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00340 Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide over rhodium catalyst supported on silica
03 99m332
fluidlted-bed
Gasification of biomass and coal in a pressurized gaslfler
Andries, J. er al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1998, 9802, 319-326. In a pressurized bubbling fluidized-bed reactor the co-gasification of biomass with coal is reported. The influence of feedstock and operating conditions on the gasification characteristics was studied in a 1.5 MW,,, gasifier operating at a pressure of 5 bar and >900”. T’he project and the test rig are described and from the first part of the project the results obtained are presented and analysed. 99lW333 Gasification of secondary fuels in the circulating fluidized bed for the energetic utilization in cement manufacture Albrecht, J. et al. DGMK Tagnngsber., 1998, 9802, 115-129. (In German) Reported is the production of a fuel gas from a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) and the production plant, which can produce >40% of the energy requirements of the cement process, is described in detail. Various raw and waste materials were used as primary fuels in the CFB, such as bituminous coal, old wood, refuse, and rubber. The gas can be used directly in the cement kiln without any further treatment, unless it is required for the production of electricity; in this case it must be intensively dedusted and cleaned. A detailed chemical analysis of the fuel gases produced from the various primary fuels is given. In the production of energy from waste materials the integration of fuel gas production unit in a CFB is an economic and ecologically attractive method.
99lW334
Gasification of urban waste wood in a fluidized
bed reactor De Sousa, L. C. and Stucki, S. Making Bus. Biomass Energy, Environ., Chemical, Fibers Mater., Proc. Biomass Conf. Am., 3rd, 1997, (l), 447-452. Edited by Overend, R. P. and Chornet, E. Gasification and methanol synthesis is an innovative route for the disposal of urban waste wood in Switzerland. The BIOMETH project studied the feasibility of this process. Fuel methanol could be produced with existing technology at a competitive price from waste wood and other carbon and hydrogen containing wastes. With such waste fuels, substances not present in ‘pure’ biomass (e.g. chlorine and heavy metals) are introduced in the process. The influence of these contaminants on the gasification process is poorly understood. Gas cleaning equipment will also be influenced by contaminants present in the syngas. An experimental facility for the study of the gasification process of the above mentioned fuels was designed and constructed. Gasification parameters including temperature, gasification agent and fuel-to-oxidant ratios were varied. Different fuels and fuel mixtures were fed to the gasifier. A long heated freeboard with a series of sampling ports enabled studying of gas phase reactions at different temperatures. Experimental results from the gasification of waste fuels were compared to the base case of pure sawdust as fuel. The influence of contaminants during gasification was given special emphasis.
Gasification and melting furnace and its operation 99100335 NKK Corp., Japan Ger. Offen. DE 19,748,043 (Cl. ClOJ3/56), 7 May 1998, JP Appl. 96/317,909, 28 Nov 1996; 10 pp. (In German) At the top of a gasifier there is a free space zone. In order to permit charging of the reactor and measuring the height of the built-up waste residue layer in the lower zone without passing through the free space zone, the central axis of the zone is shifted in relation to the central axis of the lower section by >50% of the reactor inner diameter. Preferably, a shafttype furnace is used as the reactor with a fluidized bed in the upper section and a moving bed of the residual layer.
99lOO336
Hydrogen production during the desulfurization of petroleum cokes with molten caustic leaching
Lee, S. H. et al. Hwahak Konghak, 1998, 36, (1) 62-67. (In Korean) Investigated was the partial gasification during the desulfurization with molten caustic from high sulfur (>6%) petroleum coke. The results show that the hydrogen of purity more than 96% was evolved with 1.4L/g coke at the treatment condition of 550”, and caustic to coke ratio four. This amount was 1.5 times larger than the evolved hydrogen from low sulfur bituminous coal. Larger amount of hydrogen evolved from high sulfur petroleum cokes was due to the activated site produced during the desulfurization process and its participation to the hydrogen production. The gas evolution rate was proportional to the temperature and amount of evolved hydrogen to the caustic to coke ration.
Hydrogen transfer from hydrogen molecular hydrogen to aromatic hydrocarbons
99loo339
Hot coal gas desulfurization
Hydrogen
production
by
and
Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide over rhodium catalyst supported on silica
99lQO340
Kishida, M. et al. Stud. Sutf. Sci. Catal., 1998, 114, 411-414. The increase in turnover frequency for carbon dioxide hydrogenation over silica-supported rhodium catalyst is linear with catalyst surface area. The surface area of these catalysts is‘ controlled in the 60-600 m2/g during synthesis in water-in-oil emulsions.
99Kr6341 Influence of calcium on the catalytic behavior of nickel in low temperature hydrogasification of wood char Suzuki, T. er al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (7), 763-767. In order to examine the catalytic behaviour of the binary system at temperatures below 700”, demineralized birch char co-loaded with nickel and calcium was hydrogasified. The activity of nickel was determined by the amount of co-existing calcium, and it became a maximum at a given ratio of calcium to nickel. This can be explained by the two roles of calcium: (1) retardation of nickel sintering and (2) inhibition of the formation of catalytically active nickel species. Calcium was considered to interact with nickel to form a certain double oxide of calcium and nickel, whereby both actions occur. On the basis of this assumption, the function of calcium for nickel- and iron-catalysed hydrogasification of wood char is discussed.
The influence of chlorine on the gasification of
wood
Aynla, R. E. et al. U.S. US 5753,198 (Cl. 423-210; BOlD47/00), 19 May 1998, Appl. 774,774, 30 Dee 1996; 9 pp. Introducing fuel, such as coal, into a gasifier; heating the fuel in the gasifier to a temperature so as to form a gaseous fuel mixture containing sulfur compounds; and conveying the gaseous fuel mixture over a sulfur-absorbing and surface-catalysing zinc-based sorbent that catalyses an exothermic reaction to locally increase the surface temperature of the sorbents, thereby enhancing the rate of desulfurization is one method of fuel gas desulfurization. Additionally, the sulfur-absorbing and surface-catalysing zinc-based sorbent comprises a chemical composition of a metal that catalyses an exothermic reaction at the sorbent surface and an inert metal for desulfurization.
99100337
donors
Shen, K. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (7) 71-72. The transfer of hydrogen from H donors and molecular hydrogen to aromatic hydrocarbons such as 1-methylnaphthalene (l-MN), acenaphthene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene and di(l-naphthyl)methane (DNM) was studied under pressurized N or H in the temperature range of 300-425”. H transfer is easier from tetralin (THN) than from decalin (DHN) in non-catalytic runs, to some substrates. Even in DHN, only anthracene hydrogenation proceeded at 300” whereas the H transfer from THN to l-MN and even acenaphthene did not occur at 425”. Increased in the order were the reactivities of the polycyclic arenes toward hydrogenation: l-MN, acenaphthene
99lW342
99l99336
Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels)
underground
coal
gasification Yu, L. and Bao, D. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (16), 18-24. Coal mine and coal gasification are combined in one process with abandoned coal mine resources in a new technique of long tunnel, large section and two-stage underground coal gasification UCG. Producing hydrogen in large scale at low cost, the new technique of UCG will be developed in China.
Von Scala, C. et al. Making Bus. Biomass Energy, Environ., Chemical, Fibers Mater., Proc. Biomass Conf. Am. 3rd, 1997, (I), 415-421. Edited by Gverend, R. P. and Chornet, E. The COz gasification reaction of charcoal is inhibited by chlorides of the heavy metals copper, lead and zinc. This is observed either by impregnating the wood with the salts before pyrolysis or by mechanically mixing the salts with the charcoal before gasification. Charcoal impregnated or mixed with ammonium chloride reacts more slowly than untreated charcoal. There is an indication that chlorine plays an important role in the gasification, treating the charcoal with HCI also reduced the gasification reactivity.
Influence factors on the flue gas desulfurlzatlon in the circulating fluidized bed reactor
99lW343
Gao, J. et al. Proc. Annu. Inr. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (2), 90-93. A dry SO2 removal method is described in this paper-the absorbent (Ca(OH)z) was injected into the Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) reactor at the coolside of the duct to abate SOz of the flue gas - with the potential to significantly enhance desulfurization performance over that of existing dry/semi-dry Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) technology such as the Spray Dry. The influences of water steam, ratio of calcium and sulfur, and reactor temperature and absorbent utilization efficiency were investigated carefully. The results show that: (1) Water steam plays. a key role for the reaction of Ca(OH)z and SOz in the CFB reactor. (2) There is a positive effect of CalS on SO* removal efficiency. (3) The temperature is an another
Fuel and Energy Abstracts January 1999 33
fluidlted-bed
Gasification of biomass and coal in a pressurized gaslfler
Andries, J. er al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1998, 9802, 319-326. In a pressurized bubbling fluidized-bed reactor the co-gasification of biomass with coal is reported. The influence of feedstock and operating conditions on the gasification characteristics was studied in a 1.5 MW,,, gasifier operating at a pressure of 5 bar and >900”. T’he project and the test rig are described and from the first part of the project the results obtained are presented and analysed. 99lW333 Gasification of secondary fuels in the circulating fluidized bed for the energetic utilization in cement manufacture Albrecht, J. et al. DGMK Tagnngsber., 1998, 9802, 115-129. (In German) Reported is the production of a fuel gas from a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) and the production plant, which can produce >40% of the energy requirements of the cement process, is described in detail. Various raw and waste materials were used as primary fuels in the CFB, such as bituminous coal, old wood, refuse, and rubber. The gas can be used directly in the cement kiln without any further treatment, unless it is required for the production of electricity; in this case it must be intensively dedusted and cleaned. A detailed chemical analysis of the fuel gases produced from the various primary fuels is given. In the production of energy from waste materials the integration of fuel gas production unit in a CFB is an economic and ecologically attractive method.
99lW334
Gasification of urban waste wood in a fluidized
bed reactor De Sousa, L. C. and Stucki, S. Making Bus. Biomass Energy, Environ., Chemical, Fibers Mater., Proc. Biomass Conf. Am., 3rd, 1997, (l), 447-452. Edited by Overend, R. P. and Chornet, E. Gasification and methanol synthesis is an innovative route for the disposal of urban waste wood in Switzerland. The BIOMETH project studied the feasibility of this process. Fuel methanol could be produced with existing technology at a competitive price from waste wood and other carbon and hydrogen containing wastes. With such waste fuels, substances not present in ‘pure’ biomass (e.g. chlorine and heavy metals) are introduced in the process. The influence of these contaminants on the gasification process is poorly understood. Gas cleaning equipment will also be influenced by contaminants present in the syngas. An experimental facility for the study of the gasification process of the above mentioned fuels was designed and constructed. Gasification parameters including temperature, gasification agent and fuel-to-oxidant ratios were varied. Different fuels and fuel mixtures were fed to the gasifier. A long heated freeboard with a series of sampling ports enabled studying of gas phase reactions at different temperatures. Experimental results from the gasification of waste fuels were compared to the base case of pure sawdust as fuel. The influence of contaminants during gasification was given special emphasis.
Gasification and melting furnace and its operation 99100335 NKK Corp., Japan Ger. Offen. DE 19,748,043 (Cl. ClOJ3/56), 7 May 1998, JP Appl. 96/317,909, 28 Nov 1996; 10 pp. (In German) At the top of a gasifier there is a free space zone. In order to permit charging of the reactor and measuring the height of the built-up waste residue layer in the lower zone without passing through the free space zone, the central axis of the zone is shifted in relation to the central axis of the lower section by >50% of the reactor inner diameter. Preferably, a shafttype furnace is used as the reactor with a fluidized bed in the upper section and a moving bed of the residual layer.
99lOO336
Hydrogen production during the desulfurization of petroleum cokes with molten caustic leaching
Lee, S. H. et al. Hwahak Konghak, 1998, 36, (1) 62-67. (In Korean) Investigated was the partial gasification during the desulfurization with molten caustic from high sulfur (>6%) petroleum coke. The results show that the hydrogen of purity more than 96% was evolved with 1.4L/g coke at the treatment condition of 550”, and caustic to coke ratio four. This amount was 1.5 times larger than the evolved hydrogen from low sulfur bituminous coal. Larger amount of hydrogen evolved from high sulfur petroleum cokes was due to the activated site produced during the desulfurization process and its participation to the hydrogen production. The gas evolution rate was proportional to the temperature and amount of evolved hydrogen to the caustic to coke ration.
Hydrogen transfer from hydrogen molecular hydrogen to aromatic hydrocarbons
99loo339
Hot coal gas desulfurization
Hydrogen
production
by
and
Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide over rhodium catalyst supported on silica
99lQO340
Kishida, M. et al. Stud. Sutf. Sci. Catal., 1998, 114, 411-414. The increase in turnover frequency for carbon dioxide hydrogenation over silica-supported rhodium catalyst is linear with catalyst surface area. The surface area of these catalysts is‘ controlled in the 60-600 m2/g during synthesis in water-in-oil emulsions.
99Kr6341 Influence of calcium on the catalytic behavior of nickel in low temperature hydrogasification of wood char Suzuki, T. er al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (7), 763-767. In order to examine the catalytic behaviour of the binary system at temperatures below 700”, demineralized birch char co-loaded with nickel and calcium was hydrogasified. The activity of nickel was determined by the amount of co-existing calcium, and it became a maximum at a given ratio of calcium to nickel. This can be explained by the two roles of calcium: (1) retardation of nickel sintering and (2) inhibition of the formation of catalytically active nickel species. Calcium was considered to interact with nickel to form a certain double oxide of calcium and nickel, whereby both actions occur. On the basis of this assumption, the function of calcium for nickel- and iron-catalysed hydrogasification of wood char is discussed.
The influence of chlorine on the gasification of
wood
Aynla, R. E. et al. U.S. US 5753,198 (Cl. 423-210; BOlD47/00), 19 May 1998, Appl. 774,774, 30 Dee 1996; 9 pp. Introducing fuel, such as coal, into a gasifier; heating the fuel in the gasifier to a temperature so as to form a gaseous fuel mixture containing sulfur compounds; and conveying the gaseous fuel mixture over a sulfur-absorbing and surface-catalysing zinc-based sorbent that catalyses an exothermic reaction to locally increase the surface temperature of the sorbents, thereby enhancing the rate of desulfurization is one method of fuel gas desulfurization. Additionally, the sulfur-absorbing and surface-catalysing zinc-based sorbent comprises a chemical composition of a metal that catalyses an exothermic reaction at the sorbent surface and an inert metal for desulfurization.
99100337
donors
Shen, K. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (7) 71-72. The transfer of hydrogen from H donors and molecular hydrogen to aromatic hydrocarbons such as 1-methylnaphthalene (l-MN), acenaphthene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene and di(l-naphthyl)methane (DNM) was studied under pressurized N or H in the temperature range of 300-425”. H transfer is easier from tetralin (THN) than from decalin (DHN) in non-catalytic runs, to some substrates. Even in DHN, only anthracene hydrogenation proceeded at 300” whereas the H transfer from THN to l-MN and even acenaphthene did not occur at 425”. Increased in the order were the reactivities of the polycyclic arenes toward hydrogenation: l-MN, acenaphthene
99lW342
99l99336
Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels)
underground
coal
gasification Yu, L. and Bao, D. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (16), 18-24. Coal mine and coal gasification are combined in one process with abandoned coal mine resources in a new technique of long tunnel, large section and two-stage underground coal gasification UCG. Producing hydrogen in large scale at low cost, the new technique of UCG will be developed in China.
Von Scala, C. et al. Making Bus. Biomass Energy, Environ., Chemical, Fibers Mater., Proc. Biomass Conf. Am. 3rd, 1997, (I), 415-421. Edited by Gverend, R. P. and Chornet, E. The COz gasification reaction of charcoal is inhibited by chlorides of the heavy metals copper, lead and zinc. This is observed either by impregnating the wood with the salts before pyrolysis or by mechanically mixing the salts with the charcoal before gasification. Charcoal impregnated or mixed with ammonium chloride reacts more slowly than untreated charcoal. There is an indication that chlorine plays an important role in the gasification, treating the charcoal with HCI also reduced the gasification reactivity.
Influence factors on the flue gas desulfurlzatlon in the circulating fluidized bed reactor
99lW343
Gao, J. et al. Proc. Annu. Inr. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (2), 90-93. A dry SO2 removal method is described in this paper-the absorbent (Ca(OH)z) was injected into the Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) reactor at the coolside of the duct to abate SOz of the flue gas - with the potential to significantly enhance desulfurization performance over that of existing dry/semi-dry Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) technology such as the Spray Dry. The influences of water steam, ratio of calcium and sulfur, and reactor temperature and absorbent utilization efficiency were investigated carefully. The results show that: (1) Water steam plays. a key role for the reaction of Ca(OH)z and SOz in the CFB reactor. (2) There is a positive effect of CalS on SO* removal efficiency. (3) The temperature is an another
Fuel and Energy Abstracts January 1999 33