- Email: [email protected]
01112 Prediction of air and steam leak rate through cracked reinforced concrete panels
15
OOlQ1106 The mining industry and the community: forces for sustainable social development
joining
Labonne, B. Natural Resources Forum, 1999. 23, (4), 315-322. This article joins the continuing policy debate over the social responsibility of corporations particularly in the mining industry. The author argues that the ‘old school mining orthodoxy’-approaching the exploitation of mineral deposits solely from the technical and economic points of view-is long dead. Mining companies must also encompass the social dimension. New policies for the mining industry are discussed in terms of recent worldwide trends and movements, e.g. globalization, economic interdependence and decentralization of governmental authority and the rise of civil society as a political factor. These trends, together with the United Nations policies in quest of sustainable development and the consensus expressed at international conferences during the last decade, have deepened social awareness and set the stage for enhanced social responsiveness from the private sector. Socially responsible corporate policies include decentralization of decision-making to the field level, reaching out to stakeholders and shareholders supporting governments which provide official development assistance for good governance and building broad partnerships to reduce social exposures.
Modification of ZnO-TiOl high-temperature 00101107 desulfurization sorbent by ZrOz addition Sasaoka, E. et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1999, 38, (3), 958-963. ZrOz was added to ZnO-TiOz in order to develop a highly reactive and easily regenerable zinc oxide high-temperature desulfurization sorbent. The metal oxides ZnO-TiOz-ZrO? were prepared by a coprecipitation method in which the amount of ZnO was a fixed 50 mol% of the sample. In this study, it was found that the addition of 5 or IO mol% ZrOz to 50 mol% ZnO-50 moI% TiOz greatly improved the reactivity for HaS removal. Furthermore, the addition of ZrOz improved its regenerability, for example, the addition of 10% ZrOz decreased the temperature for the regeneration of the sample to approximately 40” in the absence of Hz0 and approximately 75” in the presence of 10% HzO,
06l61106 tropospheric
The NO, Budgetlmarket-based control of ozone in the Northeastern United States
Farrell, A. ef al. Resource & Energy Economics, 1999. 21, (2) 103-124. The NO, Budget is a marketable emissions allowance system currently being adopted by states in Northeastern US to reduce tropospheric ozone concentrations to healthy levels in a cost-effective manner. Oxides of nitrogen (NO,) are currently regulated within the existing command and control (CAC) framework. The introduction of a market-based approach will reduce emissions further, but will not resolve all regulatory uncertainties. These implementation concerns are identified and discussed. Cost savings and emissions reductions patterns, which will arise under several different scenarios, are determined through the use of a dynamic, relaxed mixed-integer linear programming model of the NO, allowance market. Like other market-based pollution control programmes. the NO, Budget is found to be more efficient than CAC options. Restrictions on the market designed to address perceived flaws are found to be expensive.
Potential 00/01109 future LWR design
impacts
of the revised source term on
Moon, .I. H. and Kang, C. S. Annals of Nucl. Energy, 1999, 26, (14) l2651276. Since TID-14844 was promulgated in 1962, there has been a big change of the US NRC’s regulatory position in using accident source terms for the purpose of calculating offsite doses in accordance with 10 CFR Part 100. To replace the source term of instantaneous release postulated in TID-14844, time-dependent source terms have been introduced in NUREG-1465 which was published in 1995. In the meantime, the concept of TEDE has emerged in 10 CFR Part 20 in assessing the biological effects of radiation exposure. In compliance with the concept of TEDE, the offsite dose acceptance criteria of 25 CSV whole body and 300 cSv thyroid in IO CFR Part 100 have been also revised to a single TEDE value of 25 CSV, which is now presented in 10 CFR Part SO rather than in Part 100. Furthermore, in calculating the maximum 2-hour individual dose at the exclusion area boundary following the postulated fission product release, the sliding 2-hour concept of generating the greatest offsite dose has been imposed in the revised 10 CFR Part 50 rather than the first 2-hour calculation immediately following onset of the postulated accident. Hence, the use of time-dependent source terms combined with the application of sliding 2-hour dose calculation, and the incorporation of TEDE concept, subsequently, require a more rigorous and realistic way of analysing in-containment behaviours of fission product release and a more sophisticated method of assessing offsite radiological consequences. This revised regulatory framework is mainly used to determine site suitability. However, it is destined to affect the overall design of future LWR plants. The framework has been actually applied to KNGR, and its specific impacts on the design of KNGR plant systems have been assessed. It is not only applied to evaluate reactor sites, but also to assess the habitability requirements for the main control room and radiation environment for which safety-related equipment should be qualified following the postulated accident. In this paper, the experiences and lessons learned from applying the revised regulatory framework to KNGR are presented.
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
OO/Ol 110 Potentially dangerous QGMJ, 1999. 100, (169), 6.
safety)
stacks demolished
The Department of Mines and Energy’s Explosives branch recently supervised the demolition of the landmark chimney stacks of Queensland Cement’s Darra plant in south-west Brisbane. The stacks were demolished using well-confined explosives placed on one side of the base, resulting in their falling full length into a designated area. The decision to demolish them was made because the company was concerned that they would become a safety problem. 00101111 Powerful green energy from black coal QGMJ, 1999. 100. (I 174) 49. Industry and government in Australia are showing strong interest in rejuvenating an old, but little known. technology referred to as underground coal gasification (UCG), according tu Dr Cliff Mallett of CSIRO Exploration and Mining. The energy obtained by burning coal while it is still underground is a clean, cheap and greenhouse-friendly way of obtaining energy.
00/01112 Prediction of air and steam leak rate through cracked reinforced concrete panels Riva, P. et al. Nucl. Engineering & Design, 1999, 192, (I), 13-30. The leak rate prediction of air and steam through a cracked concrete wall is an extremely important issue in assessing the safety of a nuclear reactor containment building. Such a problem requires a multidisciplinary approach involving both the non-linear analysis of the structure and the thermodynamics aspects related to the flow of a ga\ through a conduit. In the present paper, some of the available leak rate evaluation formulae are reviewed, and an application to the prediction of the leak rate of either dry air or air plus steam mixture through a cracked concrete panel is presented. Finally, in order to validate the numerical procedure herein adopted and to give some indication on the relative merit of the different leak rate formulae considered. the results of the numerical application are compared against leak rate values measured during an experimental test carried out at the ISMES laboratory.
6QlQ1113 gasification
Removal of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia power generation systems
in coal
British Coal Corporation er al. Eur. Comm.. [Rep.] EUR, 1998, (EUR 17926) 1-11, 13-118. The preferred temperature for treatment of coal gas is approximately 550”. at which, commercially available nickel- and iron-hased catalysts do not have ammonia decomposition activity. This is attributed to catalyst poisoning from carbon, sulfur and chlorine. However, nickel-based catalysts can he used for ammonia decomposition at 900’. 00/01114
emissions
Richer and cleaner? A study on carbon dioxide in developing countries
Galeotti, M. and Lanza, M. Energy Policy, 1999, 27, (IO), 565-573. The climate change debate has drawn attention to the problem of greenhouse gases emissions into the atmosphere. One of the most important issues in the policy debate is the role that should he played by developing countries in joining the commitment of developed countries to reduce GHG emissions, and particularly CO: emissions. This debate calls into play the relationship hetween energy consumption. CO? emissions and economic development. In this paper a panel data model for I IO world countries is used to estimate the relationship between CO: emissions and GDP and to produce emission forecasts. The paper contains three major results: (i) the empirical relationship between carbon dioxide and income is well described by non-linear Gamma and Weihull specifications as opposed to more usual linear and log-linear functional forms; (ii) the single equation reduced form model is comparable in terms of forecasted emissions with other more complex, less data driven models; (iii) despite the decreasing marginal propensity to pollute, the forecasts show that future global emissions will rise. The average world growth of CO? emissions between 2000 and 2020 is about 2.2%/year, while that of non-Annex 1 countries is posted at 3.3%/year.
00/01115 The role of methane in global warming: might mitigation strategies be focused?
where
Milich, L. Global Environmental Change, 1909. 9, (3). 179-201. Anthropogenic sources of methane emissions are thought to he nearly twice as high as emissions from natural sources. As the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide, methane ought to be addressed by policy makers when they consider reductions of national greenhouse-gas inventories. This article first comprehensively reviews source and sink estimates of methane by natural and anthropogenic sectors (wetlands, wet-paddy rice farming, livestock farming. biomass burning, landfills, coal mining and venting of natural gas or natural-gas pipeline leaks), then proceeds to suggest where different mitigation strategies might he applied. The final section considers how the scenario of a warmer planet may affect the methane biogeochemical cycle.
00101 116 Sorbent/ash reactivation using a novel carbonation technique
for enhanced
SOz capture
Agnihotri, R. et al. lnd. Eng. Chem. Re.y., 1999. 38, (3). 812-819. Presented is a novel process for reactivation of partially utilized calciumbased sorbents for increased sulfur dioxide removal and sorbent utilization from coal-fired boilersicombustors. Spent sorhent and comhustor ash
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2000
121
OOlQ1106 The mining industry and the community: forces for sustainable social development
joining
Labonne, B. Natural Resources Forum, 1999. 23, (4), 315-322. This article joins the continuing policy debate over the social responsibility of corporations particularly in the mining industry. The author argues that the ‘old school mining orthodoxy’-approaching the exploitation of mineral deposits solely from the technical and economic points of view-is long dead. Mining companies must also encompass the social dimension. New policies for the mining industry are discussed in terms of recent worldwide trends and movements, e.g. globalization, economic interdependence and decentralization of governmental authority and the rise of civil society as a political factor. These trends, together with the United Nations policies in quest of sustainable development and the consensus expressed at international conferences during the last decade, have deepened social awareness and set the stage for enhanced social responsiveness from the private sector. Socially responsible corporate policies include decentralization of decision-making to the field level, reaching out to stakeholders and shareholders supporting governments which provide official development assistance for good governance and building broad partnerships to reduce social exposures.
Modification of ZnO-TiOl high-temperature 00101107 desulfurization sorbent by ZrOz addition Sasaoka, E. et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1999, 38, (3), 958-963. ZrOz was added to ZnO-TiOz in order to develop a highly reactive and easily regenerable zinc oxide high-temperature desulfurization sorbent. The metal oxides ZnO-TiOz-ZrO? were prepared by a coprecipitation method in which the amount of ZnO was a fixed 50 mol% of the sample. In this study, it was found that the addition of 5 or IO mol% ZrOz to 50 mol% ZnO-50 moI% TiOz greatly improved the reactivity for HaS removal. Furthermore, the addition of ZrOz improved its regenerability, for example, the addition of 10% ZrOz decreased the temperature for the regeneration of the sample to approximately 40” in the absence of Hz0 and approximately 75” in the presence of 10% HzO,
06l61106 tropospheric
The NO, Budgetlmarket-based control of ozone in the Northeastern United States
Farrell, A. ef al. Resource & Energy Economics, 1999. 21, (2) 103-124. The NO, Budget is a marketable emissions allowance system currently being adopted by states in Northeastern US to reduce tropospheric ozone concentrations to healthy levels in a cost-effective manner. Oxides of nitrogen (NO,) are currently regulated within the existing command and control (CAC) framework. The introduction of a market-based approach will reduce emissions further, but will not resolve all regulatory uncertainties. These implementation concerns are identified and discussed. Cost savings and emissions reductions patterns, which will arise under several different scenarios, are determined through the use of a dynamic, relaxed mixed-integer linear programming model of the NO, allowance market. Like other market-based pollution control programmes. the NO, Budget is found to be more efficient than CAC options. Restrictions on the market designed to address perceived flaws are found to be expensive.
Potential 00/01109 future LWR design
impacts
of the revised source term on
Moon, .I. H. and Kang, C. S. Annals of Nucl. Energy, 1999, 26, (14) l2651276. Since TID-14844 was promulgated in 1962, there has been a big change of the US NRC’s regulatory position in using accident source terms for the purpose of calculating offsite doses in accordance with 10 CFR Part 100. To replace the source term of instantaneous release postulated in TID-14844, time-dependent source terms have been introduced in NUREG-1465 which was published in 1995. In the meantime, the concept of TEDE has emerged in 10 CFR Part 20 in assessing the biological effects of radiation exposure. In compliance with the concept of TEDE, the offsite dose acceptance criteria of 25 CSV whole body and 300 cSv thyroid in IO CFR Part 100 have been also revised to a single TEDE value of 25 CSV, which is now presented in 10 CFR Part SO rather than in Part 100. Furthermore, in calculating the maximum 2-hour individual dose at the exclusion area boundary following the postulated fission product release, the sliding 2-hour concept of generating the greatest offsite dose has been imposed in the revised 10 CFR Part 50 rather than the first 2-hour calculation immediately following onset of the postulated accident. Hence, the use of time-dependent source terms combined with the application of sliding 2-hour dose calculation, and the incorporation of TEDE concept, subsequently, require a more rigorous and realistic way of analysing in-containment behaviours of fission product release and a more sophisticated method of assessing offsite radiological consequences. This revised regulatory framework is mainly used to determine site suitability. However, it is destined to affect the overall design of future LWR plants. The framework has been actually applied to KNGR, and its specific impacts on the design of KNGR plant systems have been assessed. It is not only applied to evaluate reactor sites, but also to assess the habitability requirements for the main control room and radiation environment for which safety-related equipment should be qualified following the postulated accident. In this paper, the experiences and lessons learned from applying the revised regulatory framework to KNGR are presented.
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
OO/Ol 110 Potentially dangerous QGMJ, 1999. 100, (169), 6.
safety)
stacks demolished
The Department of Mines and Energy’s Explosives branch recently supervised the demolition of the landmark chimney stacks of Queensland Cement’s Darra plant in south-west Brisbane. The stacks were demolished using well-confined explosives placed on one side of the base, resulting in their falling full length into a designated area. The decision to demolish them was made because the company was concerned that they would become a safety problem. 00101111 Powerful green energy from black coal QGMJ, 1999. 100. (I 174) 49. Industry and government in Australia are showing strong interest in rejuvenating an old, but little known. technology referred to as underground coal gasification (UCG), according tu Dr Cliff Mallett of CSIRO Exploration and Mining. The energy obtained by burning coal while it is still underground is a clean, cheap and greenhouse-friendly way of obtaining energy.
00/01112 Prediction of air and steam leak rate through cracked reinforced concrete panels Riva, P. et al. Nucl. Engineering & Design, 1999, 192, (I), 13-30. The leak rate prediction of air and steam through a cracked concrete wall is an extremely important issue in assessing the safety of a nuclear reactor containment building. Such a problem requires a multidisciplinary approach involving both the non-linear analysis of the structure and the thermodynamics aspects related to the flow of a ga\ through a conduit. In the present paper, some of the available leak rate evaluation formulae are reviewed, and an application to the prediction of the leak rate of either dry air or air plus steam mixture through a cracked concrete panel is presented. Finally, in order to validate the numerical procedure herein adopted and to give some indication on the relative merit of the different leak rate formulae considered. the results of the numerical application are compared against leak rate values measured during an experimental test carried out at the ISMES laboratory.
6QlQ1113 gasification
Removal of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia power generation systems
in coal
British Coal Corporation er al. Eur. Comm.. [Rep.] EUR, 1998, (EUR 17926) 1-11, 13-118. The preferred temperature for treatment of coal gas is approximately 550”. at which, commercially available nickel- and iron-hased catalysts do not have ammonia decomposition activity. This is attributed to catalyst poisoning from carbon, sulfur and chlorine. However, nickel-based catalysts can he used for ammonia decomposition at 900’. 00/01114
emissions
Richer and cleaner? A study on carbon dioxide in developing countries
Galeotti, M. and Lanza, M. Energy Policy, 1999, 27, (IO), 565-573. The climate change debate has drawn attention to the problem of greenhouse gases emissions into the atmosphere. One of the most important issues in the policy debate is the role that should he played by developing countries in joining the commitment of developed countries to reduce GHG emissions, and particularly CO: emissions. This debate calls into play the relationship hetween energy consumption. CO? emissions and economic development. In this paper a panel data model for I IO world countries is used to estimate the relationship between CO: emissions and GDP and to produce emission forecasts. The paper contains three major results: (i) the empirical relationship between carbon dioxide and income is well described by non-linear Gamma and Weihull specifications as opposed to more usual linear and log-linear functional forms; (ii) the single equation reduced form model is comparable in terms of forecasted emissions with other more complex, less data driven models; (iii) despite the decreasing marginal propensity to pollute, the forecasts show that future global emissions will rise. The average world growth of CO? emissions between 2000 and 2020 is about 2.2%/year, while that of non-Annex 1 countries is posted at 3.3%/year.
00/01115 The role of methane in global warming: might mitigation strategies be focused?
where
Milich, L. Global Environmental Change, 1909. 9, (3). 179-201. Anthropogenic sources of methane emissions are thought to he nearly twice as high as emissions from natural sources. As the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide, methane ought to be addressed by policy makers when they consider reductions of national greenhouse-gas inventories. This article first comprehensively reviews source and sink estimates of methane by natural and anthropogenic sectors (wetlands, wet-paddy rice farming, livestock farming. biomass burning, landfills, coal mining and venting of natural gas or natural-gas pipeline leaks), then proceeds to suggest where different mitigation strategies might he applied. The final section considers how the scenario of a warmer planet may affect the methane biogeochemical cycle.
00101 116 Sorbent/ash reactivation using a novel carbonation technique
for enhanced
SOz capture
Agnihotri, R. et al. lnd. Eng. Chem. Re.y., 1999. 38, (3). 812-819. Presented is a novel process for reactivation of partially utilized calciumbased sorbents for increased sulfur dioxide removal and sorbent utilization from coal-fired boilersicombustors. Spent sorhent and comhustor ash
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2000
121