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Solar thermal engineering space heating and hot water systems
Solar Energy Vol. 30. No. 2, p. 191, 1983. Pergamon Press Ltd. Printed in Great Britain.
BOOK REVIEWS Earth-Covered Buildings: An Exploratory Analysis for Hazard and Energy Performance, Frank L. Moreland. Published by F o r t W o r t h , T e x a s , 1981.
Moreland
systems and photovoltaic systems as conventional construction. The section on environmental quality explores the aesthetic values of earth-covered construction as well as the impacts of soil characteristics and local climatology. The subsequent economic analysis indicates favorable life cycle costs. Earth-covered Buildings is an interesting and an informative presentation of the different types of earth-covered construction and their performance and costs. Moreland has done an excellent job of exploring the pertinent issues. No technical background is required of the reader. The book is recommended to architects, homebuilders and others who have an interest in earth-covered construction. It is available from the National Technical Information Service at a cost of $24.00 (paper-bound) and from Moreland Associates (908 Bowland, Fort Worth, TX 76107) for $20.00.
Associates,
The performance of earth-covered buildings is examined with respect to storms, nuclear detonations, earthquakes, fire, nuclear radiation, energy consumption, compatibility with solar energy systems, the effects of soil and ground water, climatological effects, its occupants, and resource management. Potential long term benefits are assessed. This book is the final report of a contract performed by Moreland Associates for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The report begins with an overview of earth-covered buildings as a means of reducing energy requirements and increasing the safety of occupants. An example is the Terraset Elementary School completed in 1976 in Virginia. The cost of this school is said to be equal to that of conventional construction, attributable primarily to the elimination of exterior architectural decorations and the reduction of HVAC equipment required due to reduced loads. This earth-covered school is also heated and cooled with solar energy. Numerous other examples of earth-covered construction, with and without solar heating, are described. Generic types of earth covered construction include the single window-wall dwelling, the atrium dwelling, the two story single window-wall dwelling, and single and dual level mid size buildings. It is concluded that well designed earth-covered buildings offer exceptional benefits regarding safety, efficiency, toughness, and durability at little additional cost. They save energy, reduce maintenance, improve land use, and provide secure environments for natural and manmade disasters. Part II of the report is a hazards analysis of earth-covered buildings. Impacts of tornados, nuclear explosions, earthquakes, fires, fallout from nuclear explosions and floods are examined. Part Ill is an analysis of energy consumption. Earth-covered buildings frequently incorporate thick concrete walls and south facing direct gain solar apertures, so they are similar to conventional direct gain passively heated construction. Air infiltration is reduced because of the reduced area of building surface exposed and the tightness of construction required to protect against moisture. Positive ventilation, preferably through a regenerative heat exchanger, should be provided to prevent internal pollutants from building up to unacceptable levels. Several techniques of assuring adequate ventilation are described. A true comparison of the energy requirements of earthcovered buildings and conventional buildings requires an assessment of embodied energy, which is the sum of all the energy used to transform raw materials into the built environment. The embodied energy of an earth-covered building is typically about 25 per cent higher than that of conventional construction, resulting in an energy payback time of a few years. Because of their relatively small load and massive construction, earth-covered buildings are compatible with passive solar heating. They are usually as compatible with active solar HVAC
Solar Thermal Engineering Space Heating and Hot Water Systems. PETER J. LtJNDE. W i l e y , N e w Y o r k . $25.95. 1980. This well written text takes the reader step by step through the fundamentals of solar thermal applications with emphasis on space heating and domestic hot water. It is well adapted for a senior level engineering course in a mechanical engineering curriculum. The author presents calculations in both SI and engineering units, so the reader has the option of staying with the familiar engineering units or converting to the modern SI system. Heat transfer equations incorporating dimensional parameters also are given both in SI and engineering units. Little attention is given in this book to the derivation of equations; the necessary equations are presented in their most useful form to facilitate engineering calculations. In addition, a great deal of useful data is provided in tabular form to permit the solution of a wide range of engineering problems without having to refer to other literature sources. This text is recommended to anyone who wishes to gain a good understanding of solar heating and hot water systems and develop the ability to calculate the performance of the systems. The mathematics background of the person should include advanced algebra, and some knowledge of calculus would be useful since tehniques of integral and differential calculus are utilized in a few places in the text. Topics covered in this text include a review of basic heat transfer processes, thermal characteristics of buildings, solar radiation, design and analysis of fiat plate collectors, a brief discussion of concentrating collectors, heat exchangers, heat storage, system parametric analysis, the analysis of thermal performance of heating and hot water systems, economics of solar systems and system optimization, swimming pool heating, and a brief description of passive solar applications.
191
BOOK REVIEWS Earth-Covered Buildings: An Exploratory Analysis for Hazard and Energy Performance, Frank L. Moreland. Published by F o r t W o r t h , T e x a s , 1981.
Moreland
systems and photovoltaic systems as conventional construction. The section on environmental quality explores the aesthetic values of earth-covered construction as well as the impacts of soil characteristics and local climatology. The subsequent economic analysis indicates favorable life cycle costs. Earth-covered Buildings is an interesting and an informative presentation of the different types of earth-covered construction and their performance and costs. Moreland has done an excellent job of exploring the pertinent issues. No technical background is required of the reader. The book is recommended to architects, homebuilders and others who have an interest in earth-covered construction. It is available from the National Technical Information Service at a cost of $24.00 (paper-bound) and from Moreland Associates (908 Bowland, Fort Worth, TX 76107) for $20.00.
Associates,
The performance of earth-covered buildings is examined with respect to storms, nuclear detonations, earthquakes, fire, nuclear radiation, energy consumption, compatibility with solar energy systems, the effects of soil and ground water, climatological effects, its occupants, and resource management. Potential long term benefits are assessed. This book is the final report of a contract performed by Moreland Associates for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The report begins with an overview of earth-covered buildings as a means of reducing energy requirements and increasing the safety of occupants. An example is the Terraset Elementary School completed in 1976 in Virginia. The cost of this school is said to be equal to that of conventional construction, attributable primarily to the elimination of exterior architectural decorations and the reduction of HVAC equipment required due to reduced loads. This earth-covered school is also heated and cooled with solar energy. Numerous other examples of earth-covered construction, with and without solar heating, are described. Generic types of earth covered construction include the single window-wall dwelling, the atrium dwelling, the two story single window-wall dwelling, and single and dual level mid size buildings. It is concluded that well designed earth-covered buildings offer exceptional benefits regarding safety, efficiency, toughness, and durability at little additional cost. They save energy, reduce maintenance, improve land use, and provide secure environments for natural and manmade disasters. Part II of the report is a hazards analysis of earth-covered buildings. Impacts of tornados, nuclear explosions, earthquakes, fires, fallout from nuclear explosions and floods are examined. Part Ill is an analysis of energy consumption. Earth-covered buildings frequently incorporate thick concrete walls and south facing direct gain solar apertures, so they are similar to conventional direct gain passively heated construction. Air infiltration is reduced because of the reduced area of building surface exposed and the tightness of construction required to protect against moisture. Positive ventilation, preferably through a regenerative heat exchanger, should be provided to prevent internal pollutants from building up to unacceptable levels. Several techniques of assuring adequate ventilation are described. A true comparison of the energy requirements of earthcovered buildings and conventional buildings requires an assessment of embodied energy, which is the sum of all the energy used to transform raw materials into the built environment. The embodied energy of an earth-covered building is typically about 25 per cent higher than that of conventional construction, resulting in an energy payback time of a few years. Because of their relatively small load and massive construction, earth-covered buildings are compatible with passive solar heating. They are usually as compatible with active solar HVAC
Solar Thermal Engineering Space Heating and Hot Water Systems. PETER J. LtJNDE. W i l e y , N e w Y o r k . $25.95. 1980. This well written text takes the reader step by step through the fundamentals of solar thermal applications with emphasis on space heating and domestic hot water. It is well adapted for a senior level engineering course in a mechanical engineering curriculum. The author presents calculations in both SI and engineering units, so the reader has the option of staying with the familiar engineering units or converting to the modern SI system. Heat transfer equations incorporating dimensional parameters also are given both in SI and engineering units. Little attention is given in this book to the derivation of equations; the necessary equations are presented in their most useful form to facilitate engineering calculations. In addition, a great deal of useful data is provided in tabular form to permit the solution of a wide range of engineering problems without having to refer to other literature sources. This text is recommended to anyone who wishes to gain a good understanding of solar heating and hot water systems and develop the ability to calculate the performance of the systems. The mathematics background of the person should include advanced algebra, and some knowledge of calculus would be useful since tehniques of integral and differential calculus are utilized in a few places in the text. Topics covered in this text include a review of basic heat transfer processes, thermal characteristics of buildings, solar radiation, design and analysis of fiat plate collectors, a brief discussion of concentrating collectors, heat exchangers, heat storage, system parametric analysis, the analysis of thermal performance of heating and hot water systems, economics of solar systems and system optimization, swimming pool heating, and a brief description of passive solar applications.
191