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01230 Novel antioxidants from cashew nut shell liquid applied to gasoline stabilization
02 Liquid fuels (transport, refining, quality, storage) lump kinetic model, where approximately 19 wt% of the feed was found to be uncrackable. H C O (feedstock) conversion mainly took place during the first two seconds and coke was only formed during the first 50 ms of catalyst-oil contact. Gasoline was not overcracked to gas. Approximately 50 wt% of the LCO fraction was formed during this 50 ms and did not change thereafter.
04101225 Bubble dynamics of boiling of propane and isobutane on smooth and enhanced tubes Chen, Y. et aL Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2004, 28, (2-3), 171-178. Visualization experiments were carried out for nucleate pool boiling of propane and iso-butane on a horizontal smooth tube and two kinds of structured enhanced tubes. Some bubble dynamic parameters were measured. Comparisons were made between the smooth tube and the enhanced tubes for bubble growth rate, departure diameter, frequency, active site density, rise velocity and latent heat transfer. The effects of physical properties on the bubble dynamics are discussed. The present experimental results are compared with the model of Haider and Webb, relatively good agreement is found for enhanced surfaces. The augmentation mechanisms of heat transfer from structured enhanced tubes are also discussed.
04/01226 Combined methane steam reforming and FischerTropsch synthesis to produce hydrocarbons Bowe, M. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 03 48034 (CI. C01B3/38), 12 Jun 2003, GB Appl. 2002/4677. Methane is reacted with steam to generate CO and Hz in a first catalytic reactor and the resulting gas mixture is subjected to a second catalytic reactor to perform Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to produce hydrocarbons. For steam reforming methane the gas mixture flows through a narrow channel between metal sheets separating the flow channel from a source of heat. The flow channel is equipped with a fluid-permeable catalyst structure with a metal substrate to enhance heat transfer. Both the average temperature and the exit temperature of the channel are at 750-900°C. The ratio of steam to methane is between 1.3-1.6, The steam reforming reactor consists of several adjacent channels for the steam reforming reaction and for an exothermic reaction involving the combustion of excess hydrogen. The steam for the steam reforming process is supplied in part by water generated during the Fischer-Tropsch process and it can contain water-soluble organic compounds.
04/01227 Energotechnological oil shale utilisation by means of an SHCU - a low waste and environmentally sound technological process Stelmakh; G. P. et al, International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 2003, 3, (1), 62-77. This paper presents the calculated data on the emissions into the environment from the low-waste energotechnological solid heat carrier units (SHCUs) working with oil shales. A comparison of this technology with direct oil shale combustion at a power plant was carried out using the example of an Estonian power plant. The energotechnological plant (ETP) including two units SHCU-3000 with an oil shale capacity of 3000 t/day each was created, with the boiler on shale oil and a power unit of 200 MW. It is shown that total emissions are lower in the case of an ETP operation of a thermal power plant together with a power unit than in the case of the direct combustion of oil shale. The ash from the ETP and the pyrogenetic water can be used in industry agriculture.
04101228 Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuels - properties and exhaust emissions: a literature review Alleman, T. L. and McCormick, R. L. Society of Automotive Engineers, [Special Publication] SP, 2003, I737, 185-204. Natural gas, coal, and biomass can be converted to diesel fuel through Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) processes. Variations of the F - T process and/ or product work-up can be used to tailor the fuel properties to meet end-users needs. Regardless of feedstock or process, F - T diesel fuels typically have a number of very desirable properties. This review describes typical F - T diesel fuel properties, discusses how these fuel properties impact pollutant emissions, and draws together data from known engine and chassis dynamometer studies of emissions. The comparison of fuel properties reveals that F-T diesel fuel is typically one of two types - a very high cetane number (>74), zero aromatic product or a moderate cetane (-60), low aromatic (<15%) product. The very high cetane fuels typically have less desirable low temperature properties while the moderate cetane fuels have cold flow properties more typical of conventional diesel fuels. The lubricity of both types of F - T diesel fuels is poor, but can be improved with additives. The effects of long-term use of F - T diesel fuel on engine durability have not been documented. F - T diesel fuel can be used neat without engine modification or can be blended in any proportion with conventional diesel fuel. A number of studies have collected emissions data from F T diesel and F-T/conventional diesel fuel blends in engine and chassis
dynamometers. In almost every case, NO×, CO, and PM emissions are reduced with neat F - T diesel fuel. The impact of F - T diesel fuel on HC emissions is more variable, although the HC emissions are very low in any case. Average NOx reductions are 13% and average PM reductions are 26% compared to conventional diesel fuel.
04/01229 Insights into oil cracking based on laboratory experiments Hill, R. J. et al. Organic Geochemistry, 2003, 34, (12), 1651 1672. The objectives of this pyrolysis investigation were to determine changes in (1) oil composition, (2) gas composition and (3) gas carbon isotope ratios and to compare these results with hydrocarbons in reservoirs. Laboratory cracking of a saturate-rich Devonian oil by confined, dry pyrolysis was performed at T=350-450°C, P = 6 5 0 bars and times ranging from 24 h to 33 days. Increasing thermal stress results in the ClS+ hydrocarbon fraction cracking to form C6_14 and C~-5 hydrocarbons and pyrobitumen. The C6-14 fraction continues to crack to C - s gases plus pyrobitumen at higher temperatures and prolonged heating time and the ~ 3Cethane-(~13C propane difference becomes greater as oil cracking progresses. There is considerable overlap in product generation and product cracking. Oil cracking products accumulate either because the rate of generation of any product is greater than the rate of removal by cracking of that product or because the product is a stable end member under the experimental conditions. Oil cracking products decrease when the amount of product generated from a reactant is less than the amount of product cracked. If pyrolysis gas compositions are representative of gases generated from oil cracking in nature, then understanding the processes that alter natural gas composition is critical.
04/01230 Novel antioxidants from cashew nut shell liquid applied to gasoline stabilization Castro Dantas, T. N. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (12), 1465-1469. This study developed a methodology for converting hydrogenated cardanol, a compound extracted from cashew nut shell liquid into compounds with structural characteristics of antioxidants similar to the ones used in products derived from petroleum. The intended changes were carried out through exhaustive alkylation with tert-butyl chloride. The performance of the products was estimated in terms of oxidative stabilization during storage of cracked naphtha samples collected from the outlet of an industrial unit. The compound 246-tri-t-butylpentadecylphenol (new antioxidant) has presented a better efficiency in the storage assays as compared to the commercial additive used as reference in the refinery at the moment of sampling.
04•01231 Resin composition for low-temperature storagestable primers Yoshikawa, S. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 03 46094 (C1. C09D123/28), 5 Jun 2003, JP Appl. 2001/367 092. (In Japanese) Title compositions comprise 100 parts chlorinated polyolefins with CI content of 5-50% and weight-average molecule weight (Mw of 30 000120000 and 15-80 parts OH-containing petroleum resins. A PhMe solution containing 100 parts chlorinated maleated isotactic polypropylene (with C1 content 21%, Mw 40 000) and 43 parts phenol-modified C9 petroleum resin showed no gel after 30 days at - 5 °, and was sprayed on a polypropylene plate, dried, and coated with a polyurethane or melamine resin coating to form a plate showing good adhesion between the plate and coating initially and after soaking in gasohol for 2 h or 40 ° water for 240 h.
04/01232 Study on characteristics and design points of coal-oil mixture for transportation in pipeline Song, X,-N Shiyou Xuebao, Shiyou Jiagong, 2003, 19, (2), 94-100. (In Chinese) Through theoretical analysis and pipeline experiments, the theological properties, flowing state and resistance behavioUr of coal-oil mixture (COM) transported in pipeline were studied. The calculation formula and testing data for rheological parameters, apparent parameters, resistance parameters in pipeline were obtained. Based on this study, the design points for transportation pipeline of COM were also discussed. Some basic data, calculation methods and common points used to design pipeline for transportation of COM were provided.
04/01233 Synthesis of nanocrystalline Nil_xCoxMnxFe2 xO4: a material for liquefied petroleum gas sensing Satyanarayana, L. et al. Sensors and Aetuators, B: Chemical, 2003, B89, (1-2), 62-67. Nanocrystal nickel ferrites doped with cobalt and manganese, having an average crystallite size of 10-15 nm and surface area of 50-60 me/g, were synthesized by the hydrazine method and studied for gas sensing behaviour to reducing gases like liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), Ethanol, CO and CH 4. Powder X-ray diffraction, D T A (DTA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, FT-IR, SEM and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) were employed to characterize the composition, phase and particle size of these ferrites. It is observed that
Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 2004
169
04101225 Bubble dynamics of boiling of propane and isobutane on smooth and enhanced tubes Chen, Y. et aL Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2004, 28, (2-3), 171-178. Visualization experiments were carried out for nucleate pool boiling of propane and iso-butane on a horizontal smooth tube and two kinds of structured enhanced tubes. Some bubble dynamic parameters were measured. Comparisons were made between the smooth tube and the enhanced tubes for bubble growth rate, departure diameter, frequency, active site density, rise velocity and latent heat transfer. The effects of physical properties on the bubble dynamics are discussed. The present experimental results are compared with the model of Haider and Webb, relatively good agreement is found for enhanced surfaces. The augmentation mechanisms of heat transfer from structured enhanced tubes are also discussed.
04/01226 Combined methane steam reforming and FischerTropsch synthesis to produce hydrocarbons Bowe, M. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 03 48034 (CI. C01B3/38), 12 Jun 2003, GB Appl. 2002/4677. Methane is reacted with steam to generate CO and Hz in a first catalytic reactor and the resulting gas mixture is subjected to a second catalytic reactor to perform Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to produce hydrocarbons. For steam reforming methane the gas mixture flows through a narrow channel between metal sheets separating the flow channel from a source of heat. The flow channel is equipped with a fluid-permeable catalyst structure with a metal substrate to enhance heat transfer. Both the average temperature and the exit temperature of the channel are at 750-900°C. The ratio of steam to methane is between 1.3-1.6, The steam reforming reactor consists of several adjacent channels for the steam reforming reaction and for an exothermic reaction involving the combustion of excess hydrogen. The steam for the steam reforming process is supplied in part by water generated during the Fischer-Tropsch process and it can contain water-soluble organic compounds.
04/01227 Energotechnological oil shale utilisation by means of an SHCU - a low waste and environmentally sound technological process Stelmakh; G. P. et al, International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 2003, 3, (1), 62-77. This paper presents the calculated data on the emissions into the environment from the low-waste energotechnological solid heat carrier units (SHCUs) working with oil shales. A comparison of this technology with direct oil shale combustion at a power plant was carried out using the example of an Estonian power plant. The energotechnological plant (ETP) including two units SHCU-3000 with an oil shale capacity of 3000 t/day each was created, with the boiler on shale oil and a power unit of 200 MW. It is shown that total emissions are lower in the case of an ETP operation of a thermal power plant together with a power unit than in the case of the direct combustion of oil shale. The ash from the ETP and the pyrogenetic water can be used in industry agriculture.
04101228 Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuels - properties and exhaust emissions: a literature review Alleman, T. L. and McCormick, R. L. Society of Automotive Engineers, [Special Publication] SP, 2003, I737, 185-204. Natural gas, coal, and biomass can be converted to diesel fuel through Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) processes. Variations of the F - T process and/ or product work-up can be used to tailor the fuel properties to meet end-users needs. Regardless of feedstock or process, F - T diesel fuels typically have a number of very desirable properties. This review describes typical F - T diesel fuel properties, discusses how these fuel properties impact pollutant emissions, and draws together data from known engine and chassis dynamometer studies of emissions. The comparison of fuel properties reveals that F-T diesel fuel is typically one of two types - a very high cetane number (>74), zero aromatic product or a moderate cetane (-60), low aromatic (<15%) product. The very high cetane fuels typically have less desirable low temperature properties while the moderate cetane fuels have cold flow properties more typical of conventional diesel fuels. The lubricity of both types of F - T diesel fuels is poor, but can be improved with additives. The effects of long-term use of F - T diesel fuel on engine durability have not been documented. F - T diesel fuel can be used neat without engine modification or can be blended in any proportion with conventional diesel fuel. A number of studies have collected emissions data from F T diesel and F-T/conventional diesel fuel blends in engine and chassis
dynamometers. In almost every case, NO×, CO, and PM emissions are reduced with neat F - T diesel fuel. The impact of F - T diesel fuel on HC emissions is more variable, although the HC emissions are very low in any case. Average NOx reductions are 13% and average PM reductions are 26% compared to conventional diesel fuel.
04/01229 Insights into oil cracking based on laboratory experiments Hill, R. J. et al. Organic Geochemistry, 2003, 34, (12), 1651 1672. The objectives of this pyrolysis investigation were to determine changes in (1) oil composition, (2) gas composition and (3) gas carbon isotope ratios and to compare these results with hydrocarbons in reservoirs. Laboratory cracking of a saturate-rich Devonian oil by confined, dry pyrolysis was performed at T=350-450°C, P = 6 5 0 bars and times ranging from 24 h to 33 days. Increasing thermal stress results in the ClS+ hydrocarbon fraction cracking to form C6_14 and C~-5 hydrocarbons and pyrobitumen. The C6-14 fraction continues to crack to C - s gases plus pyrobitumen at higher temperatures and prolonged heating time and the ~ 3Cethane-(~13C propane difference becomes greater as oil cracking progresses. There is considerable overlap in product generation and product cracking. Oil cracking products accumulate either because the rate of generation of any product is greater than the rate of removal by cracking of that product or because the product is a stable end member under the experimental conditions. Oil cracking products decrease when the amount of product generated from a reactant is less than the amount of product cracked. If pyrolysis gas compositions are representative of gases generated from oil cracking in nature, then understanding the processes that alter natural gas composition is critical.
04/01230 Novel antioxidants from cashew nut shell liquid applied to gasoline stabilization Castro Dantas, T. N. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (12), 1465-1469. This study developed a methodology for converting hydrogenated cardanol, a compound extracted from cashew nut shell liquid into compounds with structural characteristics of antioxidants similar to the ones used in products derived from petroleum. The intended changes were carried out through exhaustive alkylation with tert-butyl chloride. The performance of the products was estimated in terms of oxidative stabilization during storage of cracked naphtha samples collected from the outlet of an industrial unit. The compound 246-tri-t-butylpentadecylphenol (new antioxidant) has presented a better efficiency in the storage assays as compared to the commercial additive used as reference in the refinery at the moment of sampling.
04•01231 Resin composition for low-temperature storagestable primers Yoshikawa, S. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 03 46094 (C1. C09D123/28), 5 Jun 2003, JP Appl. 2001/367 092. (In Japanese) Title compositions comprise 100 parts chlorinated polyolefins with CI content of 5-50% and weight-average molecule weight (Mw of 30 000120000 and 15-80 parts OH-containing petroleum resins. A PhMe solution containing 100 parts chlorinated maleated isotactic polypropylene (with C1 content 21%, Mw 40 000) and 43 parts phenol-modified C9 petroleum resin showed no gel after 30 days at - 5 °, and was sprayed on a polypropylene plate, dried, and coated with a polyurethane or melamine resin coating to form a plate showing good adhesion between the plate and coating initially and after soaking in gasohol for 2 h or 40 ° water for 240 h.
04/01232 Study on characteristics and design points of coal-oil mixture for transportation in pipeline Song, X,-N Shiyou Xuebao, Shiyou Jiagong, 2003, 19, (2), 94-100. (In Chinese) Through theoretical analysis and pipeline experiments, the theological properties, flowing state and resistance behavioUr of coal-oil mixture (COM) transported in pipeline were studied. The calculation formula and testing data for rheological parameters, apparent parameters, resistance parameters in pipeline were obtained. Based on this study, the design points for transportation pipeline of COM were also discussed. Some basic data, calculation methods and common points used to design pipeline for transportation of COM were provided.
04/01233 Synthesis of nanocrystalline Nil_xCoxMnxFe2 xO4: a material for liquefied petroleum gas sensing Satyanarayana, L. et al. Sensors and Aetuators, B: Chemical, 2003, B89, (1-2), 62-67. Nanocrystal nickel ferrites doped with cobalt and manganese, having an average crystallite size of 10-15 nm and surface area of 50-60 me/g, were synthesized by the hydrazine method and studied for gas sensing behaviour to reducing gases like liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), Ethanol, CO and CH 4. Powder X-ray diffraction, D T A (DTA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, FT-IR, SEM and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) were employed to characterize the composition, phase and particle size of these ferrites. It is observed that
Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 2004
169