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The British Ecological Society and European conservation year 1970
Geoforum
l/70
wahrscheinlichen, ins kristalline Grundgebirge durchgepaust sein. Die Aufheizung von Erde und Mond ware unbedeutend. haben. Als Beispiele werden der Vredefort Dom und KanaDie Mond-Strukturen waren seit seiner Entstehung als unabdische Krater angeibhrt. Die Mehrheit dieser Erscheinungen h&rgiger Planet nicht wesentlich verandert. Die Meteoriten deutet auf jung-prakambrisches Alter hin (s.o.), wermgleich resultierten nicht aus einem Zerbrechen des Mondes. die Fehlergrenzen weit sind. Auf dem Mond sollte eine sehr starke Armiiherung u.a. in Aufheizung, Deformation, gezeitenbedingtem teilweisen Auf- The British Ecological Society and European brechen und konsequent in einer Beeinflussung der MondConservation Year 1970 bahn resultiert haben. Bei einer Amralrerung der oben genarmten Griigenordnung miissen bei gleichm&f%gerEnergie-VerteiE. Duffey, Abbots Ripton” lung Mend-Temperaturen urn 1000 ’ C und entsprechend ein Aufschmelzen zumindest der OberfhtchenGesteine postuliert werden. (Deshalb die eingangs vermerkte Diskrepanz zwischen The British Ecological Society was formed in 19 13 and Mend-Alter und Alter der hmaren Magmatite) Das in den cis- its fast publication The Journal of Ecobgy came about largely because of the interest and enthusiasm of the emilunaren Raum ejektierte Material aus dem inneren GezeitenBauch (S. 14, Fig. 3) kbnnte, vom Mond teilweise wieder em- nent plant ecologist Sir Arthur TANSLEY. At that time it was the only Ecological Society in the world but in 1916 gefangen, fti hmare Krater verantwortlich sein. Ein Teil der the Ecological Society of America was established. The Ejakta aus dem iiu5eren Bauch (l.c.) konnte in Resonanzobject of the British Ecological Society is to “promote Bahnen nahe der Erdbahn aufbewahrt und ggf. von der Erde and foster the study of ecology in its widest sense” and als Meteor&m eingefangen werden. Em wesentlicher Faktor bei diesen iiber die geologische Zeit verteilten VorgUgen waren it was supported from its inception by both animal and plant ecologists who published their papers in the JournuZ Kollisionen, die zur Ausstreuung aus der Resonanz-Bahn ftiof Ecology. In 1932, on the initiative of the distinguished ten. animal ecologist Charles ELTON, who became its first ediBetrachtet man die drei an Mereorirenmegbaren Alter, so tor , the first number of the Journal of AnimalEcology zeigt sich, dai3 die Bildungs-Alter (formation-ages) ziemlich was published so that the earlier Journal became largely einheitlich in der Griji3enordnung von etwa 4.5 x 10’ a liegen, botanical in content. A third publication, the JoumuZof und da& die Entgasungs-Alter (degassing-ages) weitgehend daApplied Ecology, was started in 1964, arising out of a mit iibereinstimmen. Eine bemerkenswerte Ausnahme stellt suggestion by Professor J. B. CRAGG and covers a broad die G~ppe der Hypersthen-Chondrite dar, die offenbar vor field of scientific research on ecological problems which 500-700 Mio. a extensiv entgasten. Diese mit Aufheizung are relevant or applicable to wildlife conservation, pest und/oder Schock-Einwirkung erklarbare Erscheinung konnte auf den gleichen Vorgang zuriickgehen, der fti das Aussetzunas , control, agriculture and forestry. The main work of the Alter (exposure-age) einer Eisen-Meteorit-Gruppe mit Schock- Society has been the publication of its journals and the encouragement of a high scientific standard in ecological Anzeichen (Octahedrite, 700 Mio. a) verantwortlich ist. Im tibrigen haben die Stein-Meteoriten, wie such die Hypersthen- research. Its programme also includes an annual lecture meeting held in early January and a field meeting during Chondrite, - im Gegensatz zu dem weiten Spektrum bei den the summer when a few days are spent in an interesting Eisen-Meteoriten - geringe Aussetzungs-Alter. Diese kijnnte part of the country under the guidance of ecological speman auf Zerplatzungs-Erscheinungen w&rend der letzten cialists. A recent development has been to spend occasio100 Mio. a zurtickf%hren. Bei Beriicksichtigung der sehr unnal field meetings abroad, the first of which took place in terschiedlichen Dimensionen von Stein- und Eisen-Meteoriten 1965. Through the kind invitation of Dutch ecologists besteht zudem die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dB die letzteren heute 7 days were spent visiting ecological institutes and study im wesentlichen noch ihre ursprtingliche GrijDe zeigen, wtiareas in the Netherlands. In 1967, the Society received an rend die Silikat-K&per im Laufe der Zeit zerkleinert wurden. invitation from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences - Die Koinzidenz der Alter legt somit den Schlui3 nahe, zuto hold the field meeting in that country and members mindest einige Typen der Meteoriten auf die postulierte exenjoyed a very interesting 14 days visiting areas of great treme Mond-Erde-Annaherung und das damit verbundene interest such as the Tatra National Park and hearing about partielle Aufbrechen des Mondes zuriickzufiihren. (s.o.) ecological research. Die Nicht-Katastrophen-Alternative wird gleichfalls, unter Since 1960 the Society has organ&d a series of annual Hinweis auf Satelliten-Bahnen und planetarische Beispiele, Symposium meetings, usually in March or April and deaaust%hrlich diskutiert. In diesem Falle hinderte Resonanzling with a variety of ecological subjects. Ten Symposia Kopplung den Mond damn, jemals der Erde sehr nahe zu have now been held and the volumes of the proceedings komrnen. Entsprechend brauchen die Gezeiten als nicht ,,sehr ho&“ angesehen zu werden. Eine Annaherung kijnnte *) Dr. Eric DUFFEY, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Abbots tiber eine Zeitspanne von vielleicht einigen 100 Mio. a erfolgt Ripton, Huntingdon, England.
Geoforum
1170
have proved to be both au~ori~~e and comprehe~ve works on the subjects concerned. The 10 titles (one in press) are: 1. The Biology of Weeds. Ed. 3. L. HARPER,1960. 2. The Exploitation of Natural Animal Populations. Eds. E. D. Le CREN and M. W. HOLDGATE,1962. 3. The Water relations of Plants. Eds. A. J. RUTTER and F. H. ~E~, 1963. interrestrial and Marine Environments. 4. Grazing Ed. D. J. CRISP, 1964. 5. Ecology and the Endustrial Society. Eds. G. T. GOODMAN, R. W. EDWARDS, J. M. LAMBERT, 1965. 6. Iight as an Ecological Factor. Eds. R. BAINBRIDGE, G. C. EVANS, 0. RACKHAM, 1966. 7. The Teaching of Ecology. Ed. J. M. LAMBERT, 1967. Factors in Terre8. The Mea~~rn~t of En~o~ent~ strial Ecology. Ed. R. M. WADSWORTH, 1968. 9. Ecological Aspects of the Mineral Nutrition of Plants. Ed. I. RORISON, 1969. 10. Animal Pop~tions in Relation to their Food Resources. Ed. A. WATSON, (in press) 1970. A further activity of the Society is to organ& specialist groups of which there are three at the present time. Meetings are arranged usually twice a year to read papers and hold discussions on some.ipecial aspect of ecology. The present three groups deal with Tropical Ecology, Industrial Ecology and Production Ecology. Their activities and abstracts of papers are normally reported in the Society’s Journals although the proceedings of a recent joint meeting between the Tropical Ecology Group and the Linnean Society of London have been published as a volume entitled “Speciation in Tropical Environments” 1969. The Society has always taken a great interest in nature conservation and as far back as 1943 set up a special committee to consider the scientific aspects of selecting a national series of nature reserves in the United Kingdom. This report was of great value to the Government when its own Nature Reserves Investigation Commitee reported to Parliament in 1947..In 1949 the Nature Conservancy was established as a goverment research council and prominent members of the British Ecological Society took an active part in its organisation and development. For some time the Society has been considering the selection of an aspect of nature conservation aS a symposium subject and when plans were announced for a European Conservation Year in 1970 it was decided to hold a meeting under the title “The Scientific Management of Plant and Animal Communities for Conservation”. Nature conservation in Britain began towards the end of the last century but for over 50 years it was left to voluntary organisations to create and care for nature reserves. During the
early 1940’s the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves, one of the oldest vohmtary bodies, made a national survey of areas which they considered should be protecred because of their high scientific interest. This survey proved to be of speoial value to the Nature Coned when it began work in 1949. A distinctive feature of the British Nature Conservancy is that it combines in one organ&&ion research on ecological problems of wildlife conservation together with the hornet of nature reserves. It also fulfds an important advisory role in connection with many conservation and land-use problems. The growing interest in conservation and ecology in Britain has underlined the very inadequate and fragmentary basic knowledge which is available on plant and animal communities. The management of nature reserves too often has to be based on an empirical approach without the scientific knowledge necessary to predict the effects of diiferent forms of use or interference on plants and animals and their habitats, The purpose of the Symposium is to review research in conflation ecology in order to assess the progress which has been made on the scientific basis of the management of wildlife areas. The Programme includes 43 papers arranged in 7 themes with contributions from Britain, Sweden, Ne~erl~ds, W. Germany, Poland, Cz~~~a, Israel, Canada, the USA and East Africa. The Symposium will be held at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, England from the 7th to 9th July 1970. After the meeting participants will have the choice of a number of tours including day trips to different parts of East Anglia or longer tours of 4-6 days to places of special ecological interest in England, Wales and Scotland. The tours are to be jointly organ&d by the Nature Conservancy and the British Ecological Society and as far as possible they will include places where research work, wildlife ~agement or inflation planning problems can be demonstrated. Further details can be obtained from the author of this report.
Aufgeben und Exi~~proble~e scheftsforschung in Schweden
der Kulturland-
St. Helmfrid, Stockholm* Die kulturgeographische Forschung in Schweden hat im Laufe der let&en 20 Jahre die metfiodische Revolution der modemen Geographie durchgemacht. Sie hat sich gleichzeitig in z~e~end~ Ma&eder Erforschung der * Prof. Dr. Staffan HELMFRID, Department of Human Geography, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
l/70
wahrscheinlichen, ins kristalline Grundgebirge durchgepaust sein. Die Aufheizung von Erde und Mond ware unbedeutend. haben. Als Beispiele werden der Vredefort Dom und KanaDie Mond-Strukturen waren seit seiner Entstehung als unabdische Krater angeibhrt. Die Mehrheit dieser Erscheinungen h&rgiger Planet nicht wesentlich verandert. Die Meteoriten deutet auf jung-prakambrisches Alter hin (s.o.), wermgleich resultierten nicht aus einem Zerbrechen des Mondes. die Fehlergrenzen weit sind. Auf dem Mond sollte eine sehr starke Armiiherung u.a. in Aufheizung, Deformation, gezeitenbedingtem teilweisen Auf- The British Ecological Society and European brechen und konsequent in einer Beeinflussung der MondConservation Year 1970 bahn resultiert haben. Bei einer Amralrerung der oben genarmten Griigenordnung miissen bei gleichm&f%gerEnergie-VerteiE. Duffey, Abbots Ripton” lung Mend-Temperaturen urn 1000 ’ C und entsprechend ein Aufschmelzen zumindest der OberfhtchenGesteine postuliert werden. (Deshalb die eingangs vermerkte Diskrepanz zwischen The British Ecological Society was formed in 19 13 and Mend-Alter und Alter der hmaren Magmatite) Das in den cis- its fast publication The Journal of Ecobgy came about largely because of the interest and enthusiasm of the emilunaren Raum ejektierte Material aus dem inneren GezeitenBauch (S. 14, Fig. 3) kbnnte, vom Mond teilweise wieder em- nent plant ecologist Sir Arthur TANSLEY. At that time it was the only Ecological Society in the world but in 1916 gefangen, fti hmare Krater verantwortlich sein. Ein Teil der the Ecological Society of America was established. The Ejakta aus dem iiu5eren Bauch (l.c.) konnte in Resonanzobject of the British Ecological Society is to “promote Bahnen nahe der Erdbahn aufbewahrt und ggf. von der Erde and foster the study of ecology in its widest sense” and als Meteor&m eingefangen werden. Em wesentlicher Faktor bei diesen iiber die geologische Zeit verteilten VorgUgen waren it was supported from its inception by both animal and plant ecologists who published their papers in the JournuZ Kollisionen, die zur Ausstreuung aus der Resonanz-Bahn ftiof Ecology. In 1932, on the initiative of the distinguished ten. animal ecologist Charles ELTON, who became its first ediBetrachtet man die drei an Mereorirenmegbaren Alter, so tor , the first number of the Journal of AnimalEcology zeigt sich, dai3 die Bildungs-Alter (formation-ages) ziemlich was published so that the earlier Journal became largely einheitlich in der Griji3enordnung von etwa 4.5 x 10’ a liegen, botanical in content. A third publication, the JoumuZof und da& die Entgasungs-Alter (degassing-ages) weitgehend daApplied Ecology, was started in 1964, arising out of a mit iibereinstimmen. Eine bemerkenswerte Ausnahme stellt suggestion by Professor J. B. CRAGG and covers a broad die G~ppe der Hypersthen-Chondrite dar, die offenbar vor field of scientific research on ecological problems which 500-700 Mio. a extensiv entgasten. Diese mit Aufheizung are relevant or applicable to wildlife conservation, pest und/oder Schock-Einwirkung erklarbare Erscheinung konnte auf den gleichen Vorgang zuriickgehen, der fti das Aussetzunas , control, agriculture and forestry. The main work of the Alter (exposure-age) einer Eisen-Meteorit-Gruppe mit Schock- Society has been the publication of its journals and the encouragement of a high scientific standard in ecological Anzeichen (Octahedrite, 700 Mio. a) verantwortlich ist. Im tibrigen haben die Stein-Meteoriten, wie such die Hypersthen- research. Its programme also includes an annual lecture meeting held in early January and a field meeting during Chondrite, - im Gegensatz zu dem weiten Spektrum bei den the summer when a few days are spent in an interesting Eisen-Meteoriten - geringe Aussetzungs-Alter. Diese kijnnte part of the country under the guidance of ecological speman auf Zerplatzungs-Erscheinungen w&rend der letzten cialists. A recent development has been to spend occasio100 Mio. a zurtickf%hren. Bei Beriicksichtigung der sehr unnal field meetings abroad, the first of which took place in terschiedlichen Dimensionen von Stein- und Eisen-Meteoriten 1965. Through the kind invitation of Dutch ecologists besteht zudem die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dB die letzteren heute 7 days were spent visiting ecological institutes and study im wesentlichen noch ihre ursprtingliche GrijDe zeigen, wtiareas in the Netherlands. In 1967, the Society received an rend die Silikat-K&per im Laufe der Zeit zerkleinert wurden. invitation from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences - Die Koinzidenz der Alter legt somit den Schlui3 nahe, zuto hold the field meeting in that country and members mindest einige Typen der Meteoriten auf die postulierte exenjoyed a very interesting 14 days visiting areas of great treme Mond-Erde-Annaherung und das damit verbundene interest such as the Tatra National Park and hearing about partielle Aufbrechen des Mondes zuriickzufiihren. (s.o.) ecological research. Die Nicht-Katastrophen-Alternative wird gleichfalls, unter Since 1960 the Society has organ&d a series of annual Hinweis auf Satelliten-Bahnen und planetarische Beispiele, Symposium meetings, usually in March or April and deaaust%hrlich diskutiert. In diesem Falle hinderte Resonanzling with a variety of ecological subjects. Ten Symposia Kopplung den Mond damn, jemals der Erde sehr nahe zu have now been held and the volumes of the proceedings komrnen. Entsprechend brauchen die Gezeiten als nicht ,,sehr ho&“ angesehen zu werden. Eine Annaherung kijnnte *) Dr. Eric DUFFEY, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Abbots tiber eine Zeitspanne von vielleicht einigen 100 Mio. a erfolgt Ripton, Huntingdon, England.
Geoforum
1170
have proved to be both au~ori~~e and comprehe~ve works on the subjects concerned. The 10 titles (one in press) are: 1. The Biology of Weeds. Ed. 3. L. HARPER,1960. 2. The Exploitation of Natural Animal Populations. Eds. E. D. Le CREN and M. W. HOLDGATE,1962. 3. The Water relations of Plants. Eds. A. J. RUTTER and F. H. ~E~, 1963. interrestrial and Marine Environments. 4. Grazing Ed. D. J. CRISP, 1964. 5. Ecology and the Endustrial Society. Eds. G. T. GOODMAN, R. W. EDWARDS, J. M. LAMBERT, 1965. 6. Iight as an Ecological Factor. Eds. R. BAINBRIDGE, G. C. EVANS, 0. RACKHAM, 1966. 7. The Teaching of Ecology. Ed. J. M. LAMBERT, 1967. Factors in Terre8. The Mea~~rn~t of En~o~ent~ strial Ecology. Ed. R. M. WADSWORTH, 1968. 9. Ecological Aspects of the Mineral Nutrition of Plants. Ed. I. RORISON, 1969. 10. Animal Pop~tions in Relation to their Food Resources. Ed. A. WATSON, (in press) 1970. A further activity of the Society is to organ& specialist groups of which there are three at the present time. Meetings are arranged usually twice a year to read papers and hold discussions on some.ipecial aspect of ecology. The present three groups deal with Tropical Ecology, Industrial Ecology and Production Ecology. Their activities and abstracts of papers are normally reported in the Society’s Journals although the proceedings of a recent joint meeting between the Tropical Ecology Group and the Linnean Society of London have been published as a volume entitled “Speciation in Tropical Environments” 1969. The Society has always taken a great interest in nature conservation and as far back as 1943 set up a special committee to consider the scientific aspects of selecting a national series of nature reserves in the United Kingdom. This report was of great value to the Government when its own Nature Reserves Investigation Commitee reported to Parliament in 1947..In 1949 the Nature Conservancy was established as a goverment research council and prominent members of the British Ecological Society took an active part in its organisation and development. For some time the Society has been considering the selection of an aspect of nature conservation aS a symposium subject and when plans were announced for a European Conservation Year in 1970 it was decided to hold a meeting under the title “The Scientific Management of Plant and Animal Communities for Conservation”. Nature conservation in Britain began towards the end of the last century but for over 50 years it was left to voluntary organisations to create and care for nature reserves. During the
early 1940’s the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves, one of the oldest vohmtary bodies, made a national survey of areas which they considered should be protecred because of their high scientific interest. This survey proved to be of speoial value to the Nature Coned when it began work in 1949. A distinctive feature of the British Nature Conservancy is that it combines in one organ&&ion research on ecological problems of wildlife conservation together with the hornet of nature reserves. It also fulfds an important advisory role in connection with many conservation and land-use problems. The growing interest in conservation and ecology in Britain has underlined the very inadequate and fragmentary basic knowledge which is available on plant and animal communities. The management of nature reserves too often has to be based on an empirical approach without the scientific knowledge necessary to predict the effects of diiferent forms of use or interference on plants and animals and their habitats, The purpose of the Symposium is to review research in conflation ecology in order to assess the progress which has been made on the scientific basis of the management of wildlife areas. The Programme includes 43 papers arranged in 7 themes with contributions from Britain, Sweden, Ne~erl~ds, W. Germany, Poland, Cz~~~a, Israel, Canada, the USA and East Africa. The Symposium will be held at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, England from the 7th to 9th July 1970. After the meeting participants will have the choice of a number of tours including day trips to different parts of East Anglia or longer tours of 4-6 days to places of special ecological interest in England, Wales and Scotland. The tours are to be jointly organ&d by the Nature Conservancy and the British Ecological Society and as far as possible they will include places where research work, wildlife ~agement or inflation planning problems can be demonstrated. Further details can be obtained from the author of this report.
Aufgeben und Exi~~proble~e scheftsforschung in Schweden
der Kulturland-
St. Helmfrid, Stockholm* Die kulturgeographische Forschung in Schweden hat im Laufe der let&en 20 Jahre die metfiodische Revolution der modemen Geographie durchgemacht. Sie hat sich gleichzeitig in z~e~end~ Ma&eder Erforschung der * Prof. Dr. Staffan HELMFRID, Department of Human Geography, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.