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Synthesis and characterization of ZnS nanoparticles for nanofluid applications
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Synthesis and characterization of ZnS nanoparticles for nanofluid applications A. Thinagar a, W. Anish a, J. Sunil b,⇑ a b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Satyam College of Engineering and Technology, Satyam Nagar, Aralvoimozhi, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, V V College of Engineering, Tisaiyanvilai, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 11 June 2019 Accepted 1 July 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Nanofluid Nanoparticles Chemical precipitation method Zinc sulphide Homogeneous
a b s t r a c t Nanofluid is a kind of new engineering fluid consisting of solid nanoparticles with sizes typically of 1– 100 nm homogeneously dispersed in base fluids. In this study, spherical shaped zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles are prepared by chemical precipitation method. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of nanoparticles shows that the particles are having the average size of 50 nm and spherical in shape. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Engineering Applications.
1. Introduction In recent years, nanosized functional materials have attracted more research intension due to their smaller size dependent physical, chemical, optical, and tribological properties. The nanometer sized metallic or non-metallic particles are called as additives when they are homogeneously dispersed in liquid or semisolid mediums and the resultant fluid is called as nanofluids. Many researchers reported that the dispersed additive enhances the properties of base fluid which leads to apply in different applications. Heat dissipation of electronic components is more difficult due to the reduction of available surface area for heat removal. Nguyen et al. homogeneously dispersed various concentrations Al2O3 nanoparticles in distilled water and measured their heat transfer behavior for the liquid cooling system used in electronic microchips [1]. The additive improved the convective heat transfer coefficient of distilled water and the junction temperature of heated component is reduced 23% than that of additive free distilled water. Kole et al. studied the thermal conductivity and viscosity of car engine coolant by suspending Al2O3 nanoparticles and their results shows that 3.5% volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles displayed that the maximum thermal conductivity enhancement of about 10.41% at room temperature [2]. This ⇑ Corresponding author at: Department of Mechanical Engineering, V V College of Engineering, Tisaiyanvilai, Tirunelveli District, India. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Sunil).
enhanced cooling ability can reduce the weight and complexity of thermal management systems. Masuda et al. experimentally measured the thermal conductivity of water based TiO2 and Al2O3 nanofluids using transient hot-wire method [3]. Their results reported that the additives significantly improved the thermal conductivity of base fluid. The thermal conductivity of Al2O3-water nanofluids and TiO2-water nanofluids at 4.3 vol% were 32% and 11% greater than that of base liquid, respectively. Dwyer-Joyce et al. investigated the mechanism of closed three-body abrasive wear of diamond-lubricant oil nanofluids using optical elastohydrodynamic lubrication rig [4]. They showed that the suspended diamond additives embedded in the softer rubbing surface and tumbled through the contact which produces ball bearing effect and reduces the friction between them. The lubricant oil used in industrial engineering components are expected to avoid direct metal-metal interaction by maintaining a stable layer of oil film between the metal interfaces. The conventional lubricants are failed to develop oil film between the rubbing surfaces at higher contact pressure and temperature which increases the friction and wear. The suspension of nanoscale additives enhances the tribological behavior lubricant oil like anti wear and friction reduction [5–20]. Some of the transition metal oxides like ZnO, TiO2 and Fe3O4 etc. proved as a potential candidate for different applications. In the same way Zinc sulphide (ZnS) is also one of the useful metal oxides and which has so many applications in various fields as a semiconductor. ZnS is the II-VI compound semiconductor materials for
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.244 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Engineering Applications.
Please cite this article as: A. Thinagar, W. Anish and J. Sunil, Synthesis and characterization of ZnS nanoparticles for nanofluid applications, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.244
2
A. Thinagar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
various applications, including light-emitting diodes (LEDs), sensors, lasers, electroluminescence, flat panel displays, infrared windows and bio devices. The surface state of ZnS can be increased by bonding of capping agents like poly vinyl Alcohol (PVA). In this work, ZnS nanoparticles are prepared by chemical precipitation technique and poly vinyl Alcohol is used as capping agent to modify the surface of nanoparticles and prevents the growth of the particle to larger size. The size, shape and elements of nanoparticles are determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectra (EDS).
is mixed with the poly vinyl Alcohol capping agent solution (step 1). Then the 15 ml of Sodium Sulphide solution is taken in burette and mixed with zinc acetate and PVA mixer and vigorously stirred for 90 min (step 2). A white color precipitate was obtained and it is separated by centrifugation process and washed ten times with double distilled water and again it is washed ten times with ethanol (step 3). The washing of the white color precipitate with ethanol is used to obtain pure ZnS. Finally, the white precipitate was dried in oven at 80 °C for 4 h to get powder sample. 3. Characterisation of ZnS nanoparticles
2. Preparation of ZnS nanoparticles ZnS Nanoparticles were synthesized using poly vinyl Alcohol capping agent by simple chemical precipitation technique and the Fig. 1 demonstrates the preparation steps of ZnS Nanoparticles. 0.5 M aqueous solution of Zincacetate dihydrate (molecular weight is 219) and 0.5 M aqueous solution of sodium sulfide (molecular weight is 78.04) were stirred for 20 and 10 min, respectively by using a magnetic stir for preparing 250 ml of sample and then it
The SEM analysis is used to study the size and shape of the synthesized ZnS nanoparticles. The Fig. 2 shows the SEM image of ZnS nanoparticles prepared by precipitation technique where the particles are strongly agglomerated due to the high surface energy between them. The SEM image shows that the particles are having the average size of 50 nm and spherical in shape. Also it shows that the size and shape of nanoparticles are uniform. The Fig. 3 shows the EDS
Fig. 1. Preparation steps of ZnS Nanoparticles by chemical precipitation technique.
Please cite this article as: A. Thinagar, W. Anish and J. Sunil, Synthesis and characterization of ZnS nanoparticles for nanofluid applications, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.244
A. Thinagar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
4. Conclusions Spherical shaped ZnS nanoparticles with larger surface energy have been successfully synthesized by chemical precipitation method for nanofluid applications. The SEM image of nanoparticles shows that the particles are having the average uniform size of 50 nm and spherical in shape. References
Fig. 2. SEM image of ZnS nanoparticles.
Fig. 3. EDS analysis of ZnS nanoparticles.
estimation of synthesized nanoparticles which conforms the existing of Zn and sulphur compounds.
[1] C.T. Nguyen, G. Roy, N. Galanis, S. Suiro, Proceedings of the 4th WSEAS Int. Conf. on heat transfer, thermal engineering and environment, Elounda, Greece, August 21–23, 2006, pp. 103-108. [2] M. Kole, T.K. Dey, Thermal conductivity and viscosity of Al2O3nanofluid based on car engine coolant, J. Phys. D 43 (2010) 315501. [3] H. Masuda, A. Ebata, K. Teramae, N. Hishinuma, Alteration of thermal conductivity and viscosity of liquid by dispersing ultra-fine particles (Dispersion of Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2 ultra-fine particles), Netsu Bussei (Japan) 7 (1993) 227–233. [4] R.S. Dwyer-Joyce, R.S. Sayles, E. Ioannides, An investigation into the mechanisms of closed three-body abrasive wear, Wear 175 (1994) 133–142. [5] J. Sunil, R. Maheswaran, Relative Antiwear Property Studies on Nano Garnet SN500 Gear Lubricant, Lambert Academic Publications, Germany, 2018. [6] J. Sunil, R. Maheswaran, V.G. Anisha Gnana Vincy,, Enhancement of Thermal Conductivity Using Nanofluids, Lambert Academic Publications, Germany, 2018, ISBN: 978-613-9-91664-1. [7] J. Sunil, J. Vignesh, R. Vettumperumal, R. Maheswaran, R.A. Arul Raja, The thermal properties of CaO-nanofluids, Vacuum 161 (2019) 383–388. [8] J. Sunil, R. Maheswaran, R. Vettumperumal, Kishor kumar Sadasivuni, Experimental investigation on the thermal properties of NiO-nanofluids, J. Nanofluids 8 (8) (2019) 1–6. [9] R. Maheswaran, J. Sunil, Experimental analysis of tribological properties of ultrasonically dispersed garnet nanoparticles in SN500 grade lubricating oil, Ind. Lubr. Tribol. 70 (2) (April 2018) 250–255. [10] R. Maheswaran, J. Sunil, R. Vettumperumal, S. Velu Subhash, Stability analysis of CuO suspended API GL-5 gear lubricant sol, J. Mol. Liq. 249 (2018) 617–622. [11] R. Maheswaran, J. Sunil, Relative anti-wear property evaluation of nano garnet gear lubricant, Int. J. Surf. Sci. Eng. 11 (4) (2017) 320–343. [12] R. Maheswaran, J. Sunil, Effect of nano sized garnet particles dispersion on the viscous behavior of extreme pressure lubricant oil, J. Mol. Liq. 223 (2016) 643– 651. [13] J. Sunil, R. Maheswaran, R.A. Arul Raja, Heat transfer study on car radiator by applying copper-ethylene glycol and water mixture, Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 10 (68) (2015). [14] J. Sunil, R. Maheswaran, P. Bavick, K. Dinesh, Synthesis and gravity driven sedimentation study on ZnS-gear lubricant oil nanofluids for gear lubricant applications, Int. J.Chem. Sci. 14 (3) (2016) 1367–1375. [15] R.A. Arul Raja, J. Sunil, R. Maheswaran, Factors affecting the viscosity of nanolubricants: a review, Int. J. Creative Res. Thoughts 6 (2) (2018) 688–692. [16] R.A. Arul Raja, J. Sunil, R. Maheswaran, Estimation of thermal conductivity of nanofluids using theoretical correlations, Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 13 (10) (2018) 7932–7936. [17] R.A. Arul Raja, J. Sunil, R. Maheswaran, Estimation of thermo-physical properties of nanofluids using theoretical correlations, Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 13 (10) (2018) 7950–7953. [18] Nagarajan, J. Sunil, W. Anish, Preparation methods and thermal performance of hybrid nanofluids, Int. J. Adv. Res. Dev. 3 (6) (July 2018) 42–47. [19] G. John Berlamen, J. Sunil, The lubricating ability, properties & applications of ionic liquids, Int. J. Sci. Res. Dev. 6 (6) (2018) 331–332. [20] G. John Berlamen, J. Sunil, Enhancement of kinematic viscosity of coconut oil, Int. J. Eng. Dev. Res. 6 (3) (2018) 430–432.
Please cite this article as: A. Thinagar, W. Anish and J. Sunil, Synthesis and characterization of ZnS nanoparticles for nanofluid applications, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.244
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Synthesis and characterization of ZnS nanoparticles for nanofluid applications A. Thinagar a, W. Anish a, J. Sunil b,⇑ a b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Satyam College of Engineering and Technology, Satyam Nagar, Aralvoimozhi, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, V V College of Engineering, Tisaiyanvilai, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 11 June 2019 Accepted 1 July 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Nanofluid Nanoparticles Chemical precipitation method Zinc sulphide Homogeneous
a b s t r a c t Nanofluid is a kind of new engineering fluid consisting of solid nanoparticles with sizes typically of 1– 100 nm homogeneously dispersed in base fluids. In this study, spherical shaped zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles are prepared by chemical precipitation method. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of nanoparticles shows that the particles are having the average size of 50 nm and spherical in shape. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Engineering Applications.
1. Introduction In recent years, nanosized functional materials have attracted more research intension due to their smaller size dependent physical, chemical, optical, and tribological properties. The nanometer sized metallic or non-metallic particles are called as additives when they are homogeneously dispersed in liquid or semisolid mediums and the resultant fluid is called as nanofluids. Many researchers reported that the dispersed additive enhances the properties of base fluid which leads to apply in different applications. Heat dissipation of electronic components is more difficult due to the reduction of available surface area for heat removal. Nguyen et al. homogeneously dispersed various concentrations Al2O3 nanoparticles in distilled water and measured their heat transfer behavior for the liquid cooling system used in electronic microchips [1]. The additive improved the convective heat transfer coefficient of distilled water and the junction temperature of heated component is reduced 23% than that of additive free distilled water. Kole et al. studied the thermal conductivity and viscosity of car engine coolant by suspending Al2O3 nanoparticles and their results shows that 3.5% volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles displayed that the maximum thermal conductivity enhancement of about 10.41% at room temperature [2]. This ⇑ Corresponding author at: Department of Mechanical Engineering, V V College of Engineering, Tisaiyanvilai, Tirunelveli District, India. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Sunil).
enhanced cooling ability can reduce the weight and complexity of thermal management systems. Masuda et al. experimentally measured the thermal conductivity of water based TiO2 and Al2O3 nanofluids using transient hot-wire method [3]. Their results reported that the additives significantly improved the thermal conductivity of base fluid. The thermal conductivity of Al2O3-water nanofluids and TiO2-water nanofluids at 4.3 vol% were 32% and 11% greater than that of base liquid, respectively. Dwyer-Joyce et al. investigated the mechanism of closed three-body abrasive wear of diamond-lubricant oil nanofluids using optical elastohydrodynamic lubrication rig [4]. They showed that the suspended diamond additives embedded in the softer rubbing surface and tumbled through the contact which produces ball bearing effect and reduces the friction between them. The lubricant oil used in industrial engineering components are expected to avoid direct metal-metal interaction by maintaining a stable layer of oil film between the metal interfaces. The conventional lubricants are failed to develop oil film between the rubbing surfaces at higher contact pressure and temperature which increases the friction and wear. The suspension of nanoscale additives enhances the tribological behavior lubricant oil like anti wear and friction reduction [5–20]. Some of the transition metal oxides like ZnO, TiO2 and Fe3O4 etc. proved as a potential candidate for different applications. In the same way Zinc sulphide (ZnS) is also one of the useful metal oxides and which has so many applications in various fields as a semiconductor. ZnS is the II-VI compound semiconductor materials for
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.244 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Engineering Applications.
Please cite this article as: A. Thinagar, W. Anish and J. Sunil, Synthesis and characterization of ZnS nanoparticles for nanofluid applications, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.244
2
A. Thinagar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
various applications, including light-emitting diodes (LEDs), sensors, lasers, electroluminescence, flat panel displays, infrared windows and bio devices. The surface state of ZnS can be increased by bonding of capping agents like poly vinyl Alcohol (PVA). In this work, ZnS nanoparticles are prepared by chemical precipitation technique and poly vinyl Alcohol is used as capping agent to modify the surface of nanoparticles and prevents the growth of the particle to larger size. The size, shape and elements of nanoparticles are determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectra (EDS).
is mixed with the poly vinyl Alcohol capping agent solution (step 1). Then the 15 ml of Sodium Sulphide solution is taken in burette and mixed with zinc acetate and PVA mixer and vigorously stirred for 90 min (step 2). A white color precipitate was obtained and it is separated by centrifugation process and washed ten times with double distilled water and again it is washed ten times with ethanol (step 3). The washing of the white color precipitate with ethanol is used to obtain pure ZnS. Finally, the white precipitate was dried in oven at 80 °C for 4 h to get powder sample. 3. Characterisation of ZnS nanoparticles
2. Preparation of ZnS nanoparticles ZnS Nanoparticles were synthesized using poly vinyl Alcohol capping agent by simple chemical precipitation technique and the Fig. 1 demonstrates the preparation steps of ZnS Nanoparticles. 0.5 M aqueous solution of Zincacetate dihydrate (molecular weight is 219) and 0.5 M aqueous solution of sodium sulfide (molecular weight is 78.04) were stirred for 20 and 10 min, respectively by using a magnetic stir for preparing 250 ml of sample and then it
The SEM analysis is used to study the size and shape of the synthesized ZnS nanoparticles. The Fig. 2 shows the SEM image of ZnS nanoparticles prepared by precipitation technique where the particles are strongly agglomerated due to the high surface energy between them. The SEM image shows that the particles are having the average size of 50 nm and spherical in shape. Also it shows that the size and shape of nanoparticles are uniform. The Fig. 3 shows the EDS
Fig. 1. Preparation steps of ZnS Nanoparticles by chemical precipitation technique.
Please cite this article as: A. Thinagar, W. Anish and J. Sunil, Synthesis and characterization of ZnS nanoparticles for nanofluid applications, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.244
A. Thinagar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
4. Conclusions Spherical shaped ZnS nanoparticles with larger surface energy have been successfully synthesized by chemical precipitation method for nanofluid applications. The SEM image of nanoparticles shows that the particles are having the average uniform size of 50 nm and spherical in shape. References
Fig. 2. SEM image of ZnS nanoparticles.
Fig. 3. EDS analysis of ZnS nanoparticles.
estimation of synthesized nanoparticles which conforms the existing of Zn and sulphur compounds.
[1] C.T. Nguyen, G. Roy, N. Galanis, S. Suiro, Proceedings of the 4th WSEAS Int. Conf. on heat transfer, thermal engineering and environment, Elounda, Greece, August 21–23, 2006, pp. 103-108. [2] M. Kole, T.K. Dey, Thermal conductivity and viscosity of Al2O3nanofluid based on car engine coolant, J. Phys. D 43 (2010) 315501. [3] H. Masuda, A. Ebata, K. Teramae, N. Hishinuma, Alteration of thermal conductivity and viscosity of liquid by dispersing ultra-fine particles (Dispersion of Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2 ultra-fine particles), Netsu Bussei (Japan) 7 (1993) 227–233. [4] R.S. Dwyer-Joyce, R.S. Sayles, E. Ioannides, An investigation into the mechanisms of closed three-body abrasive wear, Wear 175 (1994) 133–142. [5] J. Sunil, R. Maheswaran, Relative Antiwear Property Studies on Nano Garnet SN500 Gear Lubricant, Lambert Academic Publications, Germany, 2018. [6] J. Sunil, R. Maheswaran, V.G. Anisha Gnana Vincy,, Enhancement of Thermal Conductivity Using Nanofluids, Lambert Academic Publications, Germany, 2018, ISBN: 978-613-9-91664-1. [7] J. Sunil, J. Vignesh, R. Vettumperumal, R. Maheswaran, R.A. Arul Raja, The thermal properties of CaO-nanofluids, Vacuum 161 (2019) 383–388. [8] J. Sunil, R. Maheswaran, R. Vettumperumal, Kishor kumar Sadasivuni, Experimental investigation on the thermal properties of NiO-nanofluids, J. Nanofluids 8 (8) (2019) 1–6. [9] R. Maheswaran, J. Sunil, Experimental analysis of tribological properties of ultrasonically dispersed garnet nanoparticles in SN500 grade lubricating oil, Ind. Lubr. Tribol. 70 (2) (April 2018) 250–255. [10] R. Maheswaran, J. Sunil, R. Vettumperumal, S. Velu Subhash, Stability analysis of CuO suspended API GL-5 gear lubricant sol, J. Mol. Liq. 249 (2018) 617–622. [11] R. Maheswaran, J. Sunil, Relative anti-wear property evaluation of nano garnet gear lubricant, Int. J. Surf. Sci. Eng. 11 (4) (2017) 320–343. [12] R. Maheswaran, J. Sunil, Effect of nano sized garnet particles dispersion on the viscous behavior of extreme pressure lubricant oil, J. Mol. Liq. 223 (2016) 643– 651. [13] J. Sunil, R. Maheswaran, R.A. Arul Raja, Heat transfer study on car radiator by applying copper-ethylene glycol and water mixture, Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 10 (68) (2015). [14] J. Sunil, R. Maheswaran, P. Bavick, K. Dinesh, Synthesis and gravity driven sedimentation study on ZnS-gear lubricant oil nanofluids for gear lubricant applications, Int. J.Chem. Sci. 14 (3) (2016) 1367–1375. [15] R.A. Arul Raja, J. Sunil, R. Maheswaran, Factors affecting the viscosity of nanolubricants: a review, Int. J. Creative Res. Thoughts 6 (2) (2018) 688–692. [16] R.A. Arul Raja, J. Sunil, R. Maheswaran, Estimation of thermal conductivity of nanofluids using theoretical correlations, Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 13 (10) (2018) 7932–7936. [17] R.A. Arul Raja, J. Sunil, R. Maheswaran, Estimation of thermo-physical properties of nanofluids using theoretical correlations, Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 13 (10) (2018) 7950–7953. [18] Nagarajan, J. Sunil, W. Anish, Preparation methods and thermal performance of hybrid nanofluids, Int. J. Adv. Res. Dev. 3 (6) (July 2018) 42–47. [19] G. John Berlamen, J. Sunil, The lubricating ability, properties & applications of ionic liquids, Int. J. Sci. Res. Dev. 6 (6) (2018) 331–332. [20] G. John Berlamen, J. Sunil, Enhancement of kinematic viscosity of coconut oil, Int. J. Eng. Dev. Res. 6 (3) (2018) 430–432.
Please cite this article as: A. Thinagar, W. Anish and J. Sunil, Synthesis and characterization of ZnS nanoparticles for nanofluid applications, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.244