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02055 Energy saving in a deep well pump with splitter blade
02 Liquid fuels (transport, refining, quality, storage) asphaltenes. This evaluation was carried out by analyzing the flocculation point of the crude and its mixtures with 1.9% and 3.8% of resin I, when they are titrated with a precipitating agent in an NIR cell that works with high pressure and temperature.
06/02050 Study of gasoline mixture containing 10% anhydric ethanol. Evaluation of its physicochemical properties Torres, J. et al. Ciencia Tecnologla 3' Futuro, 2002, 2, (3), 71 82. This study includes the assessment results for blends of premium and regular gasoline produced in Barrancabermeja's refinery with 10 vol% anhydrous ethanol and concentrations within this range (from 5 to 15 vol%). The results may allow for a more precise definition of the characteristics for the desired blend. The survey basically focused on the Reid vapour pressure (RVP) and the antiknock index (RON+MON/2) properties, in order to determine the variations within these properties when 5, 10 and 15 vol% anhydrous ethanol is added to the base fuels. Based on these results, the RVP and antiknock index were determined for the base fuels, blended with 10 vol% ethanol, to comply with the quality standards required for Colombian fuels in year 2005. For the adjustment of the base fuel's RVP, a light-vapours, nitrogendragging stripper was designed and built. As for the adjustment of the base fuel's antiknock index, blends with straight naphta were made for lower index values, while blends with cracked naphta and high octane alkylate were made for higher index values. Having determined the specifications for base fuels, as required to blend them with 10 vol% ethanol and meet the quality standards for Colombian gasoline in year 2005, water tolerance for the blends was estimated at temperature ranges of 273 to 313 K.
06•02051 Viscoelastic models for Mexican heavy crude oil and comparison with a mixture of heptadecane and eicosane, Part I Dante, R. C. et al. Fuel, 2006, 85. (4). 559-568. The viscoelastic knowledge of crude oil is limited by the complexity and variability of the raw material. Viscoelastic models of Maxwell type describe widely Mexican crude oils when an Oldroyd contravariant derivative is considered. Moreover, a Weissenberg number is defined by the product of the shear rate and the characteristic time constituted by the inverse of the rate constant of C-C bonds rotations of alkanes. This dimensionless number allows the scaling of viscosities of both crude oil, at different temperatures, and mixtures of n-eicosane/~lheptadecane. Blends of linear alkanes can simulate the viscous behavior of crude oil after adequate scaling and can be used to predict crude oil rheological properties with the advantage to be completely known and reproducible systems.
Transport, refining, quality, storage 06•02052 Behaviour of thermal spray coatings against hydrogen attack Vargas, F. et al. Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro, 2003, 2, (4), 65-74. The behaviour of nickel and chrome alloys applied as thermal spray coatings to be used as protection against embrittlement by hydrogen is studied. Coatings were applied on a carbon steel substrate, under conditions that allow obtain different crystalline structures and porosity levels, in order to determine the effect of these variables on the hydrogen permeation kinetics and as a protection means against embrittlement caused this element. In order to establish behaviours as barriers and protection, hydrogen permeation and corrosion tests under stress were carried out, supported by measurements of the potential's drop in the substrate-coating system under simultaneous conditions of stress and a corrosive agent with H2S in solution. Findings show that alloy coatings with face centred cubic structure possess greater hydrogen solubility than coatings with body centred cubic structures and than carbon steel used or substrate. Additionally, porosity inherent to the formation of this type of coating reduces hydrogen diffusion through its structure. The analysis of these results allows selecting the coating with better performance as a protection means against embrittlement by hydrogen.
06•02053 Biodegradation of total organic carbons (TOC) in Jordanian petroleum sludge Mrayyan, B. and Battikhi, M. N. Journal o f Hazardous Materials, 2005, 120, (1-3), 127-134. Biodegradation is cost-effective, environmentally friendly treatment for oily contaminated sites by the use of microorganisms. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to establish the performance of bacterial isolates in degradation of organic compounds contained in oily sludge from the Jordanian oil refinery plant. As a result of the laboratory screening, three natural bacterial consortia capable of
318
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 2006
degrading total organic carbons (TOC) were prepared from isolates enriched from the oil sludge. Experiments were conducted in Erlenmeyer flasks under aerobic conditions, with TOC removal percentage varied from 0.3 to 28% depending on consortia type and concentration. Consortia 7B and 13B exhibited the highest TOC removal percentage of 28 and 22%, respectively, before nutrient addition. TOC removal rate was enhanced after addition of nutrients to incubated flasks. The highest TOC reduction (43%) was estimated after addition of combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur to consortia 7B. A significant variation (P < 0.005) was obser0ved between the effect of consortia type and concentration on TOC% reduction. No significant variation was observed between incubation at 10 and 18 days in TOC% reduction. This is the first report concerning biological treatment of TOC by bacteria isolated from the oil refinery plants, where it lays the ground for full integrated studies recommended for the degradation of organic compounds that assist in solving sludge problems.
06•02054 Biodiesel from Jojoba oil-wax: transesterification with methanol and properties as a fuel Canoira, L. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2006, 30, (l), 76-81. The Jojoba oil-wax is extracted from the seeds of the Jojoba (Simmondsia ch#wnsis Link Schneider), a perennial shrub that grows in semi desert areas in some parts of the world. The main uses of Jojoba oil-wax are in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry, but new uses could arise related to the search of new energetic crops. This paper summarizes a process to convert the Jojoba oil-wax to biodiesel by transesterification with methanol, catalysed with sodium methoxide (1 wt% of the oil). The transesterification reaction has been carried out in an autoclave at 60°C, with a molar ratio methanol/oil 7.5:1, and vigorous stirring (600 rpm), reaching a quantitative conversion of the oil after 4 h. The separation of the fatty acid methyl esters (the fraction rich in FAME, 79% FAME mixture; 21% fatty alcohols; 51% of methyl cis-I l-eicosenoate) from the fatty alcohols rich fraction (72% fatty alcohols; 28% FAME mixture; 26% of cis-ll-eicosen-l-ol, 36% of cis-13-docosen-l-ol) has been accomplished in a single crystallization step at low temperature ( 18°C) from low boiling point petroleum ether. The fraction rich in FAME has a density (at t5°C), a kinematic viscosity (at 40°C), a cold filter plugging point and a high calorific value in the range of the European standard for biodiesel (EN 14214).
06/02055 blade
Energy saving in a deep well pump with splitter
G61cfi, M. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2006, 47, (5), 638 651. Design parameters, like blade number, blade outlet angle and impeller outlet diameter, affect pump performance and energy consumption. Deep well pumps with splitter blades (DWPwsb) are manufactured to achieve energy saving and improve efficiency. Splitter blades are generally located at the centreline of the main blades. Blade number and blade discharge angle should be conveniently determined when splitter blades are used on the impellers. In this study, impellers having different numbers of blades (z = 5, 6, 7) with and without splitter blades (35%. 60% and 80% of the main blade length) were tested in a deep well pump. Tests have been conducted on a total of 12 impellers, and the characteristics of deep well pumps without splitter blade (DWPwosb) and DWPwsb were obtained experimentally. These results show that splitter blades cause negative effects on pump performance in impellers with blade numbers of 6 and 7. When the splitter blade is added to the impeller with the blade number of 5, the efficiency increases with flow up to 10 l/s flow rate, after which it decreases as the splitter blade length increases. The highest efficiency and the lowest energy consumption were obtained in DWPwsb with 80% of the main blade length. At the best efficiency point, an energy saving of 6.6% and an improvement of 1.14% in efficiency were achieved. An analysis of the additional cost of the splitter blade and the application in an agricultural area were performed.
06/02056 Gasoline quality prediction using gas chromatography and FTIR spectroscopy: an artificial intelligence approach Brudzewski, K. et al. Fuel, 2006, 85, (4), 553 558. This paper reports on analysis of 45 gasoline samples with different qualities, namely, octane number and chemical composition. Measurements of data from gas chromatography and IR (FTIR) spectroscopy are used to gasoline quality prediction and classification. The data were processed using principal component analysis (PCA) and fuzzy C means (FCM) algorithm. The data were then analysed following the neural network paradigms, hybrid neural network and support vector machines (SVM) classifier. The IR spectra were compressed and denoised by the discrete wavelet analysis. Using the hybrid neural network and multilinear regression method (MLRM), excellent correlation between chemical composition of the gasoline samples
06/02050 Study of gasoline mixture containing 10% anhydric ethanol. Evaluation of its physicochemical properties Torres, J. et al. Ciencia Tecnologla 3' Futuro, 2002, 2, (3), 71 82. This study includes the assessment results for blends of premium and regular gasoline produced in Barrancabermeja's refinery with 10 vol% anhydrous ethanol and concentrations within this range (from 5 to 15 vol%). The results may allow for a more precise definition of the characteristics for the desired blend. The survey basically focused on the Reid vapour pressure (RVP) and the antiknock index (RON+MON/2) properties, in order to determine the variations within these properties when 5, 10 and 15 vol% anhydrous ethanol is added to the base fuels. Based on these results, the RVP and antiknock index were determined for the base fuels, blended with 10 vol% ethanol, to comply with the quality standards required for Colombian fuels in year 2005. For the adjustment of the base fuel's RVP, a light-vapours, nitrogendragging stripper was designed and built. As for the adjustment of the base fuel's antiknock index, blends with straight naphta were made for lower index values, while blends with cracked naphta and high octane alkylate were made for higher index values. Having determined the specifications for base fuels, as required to blend them with 10 vol% ethanol and meet the quality standards for Colombian gasoline in year 2005, water tolerance for the blends was estimated at temperature ranges of 273 to 313 K.
06•02051 Viscoelastic models for Mexican heavy crude oil and comparison with a mixture of heptadecane and eicosane, Part I Dante, R. C. et al. Fuel, 2006, 85. (4). 559-568. The viscoelastic knowledge of crude oil is limited by the complexity and variability of the raw material. Viscoelastic models of Maxwell type describe widely Mexican crude oils when an Oldroyd contravariant derivative is considered. Moreover, a Weissenberg number is defined by the product of the shear rate and the characteristic time constituted by the inverse of the rate constant of C-C bonds rotations of alkanes. This dimensionless number allows the scaling of viscosities of both crude oil, at different temperatures, and mixtures of n-eicosane/~lheptadecane. Blends of linear alkanes can simulate the viscous behavior of crude oil after adequate scaling and can be used to predict crude oil rheological properties with the advantage to be completely known and reproducible systems.
Transport, refining, quality, storage 06•02052 Behaviour of thermal spray coatings against hydrogen attack Vargas, F. et al. Ciencia Tecnologia y Futuro, 2003, 2, (4), 65-74. The behaviour of nickel and chrome alloys applied as thermal spray coatings to be used as protection against embrittlement by hydrogen is studied. Coatings were applied on a carbon steel substrate, under conditions that allow obtain different crystalline structures and porosity levels, in order to determine the effect of these variables on the hydrogen permeation kinetics and as a protection means against embrittlement caused this element. In order to establish behaviours as barriers and protection, hydrogen permeation and corrosion tests under stress were carried out, supported by measurements of the potential's drop in the substrate-coating system under simultaneous conditions of stress and a corrosive agent with H2S in solution. Findings show that alloy coatings with face centred cubic structure possess greater hydrogen solubility than coatings with body centred cubic structures and than carbon steel used or substrate. Additionally, porosity inherent to the formation of this type of coating reduces hydrogen diffusion through its structure. The analysis of these results allows selecting the coating with better performance as a protection means against embrittlement by hydrogen.
06•02053 Biodegradation of total organic carbons (TOC) in Jordanian petroleum sludge Mrayyan, B. and Battikhi, M. N. Journal o f Hazardous Materials, 2005, 120, (1-3), 127-134. Biodegradation is cost-effective, environmentally friendly treatment for oily contaminated sites by the use of microorganisms. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to establish the performance of bacterial isolates in degradation of organic compounds contained in oily sludge from the Jordanian oil refinery plant. As a result of the laboratory screening, three natural bacterial consortia capable of
318
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 2006
degrading total organic carbons (TOC) were prepared from isolates enriched from the oil sludge. Experiments were conducted in Erlenmeyer flasks under aerobic conditions, with TOC removal percentage varied from 0.3 to 28% depending on consortia type and concentration. Consortia 7B and 13B exhibited the highest TOC removal percentage of 28 and 22%, respectively, before nutrient addition. TOC removal rate was enhanced after addition of nutrients to incubated flasks. The highest TOC reduction (43%) was estimated after addition of combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur to consortia 7B. A significant variation (P < 0.005) was obser0ved between the effect of consortia type and concentration on TOC% reduction. No significant variation was observed between incubation at 10 and 18 days in TOC% reduction. This is the first report concerning biological treatment of TOC by bacteria isolated from the oil refinery plants, where it lays the ground for full integrated studies recommended for the degradation of organic compounds that assist in solving sludge problems.
06•02054 Biodiesel from Jojoba oil-wax: transesterification with methanol and properties as a fuel Canoira, L. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2006, 30, (l), 76-81. The Jojoba oil-wax is extracted from the seeds of the Jojoba (Simmondsia ch#wnsis Link Schneider), a perennial shrub that grows in semi desert areas in some parts of the world. The main uses of Jojoba oil-wax are in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry, but new uses could arise related to the search of new energetic crops. This paper summarizes a process to convert the Jojoba oil-wax to biodiesel by transesterification with methanol, catalysed with sodium methoxide (1 wt% of the oil). The transesterification reaction has been carried out in an autoclave at 60°C, with a molar ratio methanol/oil 7.5:1, and vigorous stirring (600 rpm), reaching a quantitative conversion of the oil after 4 h. The separation of the fatty acid methyl esters (the fraction rich in FAME, 79% FAME mixture; 21% fatty alcohols; 51% of methyl cis-I l-eicosenoate) from the fatty alcohols rich fraction (72% fatty alcohols; 28% FAME mixture; 26% of cis-ll-eicosen-l-ol, 36% of cis-13-docosen-l-ol) has been accomplished in a single crystallization step at low temperature ( 18°C) from low boiling point petroleum ether. The fraction rich in FAME has a density (at t5°C), a kinematic viscosity (at 40°C), a cold filter plugging point and a high calorific value in the range of the European standard for biodiesel (EN 14214).
06/02055 blade
Energy saving in a deep well pump with splitter
G61cfi, M. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2006, 47, (5), 638 651. Design parameters, like blade number, blade outlet angle and impeller outlet diameter, affect pump performance and energy consumption. Deep well pumps with splitter blades (DWPwsb) are manufactured to achieve energy saving and improve efficiency. Splitter blades are generally located at the centreline of the main blades. Blade number and blade discharge angle should be conveniently determined when splitter blades are used on the impellers. In this study, impellers having different numbers of blades (z = 5, 6, 7) with and without splitter blades (35%. 60% and 80% of the main blade length) were tested in a deep well pump. Tests have been conducted on a total of 12 impellers, and the characteristics of deep well pumps without splitter blade (DWPwosb) and DWPwsb were obtained experimentally. These results show that splitter blades cause negative effects on pump performance in impellers with blade numbers of 6 and 7. When the splitter blade is added to the impeller with the blade number of 5, the efficiency increases with flow up to 10 l/s flow rate, after which it decreases as the splitter blade length increases. The highest efficiency and the lowest energy consumption were obtained in DWPwsb with 80% of the main blade length. At the best efficiency point, an energy saving of 6.6% and an improvement of 1.14% in efficiency were achieved. An analysis of the additional cost of the splitter blade and the application in an agricultural area were performed.
06/02056 Gasoline quality prediction using gas chromatography and FTIR spectroscopy: an artificial intelligence approach Brudzewski, K. et al. Fuel, 2006, 85, (4), 553 558. This paper reports on analysis of 45 gasoline samples with different qualities, namely, octane number and chemical composition. Measurements of data from gas chromatography and IR (FTIR) spectroscopy are used to gasoline quality prediction and classification. The data were processed using principal component analysis (PCA) and fuzzy C means (FCM) algorithm. The data were then analysed following the neural network paradigms, hybrid neural network and support vector machines (SVM) classifier. The IR spectra were compressed and denoised by the discrete wavelet analysis. Using the hybrid neural network and multilinear regression method (MLRM), excellent correlation between chemical composition of the gasoline samples