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00900 Hysteretic characteristics of Wells turbine for wave power conversion
07 Alternative energy sources (others, including development, economics) therefore not ‘a given’ that biomass for energy can become available at a large-scale. Furthermore, it is shown that policies aiming for the energy supply from biomass should take the factors like food production system developments into account in comprehensive development schemes.
04/00895 Financing renewable energy end funds - a German case study
projects
via closed-
Enzensberger, N. er al. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (13), 2023-2036. During recent years, closed-end funds have become one of the dominant financing schemes for wind farms in Germany. Having evolved out of the traditional model of local citizen-financed wind farms (‘Biirgerwindpark’), closed-end wind funds can be seen as a logical consequence of the increasing professionalism and specialization trend within the wind business as a whole. This article illustrates the basic market mechanisms behind the project development and financing approach based on closed-end funds and gives an overview on recent market developments in Germany. Finally, the transferability of this approach to other technologies or other regional markets is discussed.
04/00896 Fundamentals marine current turbines
applicable to the utilisation for energy production
of
Bahaj, A. S. and Myers, L. E. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (14), 22055 2211. The potential of electric power generation from marine tidal currents is enormous. Tidal currents are being recognized as a resource to be exploited for the sustainable generation of electrical power. The high load factors resulting from the fluid properties and the predictable resource characteristics make marine currents particularly attractive for power generation and advantageous when compared to other renewables. There is a paucity of information regarding various key aspects of system design encountered in this new area of research. Virtually no work has been done to determine the characteristics of turbines running in water for kinetic energy conversion even though relevant work has been carried out on ship’s propellers, wind turbines and on hydro turbines. None of these three well established areas of technology completely overlap with this new field so that gaps remain in the state of knowledge. This paper reviews the fundamental issues that are likely to play a major role in implementation of MCT systems. It also highlights research areas to be encountered in this new area. The paper reports issues such as the harsh marine environment, the phenomenon of cavitation, and the high stresses encountered by such structures are likely to play a major role on the work currently being undertaken in this field.
04100897 GIS-based methodology for Chernobyl contaminated land management through biomass conversion into energy - a case study for Polessie,
Ukraine
CO2
Azar, C. et al. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (lo), 961-976. The purpose of this paper is to assess fuel choices in the transportation sector under stringent global carbon constraints. Three key questions are asked: (i) when is it cost-effective to carry out the transition away from gasoline/diesel; (ii) to which fuel is it cost-effective to shift; and (iii) in which sector is biomass most cost-effectively used? These questions are analysed using a global energy systems model (GET l.O), with a transportation module, where vehicle costs (fuel cell, reformer and storage tank), infrastructure and primary energy availability are treated explicitly. The model is run under the assumption that atmospheric concentrations of COz should be stabilized at 400 ppm. Three main results emerge: (i) despite the stringent COz constraints,
116
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2004
04/00899 Greener energy solutions issues and challenges for Malaysia
for a sustainable
future:
Jaafar, M. Z. et al. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (1 l), 1061-1072. This paper examines the intricacy of energy policies, issues and challenges woven into the development of the energy sector in Malaysia. As highlighted in the Third Outline Perspective Plan (OPP3) and the Eighth Malaysia Plan (8MP) unveiled in April 2001, efforts will be intensified to moderate the growth of energy demand and to develop renewable energy as the fifth fuel in electricity generation. Whilst the general energy policy thrust for the next ten years remains unchanged, concerted efforts will be made to usher the energy sector development on a greener path. With a projected average economic growth rate of 7.5% per year in the 2001-2005 period, resource rich Malaysia would have to cater for the 7.8% yearly increase in final energy demand. Total primary energy supply is projected to grow at an average of 7.2% per year in the same period. Against the backdrop of a growing need for coal and piped natural gas imports and Malaysia becoming a net crude oil importer in 2008, greater challenges lie ahead for the energy sector. This implies that Peninsular Malaysia may become a net importer of fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal) sooner than expected. Higher utilization rate of natural gas as the ‘green’ fuel will be encouraged in electricity and non-electricity sectors. Furthermore, fiscal incentives in Budget 2001 to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency provide a timely boost for implementation of the new fifth fuel strategy. Although the overall approach in addressing energy issues and challenges hinges on the precautionary principle, the main thrust of energy sector development in Malaysia will continue to focus on adequacy, quality and security of energy supply and the promotion of its efficient utilization with minimum negative impacts on the environment.
04/00900 Hysteretic characteristics wave power conversion
Goor, F. er al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (4), 4099421. The district of Polessie was chosen to illustrate a methodology aiming to assess the type, extent and distribution of the existing and potential biomass resources in the rural areas contaminated by Chernobyl fallout in Ukraine. Three biomass systems were envisaged: forestry, short rotation coppice (SRC) and perennial grasses. The different sources of biomass were characterized in terms of productivity and radiocaesium content. Spatial information about the soil types, actual land use and radiocaesium deposition was collected and incorporated in a Geographic Information System. This spatial approach facilitated the integration and the processing of data as well as the design of spatial outputs (maps), which are key tools for the dynamic management of contaminated lands. In the short term, the stock of contaminated wood available from forests proved to be important in quantity but not rapidly renewable. Subsequently, energy crops like SRC established on former farmlands are relatively more productive than forests. In practice, the implementation of biomass to energy conversion systems also depends on the existing infrastructure, the current cost of energy supply and the local demand for energy. At present in Ukraine, the production of heat in wood-fired boilers is the most profitable.
04/00898 Global energy scenarios meeting stringent constraints - cost-effective fuel choices in the transportation sector
oil-based fuels remain dominant in the transportation sector over the next 50 years; and (ii) once a transition towards alternative fuels takes place, the preferred choice of fuel is hydrogen, even if it is assumed that hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are substantially more costly than methanol fuel cell vehicles. There may, under some circumstances, be a transient period of several decades with a significant share of methanol in the transportation sector. (iii) Biomass is most cost-effectively used in the heat and process heat sectors. If carbon sequestration from biomass is allowed, biomass is primarily used for hydrogen generation since small-scale heat applications are not suitable for carbon sequestration. Detailed sensitivity analyses show that these results are robust with respect to several parameters. Some policy conclusions are drawn.
of Wells turbine
for
Setoguchi, T. et al. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (13). 211332127. A Wells turbine blade for wave power conversion has hysteretic characteristics in a reciprocating flow. The hysteretic loop is opposite to the well-known dynamic stall of an airfoil. In this paper, the mechanism of the hysteretic behaviour was elucidated by an unsteady three-dimensional Navier-Stokes numerical simulation. It was found that the hysteretic behaviour was associated with a streamwise vertical flow appearing near the blade suction surface. And also the effects of solidity, setting angle and blade thickness on the hysteretic characteristics of the Wells turbine have been discussed.
&I;~~fOl
Life-cycle
assessment
in the renewable
energy
Goralczyk, M. Applied Energy, 2003, 75, (3-4), 205-2 11. The Polish energy industry is facing challenges regarding energetic safety, competitiveness, improvement of domestic companies and environmental protection. Ecological guidelines concern the elimination of detrimental solutions, and effective energy management, which will form the basis for sustainable development. The Polish power industry is required to systematically increase the share of energy taken from renewable sources in the total energy sold to customers. Besides the economic issues, particular importance is assigned to environmental factors associated with the choice of energy source. That is where life-cycle assessment (LCA) is important. The main purpose of LCA is to identify the environmental impacts of goods and services during the whole life cycle of the product or service. Therefore LCA can be applied to assess the impact on the environment of electricity generation and will allow producers to make better decisions pertaining to environmental protection. The renewable energy sources analysed in this paper include the energy from photovoltaics, wind turbines and hydroelectric power. The goal and scope of the analysis comprise the assessment of environmental impacts of production of 1 GJ of energy from the sources mentioned above. The study will cover the construction, operation and waste disposal at each power plant. Analysis will cover the impact categories, where the environmental influence is the most significant, i.e. resource depletion, global warmth potential, acidification and eutrophication. The LCA results will be shown on the basis of European and Australian research. This analysis
04/00895 Financing renewable energy end funds - a German case study
projects
via closed-
Enzensberger, N. er al. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (13), 2023-2036. During recent years, closed-end funds have become one of the dominant financing schemes for wind farms in Germany. Having evolved out of the traditional model of local citizen-financed wind farms (‘Biirgerwindpark’), closed-end wind funds can be seen as a logical consequence of the increasing professionalism and specialization trend within the wind business as a whole. This article illustrates the basic market mechanisms behind the project development and financing approach based on closed-end funds and gives an overview on recent market developments in Germany. Finally, the transferability of this approach to other technologies or other regional markets is discussed.
04/00896 Fundamentals marine current turbines
applicable to the utilisation for energy production
of
Bahaj, A. S. and Myers, L. E. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (14), 22055 2211. The potential of electric power generation from marine tidal currents is enormous. Tidal currents are being recognized as a resource to be exploited for the sustainable generation of electrical power. The high load factors resulting from the fluid properties and the predictable resource characteristics make marine currents particularly attractive for power generation and advantageous when compared to other renewables. There is a paucity of information regarding various key aspects of system design encountered in this new area of research. Virtually no work has been done to determine the characteristics of turbines running in water for kinetic energy conversion even though relevant work has been carried out on ship’s propellers, wind turbines and on hydro turbines. None of these three well established areas of technology completely overlap with this new field so that gaps remain in the state of knowledge. This paper reviews the fundamental issues that are likely to play a major role in implementation of MCT systems. It also highlights research areas to be encountered in this new area. The paper reports issues such as the harsh marine environment, the phenomenon of cavitation, and the high stresses encountered by such structures are likely to play a major role on the work currently being undertaken in this field.
04100897 GIS-based methodology for Chernobyl contaminated land management through biomass conversion into energy - a case study for Polessie,
Ukraine
CO2
Azar, C. et al. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (lo), 961-976. The purpose of this paper is to assess fuel choices in the transportation sector under stringent global carbon constraints. Three key questions are asked: (i) when is it cost-effective to carry out the transition away from gasoline/diesel; (ii) to which fuel is it cost-effective to shift; and (iii) in which sector is biomass most cost-effectively used? These questions are analysed using a global energy systems model (GET l.O), with a transportation module, where vehicle costs (fuel cell, reformer and storage tank), infrastructure and primary energy availability are treated explicitly. The model is run under the assumption that atmospheric concentrations of COz should be stabilized at 400 ppm. Three main results emerge: (i) despite the stringent COz constraints,
116
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2004
04/00899 Greener energy solutions issues and challenges for Malaysia
for a sustainable
future:
Jaafar, M. Z. et al. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (1 l), 1061-1072. This paper examines the intricacy of energy policies, issues and challenges woven into the development of the energy sector in Malaysia. As highlighted in the Third Outline Perspective Plan (OPP3) and the Eighth Malaysia Plan (8MP) unveiled in April 2001, efforts will be intensified to moderate the growth of energy demand and to develop renewable energy as the fifth fuel in electricity generation. Whilst the general energy policy thrust for the next ten years remains unchanged, concerted efforts will be made to usher the energy sector development on a greener path. With a projected average economic growth rate of 7.5% per year in the 2001-2005 period, resource rich Malaysia would have to cater for the 7.8% yearly increase in final energy demand. Total primary energy supply is projected to grow at an average of 7.2% per year in the same period. Against the backdrop of a growing need for coal and piped natural gas imports and Malaysia becoming a net crude oil importer in 2008, greater challenges lie ahead for the energy sector. This implies that Peninsular Malaysia may become a net importer of fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal) sooner than expected. Higher utilization rate of natural gas as the ‘green’ fuel will be encouraged in electricity and non-electricity sectors. Furthermore, fiscal incentives in Budget 2001 to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency provide a timely boost for implementation of the new fifth fuel strategy. Although the overall approach in addressing energy issues and challenges hinges on the precautionary principle, the main thrust of energy sector development in Malaysia will continue to focus on adequacy, quality and security of energy supply and the promotion of its efficient utilization with minimum negative impacts on the environment.
04/00900 Hysteretic characteristics wave power conversion
Goor, F. er al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (4), 4099421. The district of Polessie was chosen to illustrate a methodology aiming to assess the type, extent and distribution of the existing and potential biomass resources in the rural areas contaminated by Chernobyl fallout in Ukraine. Three biomass systems were envisaged: forestry, short rotation coppice (SRC) and perennial grasses. The different sources of biomass were characterized in terms of productivity and radiocaesium content. Spatial information about the soil types, actual land use and radiocaesium deposition was collected and incorporated in a Geographic Information System. This spatial approach facilitated the integration and the processing of data as well as the design of spatial outputs (maps), which are key tools for the dynamic management of contaminated lands. In the short term, the stock of contaminated wood available from forests proved to be important in quantity but not rapidly renewable. Subsequently, energy crops like SRC established on former farmlands are relatively more productive than forests. In practice, the implementation of biomass to energy conversion systems also depends on the existing infrastructure, the current cost of energy supply and the local demand for energy. At present in Ukraine, the production of heat in wood-fired boilers is the most profitable.
04/00898 Global energy scenarios meeting stringent constraints - cost-effective fuel choices in the transportation sector
oil-based fuels remain dominant in the transportation sector over the next 50 years; and (ii) once a transition towards alternative fuels takes place, the preferred choice of fuel is hydrogen, even if it is assumed that hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are substantially more costly than methanol fuel cell vehicles. There may, under some circumstances, be a transient period of several decades with a significant share of methanol in the transportation sector. (iii) Biomass is most cost-effectively used in the heat and process heat sectors. If carbon sequestration from biomass is allowed, biomass is primarily used for hydrogen generation since small-scale heat applications are not suitable for carbon sequestration. Detailed sensitivity analyses show that these results are robust with respect to several parameters. Some policy conclusions are drawn.
of Wells turbine
for
Setoguchi, T. et al. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (13). 211332127. A Wells turbine blade for wave power conversion has hysteretic characteristics in a reciprocating flow. The hysteretic loop is opposite to the well-known dynamic stall of an airfoil. In this paper, the mechanism of the hysteretic behaviour was elucidated by an unsteady three-dimensional Navier-Stokes numerical simulation. It was found that the hysteretic behaviour was associated with a streamwise vertical flow appearing near the blade suction surface. And also the effects of solidity, setting angle and blade thickness on the hysteretic characteristics of the Wells turbine have been discussed.
&I;~~fOl
Life-cycle
assessment
in the renewable
energy
Goralczyk, M. Applied Energy, 2003, 75, (3-4), 205-2 11. The Polish energy industry is facing challenges regarding energetic safety, competitiveness, improvement of domestic companies and environmental protection. Ecological guidelines concern the elimination of detrimental solutions, and effective energy management, which will form the basis for sustainable development. The Polish power industry is required to systematically increase the share of energy taken from renewable sources in the total energy sold to customers. Besides the economic issues, particular importance is assigned to environmental factors associated with the choice of energy source. That is where life-cycle assessment (LCA) is important. The main purpose of LCA is to identify the environmental impacts of goods and services during the whole life cycle of the product or service. Therefore LCA can be applied to assess the impact on the environment of electricity generation and will allow producers to make better decisions pertaining to environmental protection. The renewable energy sources analysed in this paper include the energy from photovoltaics, wind turbines and hydroelectric power. The goal and scope of the analysis comprise the assessment of environmental impacts of production of 1 GJ of energy from the sources mentioned above. The study will cover the construction, operation and waste disposal at each power plant. Analysis will cover the impact categories, where the environmental influence is the most significant, i.e. resource depletion, global warmth potential, acidification and eutrophication. The LCA results will be shown on the basis of European and Australian research. This analysis