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01615 Estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from the Nigerian energy sector: 1990
15
Emissions from slow pyrolysis studied by GCMS In a miniature reactor
98101613
of solld fuels
Pedersen, J. R. er al. Cornbust. Sci. Technol., 1996, 121, (l-6), 271-279. Suitable for GC/MS analysis, a miniature pyrolysis reactor was designed to study slow pyrolysis processes of coal and biomass regarding formation of organic pollutants. The solid fuels bituminous coal, sawdust from spruce, and chips from eucalyptus were investigated. The approach can be used for selecting solid fuels suitable for clean combustion and production of bio-oils.
Environmentally critical elements in channel and 96lO1614 cleaned samples of Illinois coals Demir, I. er al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (l/2), 95-107. Sixteen ‘hazardous air pollutants’ (HAPS) as defined in the US Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 are found in coal. Their occurrence and the potential for their cleaning in Illinois coals was jnvestigated as a contribution to the discussion about the potential effect of pending environmental regulations on the future use of these coals in power generation. The average ash content of the samples of conventionally cleaned as-shipped coals is about 20% lower than that of standard channel samples. The average concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, antimony and thorium in the as-shipped coals can be reduced by more than 20% in relation to channel samples. Thus, basing assessments of health risks from emissions of HAPS during coal combustion on channel samples without appropriate adjustment would overestimate the risk. Additional cleaning by froth flotation reduces the ash content of finely-ground as-shipped coals by as much as 76%, at an 80% combustibles recovery. Although the average froth-flotation cleanability for the majority of HAPS is less than that for ash, the cleanabilities in some individual cases approaches, or even exceeds, the cleanability for ash, depending on the elements’ modes of occurrence.
Estimates of reenhouse gas emissions from the 98101615 Nigerian energy sector: 19!I0
Adegbulugbe, A. 0. Rev. Fat. Ing., Univ. Cent. Venez7 1995, 10, (l-2), 339. (In English/Spanish) The Nigerian energy sector is an engine for economic development and is therefore recognized as a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As a developing country, Nigeria must pay particular attention needs to the energy sector. The emissions inventory is recognized as a good starting point and central to any analysis of the climate change issue. A preliminary estimate of GHG emissions in the Nigerian energy sector is presented here and COz emissions are divided into those from commercial fuels utilized in the economy and natural gas flaring. The smallest contribution comes from coal, which is less than 1% of total emissions. However, when the emissions from natural gas are excluded from the estimate, then petroleum products become the dominant source of emissions. COz emissions are dominantly produced by the transportation sector; 47.0% of all sectoral contributions, followed by the residential and industrial sectors. The three most energy consuming end-use sectors contributed well over 90% of total sectoral emissions.
Evaluation of the status and choice of the promising directions in environmental protection in Dnieprobass
98iO1616
Olevskaya, T. V. and Spivak, 0. A. Ugol’ Llkr., 1996, (9). 48-50. (In Russian) Discusses the environmental protection issues related to brown coal mining in Dnieprobass, the Ukraine.
Evaluation of ventllatlon, gas and thermal para96lO1617 meters of coal mines in the Ukraine Zakharov, E. P. et al. Ugol’ U/w., 1996, (10-11) 3-11. (In Russian) An assessment of the industrial hygiene and fire safety conditions, including ventilation, in Ukrainian coal mines.
The evolution of carbon dioxide emissions from 96/01616 energy use in industrialized countries: an end-use analysis Schipper, L. et al. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (7-9), 651-672. Carbon dioxide emissions from energy use fell in per capita, per unit GDP, and in some cases in absolute terms in 10 industrialized countries studied by LBNL during the 1970s and 80s. These declines were driven principally by falling end-use energy intensities and the decreasing carbon content of energy. By the early 199Os, however, a slowdown in the decline of intensities and the continued growth of GDP and energy services activity have reversed the trends in absolute emissions. LBNL concludes that CO2 emissions will continue to rise in the future unless energy intensities and/or the carbon content of energy can be decreased at an accelerated rate via policy changes, technological innovation and/or behavioural adaptation.
Evolution of the energy sector in Argentina: an 96/01619 approach to the emissions inventory
Dubrovsky, H. and Dawidowski, L. Rev. Fuc. fng., Univ. Cent. Venez., 1995, 10, (l-2) 40-60. (In English/Spanish) Only at times of deep economic recession (1975,1985, and 1989) has energy consumption in Argentina reversed its growing trend and a deep and progressive structural development has continued to take place in the energy sector despite the frequent crises in the economy. The most important points of such transformation are related in general to selfsupply of domestic oil; to the strong expansion of electrical service
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
coverage; to the development of the natural gas industry that allowed its substantial increase in the apparent energy consumption at the expense of oil and coal products; and to the development of the hydronuclear plan. These changes have had an impact in the area of electricity, transforming it into one of the most dynamic sectors. Up to the 197Os, thermal sources accounted for 90% of generation, but in 1985 the hydronuclear share reached 64% of total generation. The abundant gas supply led to massive conversion of the existing power plants, which made it possible for the share of this source to increase from 38% to 76% of the overall fossil fuels burned in the power plants. The analysis of the evolution of COz emissions caused by electricity generation indicates that the changes have had a positive impact in this respect. Actually, while power generation grew (1970-1985) at a rate of 6% annually, emissions declined by 1.2% per annum. Within the proposal of different future scenarios, the environmental implications of each one have been studied with respect to COr emissions. The analysis indicated that the change of past energy-power policies, abandoning the hydronuclear plan, and the application of other policies by operators interested in less intensive capital and quick recovery investments, will provoke a strong increase in emissions given the higher consumption of fossil fuels, especially after the year 2005 when the influence of the facilities that were built in the recent past comes to an end. Furthermore, if the changes on past policies are made within a framework of low natural gas reserves, there will be a higher increase of total emissions due to higher consumption of fuel oil, as opposed to gas. Any policy geared towards mitigating air emissions from the power system should take into account which will be the environmental implications of the policies applied, especially in those systems where changes are foreseen in the rationalization of their management. 98lO1620 Filtration apparatus for removing residual ozone from treated wastewaters Motohashi, H. and Yoshimoto, S. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,173,957 [96,173,957] (Cl. C02F1/28), 9 Jul 1996, Appl. 94/334,659,20 Dee 1994,5 pp. (In Japanese) Means for pumping the treated water through a first fixed bed of filtering materials to remove residual oxygen from the wastewater in a treatment facility, means for backwashing the spent filtering materials with clean water to remove sludge deposits, means for introducing the filtrate into a water storage tank having higher elevation, means for passing the liquid effluent of the water storage tank through a second fixed bed of filtering materials for further removing residual ozone from the wastewater, and means for feeding the filtrate into a second water storage tank having lower elevation at down stream comprise the apparatus. It is easy to operate and prevents corrosion in the process pipes.
96lO1621 Formation and dispersion of toxic combustion byproducts from small-scale combustion systems Ozdogan, S. et al. Energy, 1997, 22, (7), 681-692 SO,, CO, NO,, methane and other volatile organics and particulate matter are targeted. First- and second-law efficiencies have been evaluated. Next, the turbulent flows of exhaust gases through the stack have been modelled for both natural draft stacks and stacks equipped with forced draft fans. The numerical model for specified meteorological conditions has yielded velocity and temperature profiles in the stacks and plumes. 98lO1622
Fossil-fuel carbon emission control in irrigated maize production
Wind, B. D. and Wallender, W. W. Energv, 1997, 22, (8) 827-846. Optimal management strategies for fossil-fuel carbon emissions reduction were evaluated using an idealized gross returns objective function developed for the production of irrigated maize with the inclusion of a disincentive carbon-taxing term. The gross returns objective function is multi-variant and optimized through a gradient search procedure. Carbon emissions emanating from maize production stem from the utilization of fossil-fuel energy on the farm as well as that utilized to manufacture many of the production inputs. Particular emphasis was placed on determining fertilizer and irrigation management strategies which reduced fossil-fuel carbon emissions at a minimum reduction in gross returns. Total emissions and optimal maize yield were reduced slightly at high carbon-taxing rates, whereas gross returns decreased considerably. Decreases in optimal maize yield were a consequence of reducing applied water and nitrogen fertilizer, both of which are energy-intensive production inputs. The most effective means of reducing fossil-fuel carbon emissions associated with maize production at minimum reductions in gross returns is increasing the price of nitrogen fertilizer rather than levying a carbon tax.
9WO1623 Denmark
A general model for COP regulation: the case of
Svendsen, G. T. Energy Policy, 1998, 26, (l), 33-44. For both economic, political and administrative reasons, a mixed design of permit market, bubble and tax may be preferable for COz regulation. In the case of Denmark, a CO2 market should be introduced for the private manufacturing sector and an administratively set COz bubble should be introduced for the public electricity sector. Permits should then be devaluated in year 2005 by 20%. A COs tax should be correctly set at a level of $50 in year 2005 for households, the transportation sector and private firms not participating in the COz market. In addition, this model may guide future energy policies in other countries.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1996
141
Emissions from slow pyrolysis studied by GCMS In a miniature reactor
98101613
of solld fuels
Pedersen, J. R. er al. Cornbust. Sci. Technol., 1996, 121, (l-6), 271-279. Suitable for GC/MS analysis, a miniature pyrolysis reactor was designed to study slow pyrolysis processes of coal and biomass regarding formation of organic pollutants. The solid fuels bituminous coal, sawdust from spruce, and chips from eucalyptus were investigated. The approach can be used for selecting solid fuels suitable for clean combustion and production of bio-oils.
Environmentally critical elements in channel and 96lO1614 cleaned samples of Illinois coals Demir, I. er al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (l/2), 95-107. Sixteen ‘hazardous air pollutants’ (HAPS) as defined in the US Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 are found in coal. Their occurrence and the potential for their cleaning in Illinois coals was jnvestigated as a contribution to the discussion about the potential effect of pending environmental regulations on the future use of these coals in power generation. The average ash content of the samples of conventionally cleaned as-shipped coals is about 20% lower than that of standard channel samples. The average concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, antimony and thorium in the as-shipped coals can be reduced by more than 20% in relation to channel samples. Thus, basing assessments of health risks from emissions of HAPS during coal combustion on channel samples without appropriate adjustment would overestimate the risk. Additional cleaning by froth flotation reduces the ash content of finely-ground as-shipped coals by as much as 76%, at an 80% combustibles recovery. Although the average froth-flotation cleanability for the majority of HAPS is less than that for ash, the cleanabilities in some individual cases approaches, or even exceeds, the cleanability for ash, depending on the elements’ modes of occurrence.
Estimates of reenhouse gas emissions from the 98101615 Nigerian energy sector: 19!I0
Adegbulugbe, A. 0. Rev. Fat. Ing., Univ. Cent. Venez7 1995, 10, (l-2), 339. (In English/Spanish) The Nigerian energy sector is an engine for economic development and is therefore recognized as a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As a developing country, Nigeria must pay particular attention needs to the energy sector. The emissions inventory is recognized as a good starting point and central to any analysis of the climate change issue. A preliminary estimate of GHG emissions in the Nigerian energy sector is presented here and COz emissions are divided into those from commercial fuels utilized in the economy and natural gas flaring. The smallest contribution comes from coal, which is less than 1% of total emissions. However, when the emissions from natural gas are excluded from the estimate, then petroleum products become the dominant source of emissions. COz emissions are dominantly produced by the transportation sector; 47.0% of all sectoral contributions, followed by the residential and industrial sectors. The three most energy consuming end-use sectors contributed well over 90% of total sectoral emissions.
Evaluation of the status and choice of the promising directions in environmental protection in Dnieprobass
98iO1616
Olevskaya, T. V. and Spivak, 0. A. Ugol’ Llkr., 1996, (9). 48-50. (In Russian) Discusses the environmental protection issues related to brown coal mining in Dnieprobass, the Ukraine.
Evaluation of ventllatlon, gas and thermal para96lO1617 meters of coal mines in the Ukraine Zakharov, E. P. et al. Ugol’ U/w., 1996, (10-11) 3-11. (In Russian) An assessment of the industrial hygiene and fire safety conditions, including ventilation, in Ukrainian coal mines.
The evolution of carbon dioxide emissions from 96/01616 energy use in industrialized countries: an end-use analysis Schipper, L. et al. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (7-9), 651-672. Carbon dioxide emissions from energy use fell in per capita, per unit GDP, and in some cases in absolute terms in 10 industrialized countries studied by LBNL during the 1970s and 80s. These declines were driven principally by falling end-use energy intensities and the decreasing carbon content of energy. By the early 199Os, however, a slowdown in the decline of intensities and the continued growth of GDP and energy services activity have reversed the trends in absolute emissions. LBNL concludes that CO2 emissions will continue to rise in the future unless energy intensities and/or the carbon content of energy can be decreased at an accelerated rate via policy changes, technological innovation and/or behavioural adaptation.
Evolution of the energy sector in Argentina: an 96/01619 approach to the emissions inventory
Dubrovsky, H. and Dawidowski, L. Rev. Fuc. fng., Univ. Cent. Venez., 1995, 10, (l-2) 40-60. (In English/Spanish) Only at times of deep economic recession (1975,1985, and 1989) has energy consumption in Argentina reversed its growing trend and a deep and progressive structural development has continued to take place in the energy sector despite the frequent crises in the economy. The most important points of such transformation are related in general to selfsupply of domestic oil; to the strong expansion of electrical service
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
coverage; to the development of the natural gas industry that allowed its substantial increase in the apparent energy consumption at the expense of oil and coal products; and to the development of the hydronuclear plan. These changes have had an impact in the area of electricity, transforming it into one of the most dynamic sectors. Up to the 197Os, thermal sources accounted for 90% of generation, but in 1985 the hydronuclear share reached 64% of total generation. The abundant gas supply led to massive conversion of the existing power plants, which made it possible for the share of this source to increase from 38% to 76% of the overall fossil fuels burned in the power plants. The analysis of the evolution of COz emissions caused by electricity generation indicates that the changes have had a positive impact in this respect. Actually, while power generation grew (1970-1985) at a rate of 6% annually, emissions declined by 1.2% per annum. Within the proposal of different future scenarios, the environmental implications of each one have been studied with respect to COr emissions. The analysis indicated that the change of past energy-power policies, abandoning the hydronuclear plan, and the application of other policies by operators interested in less intensive capital and quick recovery investments, will provoke a strong increase in emissions given the higher consumption of fossil fuels, especially after the year 2005 when the influence of the facilities that were built in the recent past comes to an end. Furthermore, if the changes on past policies are made within a framework of low natural gas reserves, there will be a higher increase of total emissions due to higher consumption of fuel oil, as opposed to gas. Any policy geared towards mitigating air emissions from the power system should take into account which will be the environmental implications of the policies applied, especially in those systems where changes are foreseen in the rationalization of their management. 98lO1620 Filtration apparatus for removing residual ozone from treated wastewaters Motohashi, H. and Yoshimoto, S. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,173,957 [96,173,957] (Cl. C02F1/28), 9 Jul 1996, Appl. 94/334,659,20 Dee 1994,5 pp. (In Japanese) Means for pumping the treated water through a first fixed bed of filtering materials to remove residual oxygen from the wastewater in a treatment facility, means for backwashing the spent filtering materials with clean water to remove sludge deposits, means for introducing the filtrate into a water storage tank having higher elevation, means for passing the liquid effluent of the water storage tank through a second fixed bed of filtering materials for further removing residual ozone from the wastewater, and means for feeding the filtrate into a second water storage tank having lower elevation at down stream comprise the apparatus. It is easy to operate and prevents corrosion in the process pipes.
96lO1621 Formation and dispersion of toxic combustion byproducts from small-scale combustion systems Ozdogan, S. et al. Energy, 1997, 22, (7), 681-692 SO,, CO, NO,, methane and other volatile organics and particulate matter are targeted. First- and second-law efficiencies have been evaluated. Next, the turbulent flows of exhaust gases through the stack have been modelled for both natural draft stacks and stacks equipped with forced draft fans. The numerical model for specified meteorological conditions has yielded velocity and temperature profiles in the stacks and plumes. 98lO1622
Fossil-fuel carbon emission control in irrigated maize production
Wind, B. D. and Wallender, W. W. Energv, 1997, 22, (8) 827-846. Optimal management strategies for fossil-fuel carbon emissions reduction were evaluated using an idealized gross returns objective function developed for the production of irrigated maize with the inclusion of a disincentive carbon-taxing term. The gross returns objective function is multi-variant and optimized through a gradient search procedure. Carbon emissions emanating from maize production stem from the utilization of fossil-fuel energy on the farm as well as that utilized to manufacture many of the production inputs. Particular emphasis was placed on determining fertilizer and irrigation management strategies which reduced fossil-fuel carbon emissions at a minimum reduction in gross returns. Total emissions and optimal maize yield were reduced slightly at high carbon-taxing rates, whereas gross returns decreased considerably. Decreases in optimal maize yield were a consequence of reducing applied water and nitrogen fertilizer, both of which are energy-intensive production inputs. The most effective means of reducing fossil-fuel carbon emissions associated with maize production at minimum reductions in gross returns is increasing the price of nitrogen fertilizer rather than levying a carbon tax.
9WO1623 Denmark
A general model for COP regulation: the case of
Svendsen, G. T. Energy Policy, 1998, 26, (l), 33-44. For both economic, political and administrative reasons, a mixed design of permit market, bubble and tax may be preferable for COz regulation. In the case of Denmark, a CO2 market should be introduced for the private manufacturing sector and an administratively set COz bubble should be introduced for the public electricity sector. Permits should then be devaluated in year 2005 by 20%. A COs tax should be correctly set at a level of $50 in year 2005 for households, the transportation sector and private firms not participating in the COz market. In addition, this model may guide future energy policies in other countries.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1996
141