October 2016—Abstracts

October 2016—Abstracts

Author’s Accepted Manuscript JEPM October 2016 – Abstracts www.sasjournal.com PII: DOI: Reference: S1557-5063(16)30074-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/...

516KB Sizes 0 Downloads 98 Views

Author’s Accepted Manuscript JEPM October 2016 – Abstracts

www.sasjournal.com

PII: DOI: Reference:

S1557-5063(16)30074-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2016.06.001 JEPM677

To appear in: Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine Cite this article as: , JEPM October 2016 – Abstracts, Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2016.06.001 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

  

JEPM October 2016 – Abstracts

Brodbelt DC, Blissitt KJ, Hammond RA, et al: The risk of death: The confidential enquiry into perioperative small animal fatalities. Vet Anaesth Analg 35(5): 365-373, 2008. This prospective study, performed from 2002 to 2004, was designed to estimate the risk of death related to anesthesia and/or sedation in small animal patients in the United Kingdom (UK) and to describe commonly observed characteristics of such fatalities. Questionnaires were sent to participating veterinary centers (general practices and veterinary institutions) and included questions on species commonly treated, practice standards, and percentage case referrals. The following details were recorded for all companion animals that were sedated or anesthetized: the procedure date, the species, whether the animal was sedated or anesthetized, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) health status (healthy, ASA physical status 1-2; sick, ASA physical status 3-5), and the patient’s outcome at 48 hours (alive, dead, or euthanized). Anesthetic- and sedation-related deaths were characterized as fatalities not solely caused by surgical or pre-existing medical causes. A total of 117 veterinary centers participated in the study. Cases included a total of 98,036 dogs, 79,178 cats, 8209 rabbits, and varied numbers of other small mammals, birds, reptiles, and unclassified animals. The overall risk of anestheticand sedation-related deaths within 48 hours of procedures in dogs was 0.17% (1 in 601; 95% CI 0.14-0.19%), in cats 0.24% (1 in 419; 95% CI 0.20-0.27%), and in rabbits 1.39% (1 in 72; 95% CI 1.14-1.64%). In healthy animals, the estimated risk in dogs was 0.05% (1 in 1849; 95% CI 0.04-0.07%), in cats 0.11% (1 in 895; 95% CI 0.09-0.14%), and in rabbits 0.73% (1 in 137; 95% CI 0.54-0.93%). In sick animals, the risk in dogs was 1.33% (1 in 75; 95% CI 1.07-1.60%), in cats 1.40% (1 in 71; 95% CI 1.12-1.68%), and in rabbits 7.37% (1 in 14; 95% CI 5.20-9.54%).

 

  

Overall risks of anesthetic- and sedation-related deaths in other small animals ranged from 0.33% in ferrets (1 in 300; 95% CI 0.04-1, 20%) to 16.33% in budgerigars (1 in 6; 95% CI 7.3229.66%). Risks were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in sick versus healthy dogs, cats, and rabbits. Risks were also significantly greater (P < 0.001) in rabbits versus cats or dogs, and the risk was significantly higher in cats compared to dogs (P < 0.001). Deaths of dogs, cats, and rabbits occurred most commonly in the postoperative period, particularly within 3 hours of the procedure ending. Deaths in dogs and cats were attributed primarily to cardiovascular and respiratory causes (74% in dogs [109/148] and 72% in cats [126/175]), and 20% of deaths were unknown. In contrast, deaths of most rabbits were classified as of unknown cause, with <40% attributed to cardio-respiratory causes. Risks of death were higher (although not significantly) in veterinary institutions versus private practices, presumably because of the greater caseload of high-risk animals handled by institutions. O’Brien MF, Lee R, Cromie R, Brown MJ: Assessment of the rates of injury and mortality in waterfowl captured with five methods of capture and techniques for minimizing risks. J Wildl Dis 52(2 Suppl): S86-S95, 2016. Common methods used to capture waterfowl for surveillance, sample collection, and population monitoring include swan pipes, duck decoys, cage traps, cannon netting, and roundups. Swan pipes are large tunnel-like structures created with netting. Birds are lured into the confined area with bait and after the large open end of the tunnel is closed, they are driven into the narrow holding area for capture with hand nets. Similarly, duck decoys are constructed of netting joining curved pipes, which lead off an area of open water. Birds are lured into the confined area and captured into holding nets at the end. Cage traps lure a bird in with bait, and the bird is unable to escape. Cannon netting is used to capture large numbers of birds by explosively propelling nets

 

  

over birds in a target area. Roundups are also used to capture large numbers of birds that are either temporarily flightless due to molting or that require a long take-off. Although all of these methods are considered to be generally safe, few publications have presented data on the frequency of morbidity and mortality associated with capture of waterfowl. This prospective study, which was conducted by the Wildlife & Wetlands Trust from 2005 to 2014 as part of their surveillance program for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in wild bird populations, reported the incidence of injury and mortality in waterfowl capture by using one of the 5 common capture techniques described. Birds targeted for capture included Mute Swans (Cygnus olor), Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus), and Bewick’s Swans (Cygnus columbianus); Greylag Geese (Anser anser), and Barnacle Geese (Branta leucopsis); and Shelducks (Tadorna tadorna), Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), Pintails (Anas acuta), Wigeons (Anas penelope), Teal (Anas crecca), Pochards (Aythya ferina), and Tufted Ducks (Aythya fuligula). Injuries were characterized as mild and superficial (e.g., toenail damage), moderate (eg, soft tissue wounds not requiring primary closure), or severe (e.g., wounds requiring surgical closure, fractures, and capture myopathy). The goal was to release all birds within ≤ 3 hours of capture and to prioritize birds that were particularly vulnerable to stress and injury (eg, diving ducks). A total of 18,936 birds were captured and examined during the 9-year study period. The total rate of injury across all species was 0.42% (80 birds). Compared to ducks, swans had significantly more mild and moderate injuries (P = 0.0001), but rates of severe injuries were similar between the 2 groups of birds. All recorded swan and goose injuries occurred during swan pipe captures. In addition, 80% of duck injuries occurred during large swan pipe captures, with smaller percentages noted during roundups and small duck captures in swan pipes. There was a 0.1% rate of capturerelated mortality among all birds captured (n = 20), most of which were associated with swan

 

  

pipes or duck decoys. With both swan pipes and duck decoys, birds are still able to take flight after capture and are able to fly into the structures. Larger, less agile birds (e.g., swans) and birds able to take flight easily (e.g., dabbling ducks) were more likely to be injured than birds able to walk well on land (e.g., geese), agile birds (e.g., Moorhens [Gallinula chloropus] and Coot [Fulica atra]), and diving ducks. Results of the study suggest that netted pipe traps pose the greatest risk to captured waterfowl and that ducks should be captured and confined as soon as possible to reduce collisions. Conclusions from the retrospective study included that by providing padding in holding pens and preventing overcrowding injuries swans may be reduced. Calicchio KW, Bennett RA, Laraio LC, et al. Collateral circulation in ferrets (Mustela putorius) during temporary occlusion of the caudal vena cava. Am J Vet Res 77(5): 540547, 2016. In ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism involving the right adrenal gland, the gland can become adherent to or invade the caudal vena cava (CVC). In these cases, the 2 surgical approaches that have been used to resect the right adrenal gland are temporary occlusion of the CVC during dissection of the gland from the vessel, or permanent ligation of the CVC en bloc with the gland. However, the latter approach, when it involves ligation cranial to the renal vein, risks compromising venous return to the heart and causing acute renal failure. The goals of this study were to determine whether healthy ferrets could survive temporary occlusion of the CVC, to characterize potential collateral blood flow after occlusion (including differences between male and female ferrets), and to measure pressures in the CVC caudal to the site of occlusion. A total of 8 healthy purpose-bred ferrets (4 neutered males and 4 spayed females), each >20 weeks of age, were used in the study. Each ferret was anesthetized and intubated before having a catheter placed in the cephalic vein for fluid administration and prophylactic antibiotic therapy.

 

  

Heart rate was monitored via an esophageal stethoscope and a Doppler probe placed on the tail. Indirect blood pressure was measured proximal to the Doppler probe, and a 3-limb electrocardiogram produced lead II tracings every 5 minutes. Systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate were recorded every 5 minutes throughout the procedure. Under fluoroscopic guidance, the external jugular vein was catheterized and a balloon occlusion catheter advanced through the right atrium and into the CVC with its tip positioned cranial to both renal veins near the right phrenicoabdominal vein. Baseline CVC pressure was measured before the balloon was inflated to occlude the CVC. Pressure in the CVC was the recorded 30 seconds and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after balloon inflation. Venography was performed 5 and 15 minutes after balloon inflation. After 20 minutes of occlusion, the balloon was deflated. Blood samples collected from the jugular vein were used to perform a complete blood count (CBC) and plasma biochemical evaluation, both of which were repeated 2 to 3 days after the procedure. In addition, urine was collected for urinalysis at the end of the procedure and on Days 2 or 3 following the procedure. None of the ferrets died during the procedure. Results of CBC and plasma biochemical evaluation were generally within normal limits. No renal tubular casts were found in the urine of any ferret, and urine specific gravity for all 5 ferrets tested was within normal limits. Mean baseline CVC pressure was 5.4 cm H2O (range, < 3 to 8.5 cm H2O). During occlusion, pressure in the CVC was moderately increased in 6 ferrets (mean, 24.3 cm H2O), and markedly increased in 2 ferrets (mean, > 55 cm H2O). Baseline mean systolic blood pressure was 80 ± 22.2 mm Hg. Within 30 seconds after CVC occlusion, the systolic arterial blood pressure exceeded baseline in only 2 ferrets. Vessels identified during venography included the cranial and caudal venae cavae, phrenicoabdominal veins, renal veins, left gonadal vein, circumflex iliac veins, lumbar veins, paravertebral venous plexuses, and

 

  

azygous veins. During the procedure, blood flow in all ferrets was diverted from the occluded CVC through the lumbar veins to the paravertebral venous plexuses to the azygos vein and into the cranial vena cava. Prior to CVC occlusion, complications included atrial and ventricular premature contractions (n = 5). Post-occlusion complications included bradycardia (n = 2), extravasation of contrast medium (n = 2), and seizures (n = 1). Throughout the study, no apparent differences were observed between male and female ferrets. Rosenwax AC, Cowan ML. Fibrous ingluvial foreign bodies in 33 cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Aust Vet J 93(10): 382-384, 2015. This retrospective study evaluated common presentations for cockatiels with fibrous foreign bodies (ingluvioliths), various methods of removing the foreign bodies, and outcomes of each method. Medical records from a 4-year period were reviewed from 2 avian and exotic animal veterinary practices in Sydney and Brisbane, Australia. Three techniques were used for removed of fibrous foreign bodies. Small foreign bodies that could be easily broken apart were treated by flushing the crop with Hartmann’s solution® delivered via a gavage tube and either aspirating the fibrous material through the tube, massaging the material into the oral cavity, or allowing the bird to regurgitate the material after fluid delivery. The second technique involved massaging the foreign body cranially until it could be extracted via forceps through the oral cavity, either in conscious or anesthetized birds. The third technique consisted of removing the foreign body by ingluviotomy. A total of 33 ingluvioliths were identified. In 32 of the birds, foreign bodies were palpable in the crop. The most common presenting signs were vomiting (n = 17), lethargy (n = 15), fluffed appearance (n = 14), inappetance (n = 3), and a neck mass (n = 2). Significantly more male than female cockatiels presented with crop foreign bodies (P = 0.001), and birds < 3 years of age were significantly overrepresented (P = 0.012). The most common

 

  

form of treatment was ingluviotomy (48.1% of cases), followed by per-oral extraction with forceps in anesthetized birds (25.9% of cases), crop flushing (14.8% of cases), and per-oral removal without anesthesia (11.1% of cases). The combined mortality rate for all forms of treatment was 25.9%. Mortality rates were 30% for ingluviotomy, 28% for per-oral removal with anesthesia, and 14% if removal did not require anesthesia. In 24 cases, ingluvioliths were traced back to cotton toys or perches. Results of the study suggest that fibrous materials are not safe for cockatiels to ingest and should not be provided as cage accessories. Uney K, Altan F, Aboubakr M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections. Am J Vet Res 77(5): 439-444, 2016. The objective of this crossover study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in red-eared slider turtles after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) injection of a single dose of 0.2 mg/kg. The dose was chosen based on anecdotal reports and pharmacokinetic data previously reported for green iguanas. A total of 8 healthy red-eared slider turtles with body weights of 0.3 to 0.5 kg were used in the study. Four turtles each were housed in two 450-L aquaria at room temperature of 23°C to 25°C. Water and basking temperatures were maintained at 24°C and 30°C, respectively. Meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) was administered once IV (n = 4; left jugular vein) or IM (n = 4; left deltoid muscle). After a 30-day washout period, each turtle received the same dose of meloxicam via the alternate treatment route. Blood was collected from each turtle via the cervical sinus before meloxicam administration (0 hours) and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after meloxicam administration. The plasma concentration of meloxicam was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. No adverse reactions were observed in any of the turtles. After IV administration of meloxicam, the mean

 

  

plasma concentration at 0.5 hours was 1.47 μg/mL. After IM administration, the mean maximum plasma concentration (0.72 μg/mL ± 0.06) was reached by a mean of 1.5 ± 0 hours. Bioavailability of meloxicam was high after IM administration (101 ± 6%), and both the distribution half-life (t1/2α) and elimination half-life (t1/2β) were significantly higher with IM versus IV administration (t1/2α [hours]: IM, 3.73 ± 2.41 compared to IV, 1.02 ± 0.41; t1/2β [hours]: 13.53 ± 1.95 compared to IV, 9.78 ± 2.23). Additional studies are needed to establish the appropriate administration frequency and clinical efficacy of meloxicam in red-eared sliders. Nett RJ, Witte TK, Holzbauer SM, et al. Risk factors for suicide, attitudes toward mental illness, and practice-related stressors among US veterinarians. J Am Vet Med Assoc 247(8): 945-955, 2015. Veterinarians in numerous countries around the world are reportedly at higher risk for suicide when compared to the general population. The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence of risk factors for suicide, attitudes toward mental illness, and the types of practice-related stressors experienced among US veterinarians. The assessment tool was an electronic questionnaire made available to US veterinarians by Web link from July 1 to October 20, 2014. Individuals were able to anonymously access and answer questions, which focused on the following topics: demographics, practice setting, history of depression and treatment for mental health, attitudes toward mental illness and its treatment, stressors related to veterinary practice, and level of satisfaction with veterinary practice. Standardized questions from the Kessler-6 psychological distress scale, which assesses the presence of serious mental illness, were also included. The range of possible Kessler-6 scores is 0 to 24, and scores ≥ 13 indicate serious psychological distress. A total of 12,707 veterinarians responded to the questionnaire, 11,627 of whom were included in the assessment. Among those, 10.553 (91%) completed the

 

  

questionnaire. Of the 11,627 respondents, 3628 (31%) were male, and 5638 (48%) were 30 to 49 years old. A total of 10,319 (89%) respondents were employed as veterinarians at the time, which comprised approximately 10% of the 102,583 US veterinarians. Most respondents (64%) were small animal practitioners who were either practice associates (41%) or practice owners (36%). The number of respondents was comparable among various regions of the United States. Among the 11,627 respondents, 1,077 (9%) were assessed as having serious psychological distress. Demographic characteristics associated with a significantly higher prevalence of serious psychological distress included female gender; an age of 20 to 49 years; a marital status of single, separated, or divorced; and having no children. Work-related characteristics associated with a significantly higher prevalence of serious psychological distress included being a practice associate, practicing for < 20 years, practicing shelter animal medicine, and not belonging to a professional veterinary organization. Other characteristics associated with a higher, but not statistically significant, risk of serious psychological distress included not being currently employed as a veterinarian, working as a relief veterinarian, working in academia, and practicing exotic animal medicine. Among the 1077 respondents assessed as being in serious psychological distress, 633 (59%) were not currently receiving mental health treatment. Compared with 93% of adults in the general US population, 89.4% of veterinary respondents agreed that mental health treatment helped people with mental illness lead normal lives. Furthermore, only 31.8% of veterinarian respondents, compared with 60.2% of US adults in the general population, agreed that people are caring toward individuals with mental illness. Among practice-related stressors, the factor most commonly reported was practice demands. Among practice owners, particular stressors included practice management responsibilities and market competition, whereas among practice associates, stressful factors

 

  

included professional mistakes, educational debt, equivocal management and work roles, and lack of participation in making decisions. Respondents who had practiced for < 5 years (n = 1899) were less likely than respondents who had been in veterinary practice for ≥ 10 years to believe that they had the same level of satisfaction with veterinary medicine as they had when they left veterinary school and to agree that they made the right career choice and were happy being veterinarians. Overall, when assessed on the basis of gender, the veterinarians who responded to the survey had higher rates of serious psychological distress, depression, and suicidal ideation than adults in the general US population. Results of this survey were similar to those reported for veterinarians in Australia, France, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Doss GA, Mans C, Houseright RA, Webb JL: Urinalysis in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera). J Am Vet Med Assoc 248(8): 901-907, 2016. The goal of this study was to evaluate urine variables in a healthy population of chinchillas. Voided urine samples were collected from 41 clinically normal chinchillas (29 intact females and 12 intact males) shown at a chinchilla breeder exhibition. The chinchillas ranged in age from 17 to > 156 weeks, but the majority (40/41) were 17 to 56 weeks of age. The samples were gathered with sterile syringes from paper toweling under each chinchilla enclosure and were evaluated within 1 hour of collection. Urine variables evaluated included color, turbidity, and biochemical parameters measured with a urine dipstick (Multistix 8 SG, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA). When a sufficient volume of urine could be collected, the urine protein concentration was measured by the sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) precipitation test or quantitative protein analysis. The canine scale of a handheld veterinary refractometer (Veterinary handheld refractometer 10336, AO Scientific Instruments, Buffalo, NY, USA) was used to measure urine specific gravity before and after the urine samples were centrifuged.

 

  

Sediment collected after centrifugation was also evaluated. The majority of the urine samples varied in color from light to dark yellow, amber, or were clear; however, 11 samples (26.8%) were hazy, cloudy, or flocculent and contained large numbers of crystals. There was a significant (P < 0.01) and positive correlation between urine turbidity and the degree of crystalluria. Prior to centrifugation, the urine specific gravity of samples was 1.010 to 1.019 in 7 animals (17%), 1.020 to 1.039 in 13 animals (32%), 1.040 to 1.049 in 4 animals (10%), and > 1.05 in 17 animals (41%). The post-centrifugation urine specific gravity did not differ significantly from that of the pre-centrifugation measurements. Protein was present on the urine dipstick in all 41 samples, ranging from trace to 4+, and was significantly (P < 0.01) and positively correlated with urine specific gravity. Urine protein did not differ significantly between males and females. The SSA precipitation test and quantitative protein analysis was performed in 37 and 18 chinchillas, respectively. Results of the SSA precipitation test were negative for all 37 samples; however, the mean ± standard deviation quantitative protein concentration was 46.2 ± 20.3 mg/L (range, 6 to 87 mg/dL), which called into question the accuracy of the results for the SSA precipitation test. Furthermore, when urine samples were able to be tested by both dipstick and quantitative protein concentration methods (n = 18), there was no significant correlation of test results. The pH for all urine samples was 8.5, which is the upper limit of the urine dipstick used. Although ketones and glucose were each detected in the minority of urine samples, a combination of ketonuria and glucosuria was not detected in any of the samples. Additionally, urine casts were not found in any samples.

 

  

Collins CK, Marples NM: Zoo playgrounds: A source of enrichment or stress for a group of nearby cockatoos? A case study. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 18:375-387, 2015. Many modern zoos now offer facilities such as restaurants, trains, and playgrounds as a means of providing entertainment for the public and to garner financial support. However, little research has evaluated the impact of playgrounds on the behavior of animals housed nearby. In addition, very few studies have quantified the effect that zoo visitors have on animals (e.g., birds) other than primates. This publication reports the methods and results of 2 studies: one assessing the effect of a playground on behavior of birds in adjacent aviary exhibits and the other quantifying the experimental effects of groups of children standing and vocalizing directly in front of the aviaries. The study was conducted from 2003 to 2004 at the Dublin Zoo in Ireland. The study group originally consisted of 4 birds: 2 citron-crested cockatoos (Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata; 1 female and 1 male housed together) and 2 Moluccan cockatoos (Cacatua moluccensis; 2 males housed in separate aviaries). One of the Moluccan cockatoos was housed with his mate who was not included in the study, and the other Moluccan cockatoo died unexpectedly shortly after the start of the study. Therefore, the sample size was small but represented the entire population of cockatoos at this zoo. The cockatoos were housed in outdoor aviaries, which were constructed of wire mesh and contained ropes, nest boxes, swings, and plants. The public was able to approach the mesh walls of the enclosure and even place their fingers inside the mesh openings. Flooring was woodchips and plants. Birds were able to access an indoor off-show area at all times where they were not visible to the public. The Mollucan cockatoo aviary was 4m X 4m X 5m and was slightly smaller than the citron-crested cockatoo aviary. The aviaries were attached to each other and were separated from a nearby playground by a 2-m walkway. The birds were supplied with feeding enrichment devices except

 

  

on days when study activities were conducted. The first part of the study (observation and baseline procedures) took place over a 12-week period in the autumn of 2003. The behavior of the birds in their aviaries was recorded over multiple 20-minute observations periods. Recording of behavior once per minute allowed approximation of the time birds spent displaying a specific behavior throughout the total observation period. At the same time, the activity level of the playground was observed and rated as low (<10 people) or high (>10 people). Ten replicates of high activity and 5 replicates of low activity were recorded. The noise level of the playground was also recorded 1 m in front of the aviaries. The second part of the study (experimental procedures) took place over a 6-week period in 2004. Baseline recordings were performed with no individuals standing in front of the aviaries. For each experimental test, groups of approximately 25 children were asked to stand in front of the birds’ aviaries and to vocalize for 10 minutes by shouting, singing, or talking loudly. Observation periods were 10 minutes in length, and the birds’ behaviors were recorded every 30 seconds. Five replicates were recorded for each bird, always when the playground activity was low. Results of the first part of the study showed that visitor numbers on the playground significantly affected each of the 3 birds (P < 0.001). When more visitors were present on the playground, the male and female citron-crested cockatoos were increasingly social with each other, and the Moluccan cockatoo was more vocal. Playground activity did not significantly impact the perch positions of any of the birds. Results of the second part of the study showed no significant differences in behavior or aviary positions relative to noise directly in front of the aviaries. However, the tendency of the male citron-crested was to spend more time on the floor versus the perch and in areas not visible to the public, while the female appeared to be relatively unaffected by the presence of the children. Results showed that citron-crested cockatoos may have been positively stimulated by the

 

  

presence of playground visitors; however, that stimulation was reversed when loud sounds were made directly in front of the aviary. In general, the Moluccan cockatoo appeared to be negatively stimulated by high numbers of playground visitors and by children standing directly in front of the aviary. The results suggested there was a tolerance threshold for positive versus negative stimulation as related to visitor activity near zoo aviaries. At a minimum, the authors suggested that zoos consider the impact of playground locations on the welfare of nearby animals.