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Solar power systems
by Gaston Dupouy), "Atmospheric Physics", two papers of 2 pgs each. A b o u t great decreases in t e m p e r a t u r e o b t a i n e d b y r a d i a t i o n of the black body in space. D e s c r i p t i o n of a first series of exp e r i m e n t s carried out at Montlouis (East Pyrenees). T h e principle of these experiments: t h e r m i c a l l y isolating the black body from sun, air and solar r a d i a t i o n at the same time conserving thc solid angle of r a d i a t i o n t h a t it would have in the open air. With this device one can easily realize u n d e r arid zone, clear sky conditions, a At of t h e order of -- 15 to --29 deg C.
Hamilton, Robert C., Institute for Defense Analyses, "Solar Power Systems", XVth International Astronautical Congress, Warsaw, Poland, 11 Sept. 1964, 57 pgs, illus. The overall performance characteristics and the developm e n t s t a t u s of static and dynamic solar-power-conversion systems are presented. Tile static solar-power systems discussed include photovoltaic, thermoelectric, a n d t h e r m i o n i e converters and t h e i r respective energy storage systems. The solar dynamic systems discussed include R a n k i n e mercury and water working fluids as well as the B r a y t o n cycle inert gas power system. The performance of solar static and dynamic power systems with respect to power level and altitude are discussed. T h e f u n d a m e n t a l s of solar-power system selection are presented considering mission r e s t r a i n t s a n d performance requirements.
Drummond, A. J., and A. R. Karoli, The Eppley Laboratory, "Conference on the Present-day Aspects in the Atmospheric Sciences and Oceanography of Solar and Terrestrial Radiative Energy Transfer", Bulletin q( the American MeleorologicaI Society, 45, No. 2, Feb. 1964, 8 pgs. New technological approaches in the form of rockets, satellites, spacecraft, major communications advancements, computers, and operations research techniques are changing drastieally the rate of a d v a n c e m e n t in the atmospheric sciences. N o t least among the m a n y i n t e r e s t i n g areas affected is t h e r m a l r a d i a t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t and related experimentation. This is the report of a meeting held for the purpose of reviewing (a) the implications of the new technologies, (b) c u r r e n t and p l a n n e d experiments a n d (c) ideas for new experiments with emphasis on where the outcome of such experiments m i g h t lead.
X I I - - E c o n o m i e , Social and Cultural P a r a m e t e r s of Solar Energy
United Nations, Economic and Social Council, Water Resources Development Centre, Third Biennial Report, Supplement No. 13, 1964, 81 pgs. The present report is t h e t h i r d s u b m i t t e d to the Council since the U n i t e d N a t i o n s W a t e r Resources D e v e l o p m e n t Centre was established in 1951. I t reviews developments during the years 1962 and 1963. C h a p t e r I deals briefly with the activities and present s i t u a t i o n of t h e W a t e r Resources Developm e n t Centre; c h a p t e r I I analyses water projects financed b y the Special F u n d ; a n d c h a p t e r I I I gives an account of developm e n t s of c o n m m n i n t e r e s t in tile w a t e r field. In addition, a s u m m a r y of c u r r e n t activities of the various U n i t e d N a t i o n s organizations concerned is given in an annex.
bration of a Tiros III Five-Channel Radiometer", (CWB10075), prepared for the National Weather Satellite Center, 6 April 1964, 48 pgs. This report details the results of an e x a m i n a t i o n of a T I R O S I I I five-channel radiometer, with special reference to the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of calibration procedures, and to the evaluation, relatively and absolutely, of d a t a assembled in specific spectral regions. The principal subjects discussed are: (a) calibration techniques utilizing m o n o e h r o m a t o r s to determine the relative spectral response of the various channels, special a t t e n t i o n being given to the problems of " s t r a y " r a d i a t i o n present in the m n n o e h r o m a t o r and its d e t e r m i n a t i o n and elimination b y the use of filters and " r e s t s t r a h l e n " plates; (b) the selection of o p t i m u m sources for e m p l o y m e n t in these calibrations, due consideration being afforded to energy availability, stability, monoehromator-souree geometry, detector selectivity with wavelength and the problem of atmospheric absorption in the optical p a t h s ; (c) the use of b l a c k b o d y radiators to establish the integral w a v e l e n g t h sensitivity of the radiometer in the infra-red region and also b y the use of the long-wavelength cut off characteristics of selected filters to assess the wavelength response of the r a d i o m e t e r in broad spectral bands to provide a cheek on results collected by the m o n o e h r o m a t o r m e t h o d ; (d) the use of an i n t e g r a t i n g hemisphere to establish the integral w a v e l e n g t h s e n s i t i v i t y of the radiometer in the visible and near infra-red regions. Tile i n t e g r a t i n g hemisphere e x a m i n a t i o n included d e t e r m i n a t i o n of its r a d i a t i v e characteristics, u n i f o r m i t y of irradianee of the calibration area, u n i f o r m i t y of the radiance of the hemisphere walls and tile d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the s p e c t r u m of the radiation, consideration being given to the effect of v a r y i n g h u m i d i t y on the spectrum. The s t u d y was extended to include certain response aspects of :~ second r a d i o m e t e r and to the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the effect of a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e on the r a d i o m e t e r calibration. In a concluding section the w a v e l e n g t h response '~nd sensit i v i t y of each channel is presented along with an estimate of the accuracy a t t a i n e d , and a discussion of the sources of error, p a r t i c u l a r l y those which are implicit in tile radiometer, for example, t e m p e r a t u r e dependence and electrical noise. Conclusions a n d recommendations for f u r t h e r s t u d y are also presented, chiefly concerned with calibration procedures, p a r t i c u l a r l y those which are influenced b y the radiometer itself. The factors which most seriously limited calibration accuracy were found to be insensitive readout i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n , excessive electrical noise which resulted from prolonged exposure to atmospheric air, the a p p a r e n t l y pronounced wavel e n g t h selectivity on some channels and the t e m p e r a t u r e dependence displayed by one channel.
Johnson, Francis S., and Willis L. Webb, "The Atmosphere and Near Space", Astronautics and Aerospace Engineering, Nov. 1963, 6 pgs. Data on space environment and on lower and upper atmospheric environment are accumulating at a very rapid rate, and it is difficult to select from the total the most significant developments to report. As we enter the period of the IQSY (International Years of the Quiet Sun), the rate of acquisition of data will increase, as coordinated programs of measurements are carried out to determine as fully as practicable the normal geophysical conditions near tile minimum of sunspot activity. The results of tile m a n y experiments will appear as quickly as the experimenters can prepare t h e m for p r e s e n t a t i o n at scientific meetings and in the scientific literature. The s u n m m r y presented here on recent accomplishments in the field will surely be greatly a u g m e n t e d b y such results during the next year or two.
X V - - M a t c r i a l s and P r o d u c t i o n XIV--Geophysical
and
Meteorological:
Weather,
Climate, Sundials, Telescopes, Magnetism, and Gravity Roche, J. J., and A. J. Drmnmond, The Eppley Laboratory, Inc., and D. T. Hilleary, Meteorological Satellite Laboratory, "Report on the Test and the Call-
Vol. 9, No. 2, 1965
Dunkle, R. V., Engineering Section, CSIRO, Australia, "Potential Applications of Spectrally Selective Materials in Air Conditioning", Architectural Science
Review, 6, No. 1, March 1963, 4 pgs. Review is made of some of the applications of spectrally selective materials for t e m p e r a t u r e control and in air condi107
Hamilton, Robert C., Institute for Defense Analyses, "Solar Power Systems", XVth International Astronautical Congress, Warsaw, Poland, 11 Sept. 1964, 57 pgs, illus. The overall performance characteristics and the developm e n t s t a t u s of static and dynamic solar-power-conversion systems are presented. Tile static solar-power systems discussed include photovoltaic, thermoelectric, a n d t h e r m i o n i e converters and t h e i r respective energy storage systems. The solar dynamic systems discussed include R a n k i n e mercury and water working fluids as well as the B r a y t o n cycle inert gas power system. The performance of solar static and dynamic power systems with respect to power level and altitude are discussed. T h e f u n d a m e n t a l s of solar-power system selection are presented considering mission r e s t r a i n t s a n d performance requirements.
Drummond, A. J., and A. R. Karoli, The Eppley Laboratory, "Conference on the Present-day Aspects in the Atmospheric Sciences and Oceanography of Solar and Terrestrial Radiative Energy Transfer", Bulletin q( the American MeleorologicaI Society, 45, No. 2, Feb. 1964, 8 pgs. New technological approaches in the form of rockets, satellites, spacecraft, major communications advancements, computers, and operations research techniques are changing drastieally the rate of a d v a n c e m e n t in the atmospheric sciences. N o t least among the m a n y i n t e r e s t i n g areas affected is t h e r m a l r a d i a t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t and related experimentation. This is the report of a meeting held for the purpose of reviewing (a) the implications of the new technologies, (b) c u r r e n t and p l a n n e d experiments a n d (c) ideas for new experiments with emphasis on where the outcome of such experiments m i g h t lead.
X I I - - E c o n o m i e , Social and Cultural P a r a m e t e r s of Solar Energy
United Nations, Economic and Social Council, Water Resources Development Centre, Third Biennial Report, Supplement No. 13, 1964, 81 pgs. The present report is t h e t h i r d s u b m i t t e d to the Council since the U n i t e d N a t i o n s W a t e r Resources D e v e l o p m e n t Centre was established in 1951. I t reviews developments during the years 1962 and 1963. C h a p t e r I deals briefly with the activities and present s i t u a t i o n of t h e W a t e r Resources Developm e n t Centre; c h a p t e r I I analyses water projects financed b y the Special F u n d ; a n d c h a p t e r I I I gives an account of developm e n t s of c o n m m n i n t e r e s t in tile w a t e r field. In addition, a s u m m a r y of c u r r e n t activities of the various U n i t e d N a t i o n s organizations concerned is given in an annex.
bration of a Tiros III Five-Channel Radiometer", (CWB10075), prepared for the National Weather Satellite Center, 6 April 1964, 48 pgs. This report details the results of an e x a m i n a t i o n of a T I R O S I I I five-channel radiometer, with special reference to the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of calibration procedures, and to the evaluation, relatively and absolutely, of d a t a assembled in specific spectral regions. The principal subjects discussed are: (a) calibration techniques utilizing m o n o e h r o m a t o r s to determine the relative spectral response of the various channels, special a t t e n t i o n being given to the problems of " s t r a y " r a d i a t i o n present in the m n n o e h r o m a t o r and its d e t e r m i n a t i o n and elimination b y the use of filters and " r e s t s t r a h l e n " plates; (b) the selection of o p t i m u m sources for e m p l o y m e n t in these calibrations, due consideration being afforded to energy availability, stability, monoehromator-souree geometry, detector selectivity with wavelength and the problem of atmospheric absorption in the optical p a t h s ; (c) the use of b l a c k b o d y radiators to establish the integral w a v e l e n g t h sensitivity of the radiometer in the infra-red region and also b y the use of the long-wavelength cut off characteristics of selected filters to assess the wavelength response of the r a d i o m e t e r in broad spectral bands to provide a cheek on results collected by the m o n o e h r o m a t o r m e t h o d ; (d) the use of an i n t e g r a t i n g hemisphere to establish the integral w a v e l e n g t h s e n s i t i v i t y of the radiometer in the visible and near infra-red regions. Tile i n t e g r a t i n g hemisphere e x a m i n a t i o n included d e t e r m i n a t i o n of its r a d i a t i v e characteristics, u n i f o r m i t y of irradianee of the calibration area, u n i f o r m i t y of the radiance of the hemisphere walls and tile d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the s p e c t r u m of the radiation, consideration being given to the effect of v a r y i n g h u m i d i t y on the spectrum. The s t u d y was extended to include certain response aspects of :~ second r a d i o m e t e r and to the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the effect of a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e on the r a d i o m e t e r calibration. In a concluding section the w a v e l e n g t h response '~nd sensit i v i t y of each channel is presented along with an estimate of the accuracy a t t a i n e d , and a discussion of the sources of error, p a r t i c u l a r l y those which are implicit in tile radiometer, for example, t e m p e r a t u r e dependence and electrical noise. Conclusions a n d recommendations for f u r t h e r s t u d y are also presented, chiefly concerned with calibration procedures, p a r t i c u l a r l y those which are influenced b y the radiometer itself. The factors which most seriously limited calibration accuracy were found to be insensitive readout i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n , excessive electrical noise which resulted from prolonged exposure to atmospheric air, the a p p a r e n t l y pronounced wavel e n g t h selectivity on some channels and the t e m p e r a t u r e dependence displayed by one channel.
Johnson, Francis S., and Willis L. Webb, "The Atmosphere and Near Space", Astronautics and Aerospace Engineering, Nov. 1963, 6 pgs. Data on space environment and on lower and upper atmospheric environment are accumulating at a very rapid rate, and it is difficult to select from the total the most significant developments to report. As we enter the period of the IQSY (International Years of the Quiet Sun), the rate of acquisition of data will increase, as coordinated programs of measurements are carried out to determine as fully as practicable the normal geophysical conditions near tile minimum of sunspot activity. The results of tile m a n y experiments will appear as quickly as the experimenters can prepare t h e m for p r e s e n t a t i o n at scientific meetings and in the scientific literature. The s u n m m r y presented here on recent accomplishments in the field will surely be greatly a u g m e n t e d b y such results during the next year or two.
X V - - M a t c r i a l s and P r o d u c t i o n XIV--Geophysical
and
Meteorological:
Weather,
Climate, Sundials, Telescopes, Magnetism, and Gravity Roche, J. J., and A. J. Drmnmond, The Eppley Laboratory, Inc., and D. T. Hilleary, Meteorological Satellite Laboratory, "Report on the Test and the Call-
Vol. 9, No. 2, 1965
Dunkle, R. V., Engineering Section, CSIRO, Australia, "Potential Applications of Spectrally Selective Materials in Air Conditioning", Architectural Science
Review, 6, No. 1, March 1963, 4 pgs. Review is made of some of the applications of spectrally selective materials for t e m p e r a t u r e control and in air condi107