proving infrastructure. The authors are also thankful to Editor-in-Chief Dr. Robert Verpoorte, Anonymous reviewers for their critical comments and useful suggestions on the previous version of the manuscript.

Table 1: Ailments grouped by different ailment categories, Informant consensus factor (Fic) and Fidelity Level (FL) values for common medicinal plants used by Malayali tribes in Kolli hills in Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu by ailment category Ailment category

Biomedical terms / Tamil terms

Nur

Nt

Fic

Cancer diseases (CD)

Cancer/ Puttrunoi

25

1

1

Circulatory system / cardiovascular diseases (CSCD)

Memory power/ Gnapagasakthi,

192

9

0.96

Most preferred species with Np (specific ailment)

FL%

Catharanthus roseus CD:25(cancer)

100

Alternanthera sessilis CSCD:33(blood circulation problem)

100

Centella asiatica CSCD:30(memory power)

40

40

Heart diseases/ Idaya noi, Blood circulation problem/ Rathaottakolaru,

Passiflora edulis CSCD:28(blood pressure)

Blood pressure/ Rathaalutham, Blood purification/ Rathasuthikarippu Cooling agents (CA)

Body cooling/ Udal kulirchi

65

2

0.98

Hemidesmus indicus CA:33(body cooling)

100 46

Citrus aurantifolia CA:32(body cooling) Dental / oral care (DOC)

Oral thrush/ Nakkil karaipadithal,

275

10

0.97

Acorus calamus DOC:36(tooth ache)

45 57

Dental Problem/ Palnoi,

Azadirachta indica DOC:36(tooth brush)

64

Tooth ache/ Palvali, Achyranthes bidentata DOC:34(tooth ache)

Teeth swelling/ Palveekkam, Mouth ulcers/ Vaaypun

Dermatological infections/diseases (DID)

Allergy/ Allergy, Hard swelling or swelling/ Katti,

577

31

0.95

Asystasia chelonoides DID:30(body irritation)

27 100

Gloriosa superba DID:29(wounds) 100

Wounds/ Kayangal or pungal, Scabies/ Sori Sirangu, Skin rashes/ Thol arippu, Skin diseases/ Thol vyuadi, Body irritation/ Udal arippu, Fungal infection/ Vandukadi, Crack/ Vedippu, Incised wounds/ Vettukayam

Acacia caesia DID: 27(skin diseases)

Ear, nose, throat problems (ENT)

Ear diseases/ Kaadhunoi,

74

3

0.97

Agave sisalana ENT:31(ear diseases)

Ear pain/ Kaadhuvali,

100 28

Piper nigrum ENT:24(throat pain) Throat pain/ Thondai vali Endocrinal disorders (ED)

Diabetes/ Neeralivu

61

2

0.98

Gymnema sylvestre ED:32(diabetes)

100 52

Andrographis paniculata ED:29(diabetes) Eye infection (EI)

Diseases of eyes/ Kannil poovizhuthal or Kannoi,

39

2

0.97

Achyranthes aspera EI:24(eye pain)

100

70

3

0.97

Vitex negundo Fvr :29(fever)

100

Eye pain/ Kan vali Fever (Fvr)

Fever/ Kaachal, Dog bite fever/ Naaikadi kaachal

Gastro-intestinal ailments (GIA)

Indigestion/ Ajeeranam or Pasillathanmai,

583

28

0.95

Aloe vera Fvr :27(fever)

46

Cyclea peltata GIA:36(stomach pain)

55 41

Child Indigestion/ Kulanthai ajeerana kolaru,

Centella asiatica GIA:31(gastritis complaint)

Umbilical pain/ Thoppul vali,

Zingiber officinale GIA:29(indigestion)

39

Diarrhoea/ Vayitrupokku, Worms in stomach/ Vayitrupulu, Gastric complaints/ Vayukolaru General health (GH)

Destruction of mind/ Mayakkam,

226

15

0.94

Piper nigrum GH:29(disease resistant)

33 34

Disease resistant/ Noi ethirpusakthi, Body worms/ Udal kirumi, Body shining/ Udal palapalappu, Weight increase/ Udal paruman, Body refreshment/ Udal puthunarchi, Body pain/ Udal vali, Body heat/ Udal veppam, Sweat/ Viyarvai

Passiflora edulis GH:24(body heat)

Genito urinary ailments (GUA)

Infertility/ Malattuthanmai,

160

8

0.96

Aloe vera GUA:32(sexual disability)

54 100

Irregular periods/ Mathavidai sularchi,

Moringa oleifera GUA:32(sperm production)

Lactation in women/ Paal surathal, Sexual power/ Paalunarvu, Over bleeding/ Uthirapokku, Sexual disability/ Veeraipu sakthi, White vaginal discharge/ Vellaipaduthal, Sperm production in men/ Uyiranu urpathi, Menstrual pain/ Vayitruvali Hair care (HC)

Dandruff or Fungal infection on head/ Podugu

Kidney stone (US)

Urinary tract disorders/ Siruneer upadhai,

26

1

1

133

7

0.95

Drymaria cordata HC:26(dandruff) Musa paradisiaca US:30(kidney stone)

100

49 59

Kidney stones/ Siruneeragakal,

Mimosa pudica US:26(urinary tract disorders)

Urinary tract disorders/ Siruneerkolaru Liver problems (LP)

Jaundice/ Manjalkamalai,

82

3

0.98

Andrographis lineata LP:31(jaundice)

Liver tonic/ Kalleeral marunthu

62 48

Andrographis paniculata LP:27(jaundice) Nerve system (NS)

Fits/ Janni,

75

4

0.95

Convulsive disorder/ Valippu or Kakkavalippu

Poisonous bites (PB)

Dog bite/ Naaikadi,

Cardiospermum halicacabum NS:29(fits)

100 100

Coix lacryma- jobi NS:27(convulsive disorder) 127

8

0.94

Cissus quadrangularis PB:26(dog bite)

Snake bites/ Pambukadi,

60 43

Musa paradisiaca PB:26(poison bites)

Centipede bite/ Poorankadi, Poison bites/ Vishakadi

Respiratory systems diseases (RSD)

Asthma/ Asthuma,

208

8

0.97

Coleus aromaticus RSD:34(cough)

Cough/ Irumal,

Leucas aspera RSD:31(cold)

Cold/ Jaladhosam

Solanum trilobatum

100 46 100

RSD:31(cold)RSD:27(cough) Skeleto-muscular system disorders (SMSD)

Bone fracture/ Elumbu murivu

14

1

1

Senna occidentalis SMSD:14(bone fracture)

Nur: No. of use reports, Nt: No. of taxa, Np: No. of use reports for a given species for particular ailment category

100

Local Name

Kasthuri vendai Thuthi Nanjupatti Shikakaai Kuppaimeni Raroenchi Naiuruvi Vasambu

Narkatralai Alangi

Poondu Sothukathalai Perarathai Ponnanganni Siriyanangai Nilavembu

Botanical Name (Family)

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Malvaceae)

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet (Malvaceae)

Acacia caesia (L.) Willd. (Fabaceae)

Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd.ex Del.subsp. indica (Benth) Brenan (Fabaceae)

Acalypha indica L. (Euphorbiaceae)

Achyranthes bidentata Blume. (Amaranthaceae)

Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae)

Acorus calamus L. (Acoraceae)

Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm (Asparagaceae)

Alangium salvifolium (L. f.) Wang. (Alangiaceae)

Allium sativum L. (Alliaceae)

Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. (Xanthorrhoeaceae)

Alpinia galanga Sw. (Zingiberaceae)

Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. (Amaranthaceae)

Andrographis lineata Wall. ex Nees. (Acanthaceae)

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees. (Acanthaceae)

Leaf

Leaf

Leaf

Rhizome

Sucker

Bulb

Leaf

Leaf

Stem bark

Leaf

Stem

Leaf

Stem bark

Bark

Leaf

Leaf, Flower

Part(s) used

1.36

1.22

0.8

0.58

1.44

0.71

1.32

0.76

1.95

0.58

1.29

0.32

0.44

0.66

0.76

0.85

UV

ED:29(diabetes)LP:27(jaundice)

PB:19(snake bite)LP:31(jaundice)

CSCD:33(blood circulation problem)

GIA:24(fecal impaction)

GUA:32(sexual disability)Fvr:27(fever)

GIA:29(gastric stimulant)

DID:19(skin diseases)

GIA:21(diarrhoea)Fvr:14(dog bite fever)

ENT:31(ear diseases)

DOC:36(tooth ache)GIA:18(stomach pain) GIA:26 (indigestion)

EI:24(eye pain)

DOC:34(tooth ache)DOC:19(teeth swelling)

DID:13(skin diseases)

DID:18(skin diseases)

DID: 27(skin diseases)

DOC:31(dental problem)

DID:23 (scabies)DID: 12(skin diseases)

Ailment category: no. of use-reports(ailment treated)

—/ Goat or cow's milk

Acorus calamus/

Citrus aurantifolia / Honey

Acorus calamus /

Other plants / ingredients added for drug preparation

Table 2: Ethnomedicinal plants -Their Use Value(UV), No. of Use-reports, Other Ingredients added for drug preparation and Relative Importance(RI).

62

54.5

21.5

33

49

31

61.5

25.5

56

34.5

39.5

31

29

34.5

42

41.5

RI

Saetthupun thazhai Brumma thundu Aduthinna Pazhi

Sirugurunjan

Vembu Ottaraichedi Mukkuratai Erukku Mudakkathan Nithiyakalyani Vallari

Guluma maram Ellavangapathiri Sirunjjurii Pirandai Ezhumitchai

Naikadugau

Anisochilus carnosus (L. f.) Wall. ex Benth. (Lamiaceae)

Argemone mexicana L. (Papavaraceae)

Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. (Aristolochiaceae)

Asystasia chelonoides Nees. (Acanthaceae)

Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae)

Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae)

Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae)

Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br. (Apocynaceae)

Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae)

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don. (Apocynaceae)

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. (Apiaceae)

Cinnamomum macrocarpum Hook.f. (Lauraceae)

Cinnamomum tamala (Buch. Ham.)T.Nees&C.H.Eberm. (Lauraceae)

Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq. (Meliaceae)

Cissus quadrangularis L. (Vitaceae)

Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle. (Rutaceae)

Cleome viscosa L. (Capparaceae)

Leaf

Fruit

Stem bark

Stem bark

Stem, Leaf

Leaf, Bark

Leaf

Whole plant

Whole plant

Leaf

Leaf

Whole plant

Leaf, Stem

Whole plant

Leaf

Leaf

Leaf

0.27

1.69

1.04

0.46

0.41

0.68

1.83

0.61

0.71

0.58

0.32

0.92

1.54

2.76

0.88

0.32

0.44

DID:11(wounds)

DID:19(skin emollient)

CA:32(body cooling)RSD:18(asthma)

PB:26(dog bite)GH:17(body refreshment)

GIA:19(umbilical pain)

GH:7(diaphoretic)GIA:10(appetizer)

GIA:12(diarrhoea)DOC:16(tooth ache)

GIA:31(gastritis complaint)CSCD:14(blood purification) CSCD:30 (memory power)

CD:25(cancer)

NS:29(fits)

DID:24(tumors/hard swelling)

DID:13(skin diseases)

DID:32(wounds) GH:6(body worms)

DID:27(skin diseases)DOC:36(tooth brush)

DID:30(body irritation) DID:21 (swelling)

DID:26&17(skin diseases)PB:19(dog bite)

PB:13(centipede bite)

GIA:16(colic)PB:7(snake bite)

DID:13(skin diseases)

DID:18(skin diseases)

Cuminum cyminum

A. calamus, C. cyminum,

—/ Groundnut oil

A. calamus, C. cyminum, A. paniculata/ Castor oil

—/ Coconut oil

36.5

58

52.5

25.5

49

56.5

73

31

38.5

33

33

48.5

75

64

58

33

44

Leaf Whole plant

Omavalli Seeragam Nilappanai Malaithangi Uttuchedi Arugampul Vandugadi chedi Karuoomathi Poduku thalai Karisalanganni Thel chedi Palperuki Amman patcharisi Athi Karu vembu Senganthal Pachillai Sakkarai kolli

Coleus aromaticus Benth. (Lamiaceae)

Cuminum cyminum L. (Apiaceae)

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Hypoxidaceae)

Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms. (Menispermaceae)

Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. (Orchidaceae)

Cynodon dactylon L. (Poaceae)

Cynoglossum zeylanicum(VahlexHornem.)Thunb.exLehm.(Boraginaceae)

Datura metel L. (Solanaceae)

Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Schultes. (Caryophyllaceae)

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (Asteraceae)

Ehretia buxifolia Roxb. (Boraginaceae)

Euphorbia cyathophora Murr. (Euphorbiaceae)

Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae)

Ficus racemosa L. (Moraceae)

Garuga pinnata Roxb. (Burseraceae)

Gloriosa superba L. (Colchicaceae)

Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass. (Asteraceae)

Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Schultes. (Apocynaceae)

Leaf

Leaf

Rhizome

Leaf

Stem bark

Whole plant

Leaf

Root

Leaf

Leaf

Leaf

Tuber

Root

Root, Tuber

Fruit

Leaf

Leaf

Kolarampai

Coix lacryma- jobi L. (Poaceae)

Leaf

Thaluthalai

Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f. (Verbenaceae)

0.78

0.63

0.71

0.22

0.29

0.56

0.39

0.66

1.19

0.63

0.36

0.58

0.63

0.41

1.61

1.09

1.04

0.83

0.66

0.39

ED:32(diabetes)

GH:16(weight increase)GH:10(body worms)

DID:29(wounds)

RSD:9(asthma)

DID:12(cracks)

CSCD:23(haemorrhagic enteritis)

GUA:16(lactation in women)

PB:10(poison bites)GIA:17(diarrhoea)

LP:24(liver tonic)DID:25(skin diseases)

HC:26(dandruff)

EI:15(eye diseases)

DID:24(fungal infection on skin)

GIA:26(indigestion)

DID:17(wounds)

GIA:36 & 30(stomach problem)

GUA:21(aphrodisiac)DOC:24(tooth ache)

GH:31(disease resistant)CSCD:12(heart plm)

RSD:34(cough)

NS:27(convulsive disorder)

US:16(urinary track disorders)

—/ Cow milk

—/ Coconut oil

—/ Coconut oil

Citrus aurantifolia

A. calamus, C. cyminum

40

32.5

29

23.5

51.5

44

31

38

43.5

23.5

48

25.5

49.5

25.5

49

47

38

40

34.5

42

Sundangodi

Adathodai Pachillai

Unni chedi Ezhuthani poondu Thumbai chedi

Sathicgai Thottal surungi

Murangai Vazhai maram

Thuraipoodalangod Fruit i

Ottuchedi Sodukku Thakkali

Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schultes. (Convolvulaceae)

Justicia adhatoda L. (Acanthaceae)

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Crassulaceae)

Lantana camara L. var. aculeata (L.) Mold. (Verbenaceae)

Launaea nudicaulis (Linn.)Hook.f. (Asteraceae)

Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link. (Lamiaceae)

Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Macbr. (Sapotaceae)

Mimosa pudica L. (Fabaceae)

Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae)

Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae)

Passiflora edulis Sims. (Passifloraceae)

Peperomia tetraphylla (Forst.f.) Hook. & Arn. (Piperaceae)

Physalis minima L. (Solanaceae)

Fruit

Whole plant

Stem

Flower

Leaf

Fruit

Leaf

Leaf

Leaf

Leaf

Leaf

Leaf

Whole plant

Nannani chedii

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. (Apocynaceae)

Seed, Root

Suriyakanthi

Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae)

0.83

1.19

1.71

1.49

0.78

1.07

0.41

1.66

0.41

0.34

1.71

0.73

1.34

0.8

0.71

US:18(kidney stone)GIA:16(stomach ache)

GIA:24(indigestion)GIA:25(child indigestion

GH:24(body heat)CSCD:28(blood pressure)

CSCD:18(blood circulation problem)

GH:5(body refreshment)

US:30(kidney stone)PB:26(poison bites)

GUA:32(sperm production)

GUA:6(infertility)US:26(urinary tract disorders)DID:12(swelling)

DOC:17(oral thrush)

NS:7(fits)NS:12(convulsive disorders)

RSD:31(cold)DID:18(skin diseases)

DID:9(allergy)GIA:12(diarrhoea)

GIA:14(stomach ache)

GUA:19(menstrual pain)US:24(kidney stone)GIA:27(worms in stomach)

RSD:30(cough)

GIA:12(stomach pain)

DID:24(wounds)GH:19(head ache)

CA:33(body cooling)

US:12(urinary track)DID:10(allergy)PB:7

Common salt

Ipomoea asarifolia /

—/ Breast milk

V. negundo, Allium cepa

38

32.5

46.5

67

49.5

69

45.5

81.5

38

29

52

44

56

34.5

58

Thippili

Melagu

Sarpagantha Cheveligodi Kairagai illai Avvarai

Ponnavarai Manathakkali Sundaikkai Thuthuvalai Periyanaval Marutha maram Veerasingipattai Poriyanai

Nerunchimul

Piper longum L. (Piperaceae)

Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae)

Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. (Apocynaceae)

Rubia cordifolia L. (Rubiaceae)

Seidenfia rheedii. (Orchidaceae)

Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. (Fabaceae)

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (Fabaceae)

Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)

Solanum torvum Sw. (Solanaceae)

Solanum trilobatum L. (Solanaceae)

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. (Myrtaceae)

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arm. (Combretaceae)

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. var. floribunda (Wall.)Kurz. (Rutaceae)

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. var. gracilis Gamble. (Rutaceae)

Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae)

Root

Fruit, Bark

Stem

Bark

Bark

Leaf

Leaf

Leaf

Leaf

Flower

Flower

Whole plant

Root

Fruit

Root, Fruit

0.17

0.66

0.8

0.66

0.61

1.41

0.32

1.22

0.34

0.56

0.22

0.15

0.44

2.12

1.32

US:7(urinary troubles)

GIA:11(worms in stomach)

GIA:16(stomach ache)

DOC:33(tooth ache)

GIA:27(indigestion)

GIA:25(indigestion)

RSD:31(cold)RSD:27(cough)

GH:13(body worms)

DOC:29(mouth ulcer)GIA:21(stomach ache)

SMSD:14(bone fracture)

DID:16(skin rashes)

GUA:7(white vaginal discharge)

GIA:9(cholera)

GH:6(body pain)

CSCD:18(blood pressure)

ENT:24(throat pain)

GH:29(disease resistant)GH:18(body shining)

CSCD:16(blood circulation problem)

ENT:19(throat pain)

RSD:28(asthma)GH:7(disease resistant)

A. calamus, C. cyminum,

—/ Groundnut oil

—/ Goat milk

53

45.5

27

40

44

39.5

33

54.5

36.5

32.5

21.5

48

55

81.5

76.5

Vettukaya Poondu Notchi Inchii

Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae)

Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae)

Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Zingiberaceae)

Rhizome

Leaf

Leaf

1.8

0.71

0.44

GIA:29(indigestion)GH:18(body refresh)

GUA:27(over bleeding)

Fvr:29(fever)

DID:18(wounds)

Cuminum cyminum

87.5

38.5

34.5

    

  

        

dental problem

skin diseases

skin diseases

skin diseases

tooth ache, teeth swelling

eye pain

tooth ache, stomach pain, indigestion

ear diseases

diarrhoea, dog bite fever, skin diseases

gastric stimulant

sexual disability, fever

fecal impaction

blood circulation problem

snake bite, jaundice

jaundice, diabetes

skin diseases

Abutilon indicum

Acacia caesia

Acacia nilotica

Acalypha indica

Achyranthes bidentata

Achyranthes aspera

Acorus calamus

Agave sisalana

Alangium salvifolium

Allium sativum

Aloe vera

Alpinia galanga

Alternanthera sessilis

Andrographis lineata

Andrographis paniculata

Anisochilus carnosus

MURNIC

scabies, skin diseases

Medicinal uses reported by Kolli hills tribes

Abelmoschus esculentus

Botanical name

Kamble SY. et al., 2008.

Thirumalai T., et al., 2012. Niranjan A. et al., 2010.

Subhashini T. et al., 2010. Murugan BS. et al., 2013.

Verma RK. et al., 2011.

Rajeshwari R. et al., 2012. www.HealingAloe.com

Mane P. et al., 2011. Gebreyohannes G. and Gebreyohannes M., 2013.

Alagesaboopathi C., 2011.

Kuvar SD. and Bapat UC., 2010

Singh R. et al., 2011. Amit K. and Vandana, 2013. Motley TJ., 1994. Sivaranjani R. and Ramakrishnan K., 2012.

Dey A., 2013. Singh VK. et al., 1996.Managal A. and Sharma MC., 2009.

Umadevi P. et al., 2007. Zhu X. et al., 2012.Shiddamallayya N. et al., 2010.

Ramakrishnan K., 2012.

Alagesaboopathi C., 2011. Tripathi SC. and Srivastava M., 2010.Sivaranjani R. and

Atifali et al., 2012.

Ignacimuthu S., et al., 2006.

Mohapatra and Sahoo, 2008. Gul Jan et al., 2009.

NileshJain et al., 2012.

References

Table 3: Comparison of medicinal uses reported by Malayali tribes and neighboring indigenous communities

                   

skin diseases

colic, snake bite, centipede bite

skin rashes, skin diseases, dog bite, body irritation, swelling

skin diseases, tooth brush

wounds, incised wounds, body worms

skin diseases

tumours/hard swelling

fits

cancer

gastritis complaint, blood purification, memory power

diarrhoea, tooth ache

diaphoretic, appetizer

umbilical pain

dog bite, body refreshment

body cooling, asthma, skin emollient

wounds

urinary track disorders

convulsive disorder

cough

disease resistant, heart diseases

Argemone mexicana

Aristolochia bracteolata

Asystasia chelonoides

Azadirachta indica

Bidens pilosa

Boerhavia diffusa

Calotropis gigantea

Cardiospermum halicacabum

Catharanthus roseus

Centella asiatica

Cinnamomum macrocarpum

Cinnamomum tamala

Cipadessa baccifera

Cissus quadrangularis

Citrus aurantifolia

Cleome viscosa

Clerodendrum phlomidis

Coix lacryma- jobi

Coleus aromaticus

Cuminum cyminum

Deepak, 2013.

Khare RS. et al., 2011. Rout OP. et al., 2012.

Jiang HE. et al., 2008.

Vijayamirtharaj R. et al., 2011.

PandurajuT. et al., 2011. Ayyanar M. and Ignacimuthu S. 2009

Pathan RK. et al., 2012.

Shah U. et al., 2011. Mishra G. et al., 2010.

Chandra R. et al., 2007.

Sharma G. and Nautiyal AR., 2011.

Ragupathy S. et al., 2008. Jiofack T. et al., 2010.

Singh S. et al., 2010. Hashim P., 2011.

Gajalakshmi S. et al., 2013.Alagesaboopathi C., 2011.Semenya SS. and Potgieter MJ., 2013.

Natarajan A. et al., 2013. Deepan T. et al., 2012.

Bulani V. et al., 2011. Ayyanar M. and Ignacimuthu S. 2009

Mahesh AR. et al., 2012. Riyaz H. et al., 2014.

www.raintree.com. Kazembe TC. and Nkome S., 2012.

Biswas K. et al., 2002. Alagesaboopathi C., 2011. Sivaranjani R. and Ramakrishnan K., 2012.

Alagesaboopathi C., 2011. Umapriya T. et al., 2011. Thirumal M. et al., 2012.

Priya CL. and Rao KVB., 2012. Sivaranjani R. and Ramakrishnan K., 2012.

                   

aphrodisiac, tooth ache,

stomach pain, worms in stomach

wounds

indigestion

fungal infection on skin

eye diseases

dandruff

liver tonic, skin diseases

poison bites, diarrhoea

lactation in women

hemorrhagic enteritis

cracks

asthma

wounds

weight increase in child, body worms

diabetes

urinary track disorders, allergy, poison bites

body cooling

wounds, head ache, stomach pain

cough

Curculigo orchioides

Cyclea peltata

Cymbidium aloifolium

Cynodon dactylon

Cynoglossum zeylanicum

Datura metel

Drymaria cordata

Eclipta prostrata

Ehretia buxifolia

Euphorbia cyathophora

Euphorbia hirta

Ficus racemosa

Garuga pinnata

Gloriosa superba

Guizotia abyssinica

Gymnema sylvestre

Helianthus annuus

Hemidesmus indicus

Ipomoea asarifolia

Justicia adhatoda

Arun Vijayan et al., 2007. Sampath kumar KP. et al., 2010. Ignacimuthu S., et al., 2006.

Jegede IA. et al., 2009.

Vengatasamy R et al., 2010. Silja, V.P., et al., 2008

www.cpa.msu.edu/beal

Thakur GS. et al., 2012. Alagesaboopathi C., 2011.

Sumeet D. and Seema K., 2012. Megersa M. et al., 2013.

Lal HS. and Mishra PK., 2011.

Thupurani MK. et al., 2013. Thupurani MK. et al., 2012.

Shiksharthi AR. and Mittal S., 2011.

Badgujar SB. and Mahajan RT., 2011.Kumar S. et al., 2010.

Badgujar SB. and Mahajan RT., 2011.

Owuor BO. et al., 2005.

Khan AV. and Khan AA., 2008.

Ramashankar and Rawat MS., 2008. Saikia B. et al., 2010.

Mandal BK. et al., 2013.

Anitha M. et al., 2013.

Alagesaboopathi C., 2011.

Sekaran R. and Jagadeesan M., 1997. Howlader A. and Alam M., 2011.

Savithramma N. et al., 2011.

Britto JD. and Mahesh R., 2007. Saba Irshad et al., 2006.

      

           

menstrual pain, kidney stone, worms in stomach

stomach ache

allergy, diarrhoea

cold, skin diseases, fits, convulsive disorders

oral thrush

infertility, urinary tract disorders, swelling

sperm production

kidney stone, poison bites, body refreshment

blood circulation problem, body heat, blood pressure

indigestion, child indigestion

kidney stone, stomach ache

asthma, disease resistant, throat pain

blood circulation problem, disease resistant, body shining, throat pain

blood pressure

body pain

cholera

white vaginal discharge, skin rashes

bone fracture

mouth ulcer, stomach ache

Kalanchoe pinnata

Lantana camara

Launaea nudicaulis

Leucas aspera

Madhuca longifolia

Mimosa pudica

Moringa oleifera

Musa paradisiaca

Passiflora edulis

Peperomia tetraphylla

Physalis minima

Piper longum

Piper nigrum

Rauvolfia serpentina

Rubia cordifolia

Seidenfia rheedii

Senna auriculata

Senna occidentalis

Solanum nigrum

Jain R. et al., 2011. Gojoi P and Islam M. 2012.

Arya V. et al., 2010.

Singh S. et al., 2013. Shanmugasundaram R. et al., 2011.

Xavier TF. and Kumar SS. 2013.

Tiwari S. et al., 2012.

Poongodi A. et al., 2011. Bhatia BB., 1942.

Chahal J. et al., 2011.

Manoj P. et al., 2004.

Chothani DL. and Vaghasiya HU. 2012.

Nishanthi M. et al., 2012.

Poongodi A. et al., 2011. Jawla S. et al., 2012.

Muthu. et al., 2006. Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu, 2011.

Vengatasamy, R. et al., 2010. Silja V P et al., 2008. Jery Thomas and John De Britto, 1999.

Joseph B. et al., 2013.

Akshatha KN. et al., 2013.

Alagesaboopathi C., 2011. Islam AKM. and Noguchi HK., 2012.

Al.Mahrezi JA. et al., 2011.

Muthu C. et al., 2006.

Majaz QA. et al., 2011.

        

cold, cough

indigestion

indigestion

tooth ache

stomach ache, worms in stomach

urinary troubles

wounds

fever

over bleeding, indigestion, body refreshment

Solanum trilobatum

Syzygium cumini

Terminalia arjuna

Toddalia asiatica .var. floribunda

Toddalia asiatica . var. gracilis

Tribulus terrestris

Tridax procumbens

Vitex negundo

Zingiber officinale

Malhotra S. and Singh AM., 2003. Ghosh AK. et al., 2011.

Ignacimuthu S. et al., 2006. Rani SL. et al., 2011.

Rani SL. et al., 2011. Alagesaboopathi C., 2011.

Alagesaboopathi C., 2011. RajaM. andVenkataraman R., 2011.

Rani SL. et al., 2011.

Sekaran R. and Jagadeesan M., 1997. Muthu C. et al., 2006.

Gowri SS. et al., 2010.

Sahu J. et al., 2013. Parmar S. et al., 2010.

Karumari J.R., et al., 2014. Yousaf Z. et al., 2013.

MURNIC Medicinal uses reported by neighboring indigenous communities. Similar usesDifferent usesUses not reported



body worms

Solanum torvum

Table 4: Comparative Quantitative data between Malayali tribes in Kolli hills and neighboring indigenous communities and aligned countries based on medicinal uses Author Area ( Country) (Year of Study)

Total No. of No. of species No. of species No. of Percentage species with similar with different species with of New uses reported (Ȉ uses as in Kolli uses from Kolli new uses reported U) Hills Hills reported

Dindigul DistrictAlagesaboopathi, C., 2012 T. N. (India)

44

7

9

70

81

Kattunayakan - T. Amuthavalluvan, V., 2011 N. (India)

60

6

5

75

87

Bhaskar, A and Samant, L.R., 2012

PachamalaiHills T. N. (India)

66

5

11

70

81

Divya, V.V. et al., 2013

Kanyakumari - T. N. (India)

106

13

9

64

74

Ganesan, S. et al., 2008

Alagarkoil Hills T. N. (India)

111

5

32

49

57

Karuppusamy, S., 2007

Sirumalai Hills Southern India

90

3

10

73

85

Kumar, N. and Choyal, R., Himachal Pradesh 2013 (India)

32

2

6

78

91

Lingaiah, M and Rao, N.P., 2013

Adilabad District A.P. (India)

44

3

4

79

92

Mishra, L. et al., 2014

Rajasthan (India)

31

4

7

75

87

Mou, S.M. et al., 2012

Moulvibazar (Bangladesh)

25

2

4

80

93

Oladunmoye, M.K and Kehind, F.Y., 2011

South Western Nigeria

208

0

4

82

95

Shrivatsava,S and Kanugo, Surguja V.K., 2013 Chhattisgarh (India) 15

2

4

80

93

Singh, A.G. et al., 2012

Western Nepal

66

15

7

64

74

Smita, R. et al.,2013

Koraput District Odisha (India)

50

0

7

79

92

Uddin, S.B. et al., 2013

Bazar District (Bangladesh)

82

6

13

67

78

T. N. ĺ Tamil Nadu, A. P. ĺ Andhra Pradesh.

Fig 1. Map showing the location of Kolli hills in Eastern Ghats. Tamilnadu.   



  











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Fig. 3. Analysis of habit with respect to no. of species

      

+

  *

  

  



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,&"

'"-

,&"

'&/-

&.'$

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Fig. 4. Statistics of plant parts used

   ! "        

 



Fig. 5. Categories of Kolli hills tribes mode of utilization for the preparation of medicine m

  





 



  



  



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Fig. 6. Rout administration of medicinal plants

  Fig.7. Format of field data sheet used to record the plant details and ethnomedicinal information

Fig.8. Hepatoprotective compound – Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata

b) Gymnemic acid II 

a) Gymnemic acid I

 c) Gymnemesaponin V Fig.9. Anti-diabetic compounds from Gymnema sylvestre 



Reserpine  Fig.10. Antihypertensive alkaloid compound



a) Kaempferol



b) Quercetin



c) Rutin



d) Phenolic compound – Caffeoylquinic acid

Fig.11.  compounds from   

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Andrographolide

Scientific confirmation / reliability

Gymnemic acid II SMSD

Feve

EI

CSCD

ENT

GUA

DOC

HC LP

Ethnomedicinal plants for various ailments

RSD

CD

Ethnobotanical survey

Ethnomedicinal observations in Kolli hills region of Eastern Ghats of Tamil nadu

*Graphical Abstract (for review)

NS

DID

PB

US

GH

ED

CA

GIA