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00760 Properties of gas sparged coal tar pitch compositions
04
04
By-products
related to fuels
BY-PRODUCTS TO FUELS
RELATED
Adhesion behavior of melted coal ash on material QOlQQ753 surface Kito. K. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaifi I Happy0 .._ Ronhunshu, 1997.34.259-262. (h japanese) An investigation was conducted to explain the adhesion behaviour of melted coal ash on the material surface. The observations made during the experiment demonstrated that the droplet numher from a pot increases with increasing calcium oxide content in the ash. It was also shown that the droplet shears from the material at higher calcium oxide content. Application of coal ash to environmental 00/00754 improvement: Transformation into zeolite, potassium fertilizer, and FGD absorbent Kikuchi, R. er al. Resotrrces, Conservarion & Recycling, 1999, 27, (4), 333346.
The rapid increase in population and economic growth have led to an increase in energy demand. Coal reserves are distributed worldwide, and coal is now known to be the most stable and available energy source. However, utilization of coal as an energy source involves the generation of a great amount of coal ash. and the recycling rate of the ash is rather low. Coal ash is mainly used in civil construction materials, and there is a limit to the demand for coal ash by construction industries: therefore, the increasing amount of coal ash will be a serious problem in the near future. Different applications should be considered. In this paper, three environmentally-friendly methods for coal ash recycling are described. Firstly, alkali treatment can transform coal ash to zeolite, which is used in deodorant and for wastewater treatment and soil improvement. Secondly, potassium silicate fertilizer is produced from coal ash and has a higher retentivity in the soil than that of conventional fertilizers. Thirdly, emission of sulfur dioxide is controlled by flue gas desulfurization using coal ash. It is considered that environmentally-friendly use of coal ash is important from the viewpoints of energy. economy and environmental strategy in order to realize the concept of sustainable development. Coal fly ash: a retrospective and future look 00/00755 Manz, 0. E. Fuel, 1999, 78, (2), 133-136. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has established two classes of fly ash in order to categorize the many new subbituminous fly ashes. Class F is derived from bituminous coal and Class C from subbituminous and lignite coal. However, the wide variability of the Class C ashes from location to location resulted in extensive X-ray diffraction studies, with the belief that the mineralogy was more important than the chemical analysis and that the classification by type of coal was erroneous. A need exists to produce a performance-oriented standard as opposed to a prescriptive one. This paper presents a retrospective and future look on the use of fly ash for the production of concrete, primarily in the United States. Conversion of fly ash into mesoporous OOlOQ756 aluminosilicate Chang, H.-L. et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1999, 38, (3), 913-977. By fusing fly ash solutions and cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactants, a mesoporous aluminosilicate in the hexagonal phase (MCM41) can be synthesized. Evidence is provided that an MCM-41 aluminosincate with a homogeneous chemical composition of SiiAl = 13.4 can be prepared using cationic surfactant. The results indicate that coal combustion byproducts can be utilized for producing mesoporous molecular sieves even though they contain significant amounts of impurities. Evaluation of the phase composition and 00/00757 prediction of binding characteristics of brown coal ashes from Kamsk-Atchinskii fuel power complex Kaibicheva, M. N. and Domanskaya, I. K. Tsemen~, 1998, (4), 36-39. (In Russian) Presented in this paper is a method of evaluating the binding properties of high-calcium ashes. The process is based on the phase diagrams and the primary crystallization field where they are located after their chemical composition is reduced to the triple diagram. It is possible to predict the binding characteristics of the coal ash components when they are reduced to a simplified compound, such as CaO-AlzO,-SiOz. Formed zeolite products and their manufacture 00100750 Urabe, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP I1 35,318 [99 35.3181 (Cl. COlB39/14), 9 Feh 1999, Appl. 971188,386, 14 Jul 1997, 4 pp. (In Japanese) This method involves forming a kneaded mixture comprising 100 parts fly ash, 50-100 parts blends of calcareous material and alkali component and water. The mixture is then hydrothermally cured for at least 3 h at 60-150” to give zeolite products. Thus, prepared zeolite products comprising faujasite, zeolite A, X and/or Y are also claimed. Products which have high strength without any reduction in their adsorption characteristics are obtained.
86
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2000
OQlQ0759 Liming acid forest soils with flue gas desulfurization byproduct: growth of Northern red oak and leachate water quality Crews, J. T. and Dick, W. A. Environ. Pollur., 1998, 103, (I). 55-61. During the process of SOz removal using dolomitic lime [CaMg(C07):] whilst burning high sulfur coal in electricity-generating power plants, a flue gas desulfurization (FGD) byproduct is created. The growth of Northern red oak and water leachate quality in an acid forest soil when FGD byproduct was applied topically or mixed within the A horizon at rates equivalent to 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 times the soil lime requirement was studied. Soils were leached with deionized water on a monthly hasis. The leachate samples were analysed for pH, conductivity, P, S. B and metals (Al, Ca, Cr, Cu. Fe, Mn. K, Mg. Ph. Ti and Zn). The results showed that tree growth significantly increased when soil was treated with FGD and the greatest growth (75% increase over the untreated control) occurred when FGD was applied at 1.5 times the lime requirement rate. Boron toxicity symptoms were observed in plant tissue when FGD byproduct was applied at two times (or higher) the lime requirement rate. Sulfur concentration increased from ~10 mg I-’ (control soil) to 234 mg I-’ in the leachate from soil treated with FGD at 2.5 times the lime requirement, 4 months after treatment. Boron also approached toxicity concentrations in the leachate from soil treated at the highest rate during the initial leachings, but concentrations tended to decline with time. In conclusion, applying FGD byproduct onto acid forest soils has the potential to provide growth henefit to a commercially important tree species hut cart will need to he taken to avoid using FGD materials that may release toxic levels of horon. 00/00760 Properties of gas sparged coal tar pitch compositions Myram, S. F. et al. Carbon, 1999, 37, (lo), 3583-3590. Two pitches have been modified to varying degrees hy gas sparging at 400 C for various times. The process gas used was either 1% oxygen in nitrogen or 5% hydrogen in nitrogen. Results indicate that for pitch A, the product is independent of sparge gas and that sparging does not henefit the carbon yield with respect to the raw pitch. Some improvement in toluene insoluble content is observed, however, it would appear that this does not translate to the formation of additional carbon. Overall, the results indicate that the predominant reaction giving rise to the hardening of the pitch i\ stripping of volatile matter. Pitch B shows different hehaviour. whilst with the hydrogen sparge gas the results are similar to pitch A, the oxygen nparge gas shows marked improvement in the yield of carbon from the raw pitch. The improvement in pitch B with oxygen is presumably due either to an oxidative molecular growth mechanism or to the incorporation of oxygen functionality into the pitch and a consequential reduction in volatility. OQl00761 Study of co-liquefaction of coal liquefaction residue with plastic Suzuki, D. et al. Sekitan Kagoku Kaigi Happyo Ronhurtshu, 1997. 34. 73-76. (In Japanese) The effective use of coal liquefaction residue is investigated. Because the disposal of waste plastic is an important environmental problem in Japan, thermal and catalytic cracking of the residue with polyethylene was chosen for this study. Conversion of thermal cracking of the mixture showed almost no synergistic effect in the present conditions. Better conversion and oil quality were obtained in the presence of hydrogen than nitrogen. Catalytic cracking with zeolite F-9 or HZSM-5 gave higher conversion and oil yield than thermal cracking. Using tetralin as solvent improved the conversion of both thermal and catalytic cracking. WOO762 Study on tar property from coal mild gasification with CaO catalyst Zhu, T. et al. Meitan Zhuanhua, 1999, 22, (I), 67-70. (In Chinese) The paper describes a comparative study of the tars produced from mild gasification of Shenmu coal on a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) with pyrolysis on FBR. The results indicated that the tars from the mild gasification primarily included BTX, PCX, naphthalene and alkanes (CL:-C:,,). Comparisons were made with the results produced hy thermal pyrolysis. The yields of BTX. PCX. naphthalene, and alkanes (CIz-C?I,) increased hy I I%, 45%, 34% and 26% respectively. Thus, the yields of light oil tar were shown to have increased and improvements were made to the quality of the tar. 00100763 Utilization of hard-coal mining washing wastes and red mud for the production of expanded-clay granulate Leismaun, A. Keram. Z., 1999, 51, (l), 26-28, 30-31. (In German) Expanded-clay granulate can be produced using defined compositions based on industrial wastes of hard-coal mining and a further waste material (red mud), which was obtained during the extraction process of alumina. The resultant granulate is suitable for preparation, shaping and firing at -1150”. This paper presents some of the investigated parameters and aspects of this manufacturing process, such a\ grain size distribution and firing atmosphere. 00100764 Utilization of solid wastes from coal combustion Lorencova, H. Gorn. Zh., 1998, (6), 65-66. (In Russian) A review of possible ways to utilize waste solids from coal combustion at a coal-based fuel manufacturing company in Most city. Czech Republic.
04
By-products
related to fuels
BY-PRODUCTS TO FUELS
RELATED
Adhesion behavior of melted coal ash on material QOlQQ753 surface Kito. K. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaifi I Happy0 .._ Ronhunshu, 1997.34.259-262. (h japanese) An investigation was conducted to explain the adhesion behaviour of melted coal ash on the material surface. The observations made during the experiment demonstrated that the droplet numher from a pot increases with increasing calcium oxide content in the ash. It was also shown that the droplet shears from the material at higher calcium oxide content. Application of coal ash to environmental 00/00754 improvement: Transformation into zeolite, potassium fertilizer, and FGD absorbent Kikuchi, R. er al. Resotrrces, Conservarion & Recycling, 1999, 27, (4), 333346.
The rapid increase in population and economic growth have led to an increase in energy demand. Coal reserves are distributed worldwide, and coal is now known to be the most stable and available energy source. However, utilization of coal as an energy source involves the generation of a great amount of coal ash. and the recycling rate of the ash is rather low. Coal ash is mainly used in civil construction materials, and there is a limit to the demand for coal ash by construction industries: therefore, the increasing amount of coal ash will be a serious problem in the near future. Different applications should be considered. In this paper, three environmentally-friendly methods for coal ash recycling are described. Firstly, alkali treatment can transform coal ash to zeolite, which is used in deodorant and for wastewater treatment and soil improvement. Secondly, potassium silicate fertilizer is produced from coal ash and has a higher retentivity in the soil than that of conventional fertilizers. Thirdly, emission of sulfur dioxide is controlled by flue gas desulfurization using coal ash. It is considered that environmentally-friendly use of coal ash is important from the viewpoints of energy. economy and environmental strategy in order to realize the concept of sustainable development. Coal fly ash: a retrospective and future look 00/00755 Manz, 0. E. Fuel, 1999, 78, (2), 133-136. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has established two classes of fly ash in order to categorize the many new subbituminous fly ashes. Class F is derived from bituminous coal and Class C from subbituminous and lignite coal. However, the wide variability of the Class C ashes from location to location resulted in extensive X-ray diffraction studies, with the belief that the mineralogy was more important than the chemical analysis and that the classification by type of coal was erroneous. A need exists to produce a performance-oriented standard as opposed to a prescriptive one. This paper presents a retrospective and future look on the use of fly ash for the production of concrete, primarily in the United States. Conversion of fly ash into mesoporous OOlOQ756 aluminosilicate Chang, H.-L. et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1999, 38, (3), 913-977. By fusing fly ash solutions and cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactants, a mesoporous aluminosilicate in the hexagonal phase (MCM41) can be synthesized. Evidence is provided that an MCM-41 aluminosincate with a homogeneous chemical composition of SiiAl = 13.4 can be prepared using cationic surfactant. The results indicate that coal combustion byproducts can be utilized for producing mesoporous molecular sieves even though they contain significant amounts of impurities. Evaluation of the phase composition and 00/00757 prediction of binding characteristics of brown coal ashes from Kamsk-Atchinskii fuel power complex Kaibicheva, M. N. and Domanskaya, I. K. Tsemen~, 1998, (4), 36-39. (In Russian) Presented in this paper is a method of evaluating the binding properties of high-calcium ashes. The process is based on the phase diagrams and the primary crystallization field where they are located after their chemical composition is reduced to the triple diagram. It is possible to predict the binding characteristics of the coal ash components when they are reduced to a simplified compound, such as CaO-AlzO,-SiOz. Formed zeolite products and their manufacture 00100750 Urabe, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP I1 35,318 [99 35.3181 (Cl. COlB39/14), 9 Feh 1999, Appl. 971188,386, 14 Jul 1997, 4 pp. (In Japanese) This method involves forming a kneaded mixture comprising 100 parts fly ash, 50-100 parts blends of calcareous material and alkali component and water. The mixture is then hydrothermally cured for at least 3 h at 60-150” to give zeolite products. Thus, prepared zeolite products comprising faujasite, zeolite A, X and/or Y are also claimed. Products which have high strength without any reduction in their adsorption characteristics are obtained.
86
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2000
OQlQ0759 Liming acid forest soils with flue gas desulfurization byproduct: growth of Northern red oak and leachate water quality Crews, J. T. and Dick, W. A. Environ. Pollur., 1998, 103, (I). 55-61. During the process of SOz removal using dolomitic lime [CaMg(C07):] whilst burning high sulfur coal in electricity-generating power plants, a flue gas desulfurization (FGD) byproduct is created. The growth of Northern red oak and water leachate quality in an acid forest soil when FGD byproduct was applied topically or mixed within the A horizon at rates equivalent to 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 times the soil lime requirement was studied. Soils were leached with deionized water on a monthly hasis. The leachate samples were analysed for pH, conductivity, P, S. B and metals (Al, Ca, Cr, Cu. Fe, Mn. K, Mg. Ph. Ti and Zn). The results showed that tree growth significantly increased when soil was treated with FGD and the greatest growth (75% increase over the untreated control) occurred when FGD was applied at 1.5 times the lime requirement rate. Boron toxicity symptoms were observed in plant tissue when FGD byproduct was applied at two times (or higher) the lime requirement rate. Sulfur concentration increased from ~10 mg I-’ (control soil) to 234 mg I-’ in the leachate from soil treated with FGD at 2.5 times the lime requirement, 4 months after treatment. Boron also approached toxicity concentrations in the leachate from soil treated at the highest rate during the initial leachings, but concentrations tended to decline with time. In conclusion, applying FGD byproduct onto acid forest soils has the potential to provide growth henefit to a commercially important tree species hut cart will need to he taken to avoid using FGD materials that may release toxic levels of horon. 00/00760 Properties of gas sparged coal tar pitch compositions Myram, S. F. et al. Carbon, 1999, 37, (lo), 3583-3590. Two pitches have been modified to varying degrees hy gas sparging at 400 C for various times. The process gas used was either 1% oxygen in nitrogen or 5% hydrogen in nitrogen. Results indicate that for pitch A, the product is independent of sparge gas and that sparging does not henefit the carbon yield with respect to the raw pitch. Some improvement in toluene insoluble content is observed, however, it would appear that this does not translate to the formation of additional carbon. Overall, the results indicate that the predominant reaction giving rise to the hardening of the pitch i\ stripping of volatile matter. Pitch B shows different hehaviour. whilst with the hydrogen sparge gas the results are similar to pitch A, the oxygen nparge gas shows marked improvement in the yield of carbon from the raw pitch. The improvement in pitch B with oxygen is presumably due either to an oxidative molecular growth mechanism or to the incorporation of oxygen functionality into the pitch and a consequential reduction in volatility. OQl00761 Study of co-liquefaction of coal liquefaction residue with plastic Suzuki, D. et al. Sekitan Kagoku Kaigi Happyo Ronhurtshu, 1997. 34. 73-76. (In Japanese) The effective use of coal liquefaction residue is investigated. Because the disposal of waste plastic is an important environmental problem in Japan, thermal and catalytic cracking of the residue with polyethylene was chosen for this study. Conversion of thermal cracking of the mixture showed almost no synergistic effect in the present conditions. Better conversion and oil quality were obtained in the presence of hydrogen than nitrogen. Catalytic cracking with zeolite F-9 or HZSM-5 gave higher conversion and oil yield than thermal cracking. Using tetralin as solvent improved the conversion of both thermal and catalytic cracking. WOO762 Study on tar property from coal mild gasification with CaO catalyst Zhu, T. et al. Meitan Zhuanhua, 1999, 22, (I), 67-70. (In Chinese) The paper describes a comparative study of the tars produced from mild gasification of Shenmu coal on a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) with pyrolysis on FBR. The results indicated that the tars from the mild gasification primarily included BTX, PCX, naphthalene and alkanes (CL:-C:,,). Comparisons were made with the results produced hy thermal pyrolysis. The yields of BTX. PCX. naphthalene, and alkanes (CIz-C?I,) increased hy I I%, 45%, 34% and 26% respectively. Thus, the yields of light oil tar were shown to have increased and improvements were made to the quality of the tar. 00100763 Utilization of hard-coal mining washing wastes and red mud for the production of expanded-clay granulate Leismaun, A. Keram. Z., 1999, 51, (l), 26-28, 30-31. (In German) Expanded-clay granulate can be produced using defined compositions based on industrial wastes of hard-coal mining and a further waste material (red mud), which was obtained during the extraction process of alumina. The resultant granulate is suitable for preparation, shaping and firing at -1150”. This paper presents some of the investigated parameters and aspects of this manufacturing process, such a\ grain size distribution and firing atmosphere. 00100764 Utilization of solid wastes from coal combustion Lorencova, H. Gorn. Zh., 1998, (6), 65-66. (In Russian) A review of possible ways to utilize waste solids from coal combustion at a coal-based fuel manufacturing company in Most city. Czech Republic.