- Email: [email protected]
02126 Pyrolysis of degradation products from bituminous coal and characterization of tars and coke in view of parent coal structure and pyrolysis behavior
04
By-products
related to fuels
suitable for use as the feedstock. Adhesive resin is produced from the entire tar product by shifting the pH from acidic to basic with NaOH and combining and heating the resulting resole with phenol and formaldehyde, similarly to conventional resins.
98lo2119
Phenolic asphalt blends
Kluttz, R. Q. et al. USA U.S. US 5693,132 (Cl. 106-273.1; COSL95/00), 2 Dee 1997, Appl. 769,647, 18 Dee 1996, 4 pp. The authors introduce an asphalt blend in which asphalt is blended with a phenolic tar. The phenolic tar is primarily cumyl phenol and phenolic materials having a molecular weight between -300 and 1000. The tar is obtained as the bottoms product of a phenol heavy ends separation process and may also include phenol and acetophenone. In addition, a process for the blend’s preparation is presented.
Plant uptake of selenium, arsenic and molybdenum 98/02120 from soil treated with coal combustion byproducts Codling, E. E. and Wright, R. J. Fresenius Environ. Bull., 1998, 7, (l/2), 118-125. Fly ash (FA), scrubber sludge (SS), and gypsum (G), by-products from the combustion of coal, were added to soil at rates of 0, 20, 40, and 80 g/kg. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) growth was only limited at a rate of 80 g/kg. FA and SS increased selenium, arsenic, and molybdenum concentrations in ryegrass, but only the selenium from FA presented a potential risk in the food chain. G did not increase ryegrass concentrations of these elements and did not produce elevated trace element levels in plant material or the environment when added at high rates to soil.
Preliminary experiments on the characteristics and 96lo2121 potential uses of coal fly ash from Israel Foner, H. A. et al. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chemical Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1997, 42, (l), 341-344. The present position and preliminary experiments on representative samples of coal fly ash are described. These experiments are intended to fully characterize the properties of the ash as a preliminary step to suggesting ways to utilize it as a useful material instead of treating it as an industrial waste.
Preparation and evaluation of coal extracts as 96102122 precursors for carbon and graphite products Zondlo, J. W. et al. Oak Ridge Natl. Laboratory, [Rep.] ORNLIFMP (U.S.), 1996, 127-133. Coupled with coal hydrotreatment, coal extraction can produce suitable precursors for a variety of commercially important carbon and graphite products. The N-methylpyrrolidone extracts of hydrotreated coals have been analysed and chemically characterized and shown to have properties acceptable for use as binder and impregnation pitch. Mesophase formation studies have demonstrated their capability for producing both needle and anode grade coke as well as precursors for mesophase pitch fibres. Using a coal extract as a binder and coke derived from the extract as a filler, a graphite artefact has been produced. Further evaluation of the extract materials is being carried out by industrial members of the Carbon Products Consortium.
Preparation of coumarone blends with tar oils and coal tar fraction as raw materials for carbon black manufacture
98/02123
Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Otkrytogo Tipa ‘yaroslavskij Tekhnicheskij Uglerod’ Russ. RU 2,089,579 (Cl. CO9C1/48), 10 Sep 1997, Appl. 95101,614, 2 Feb 1995. From Izobreteniya 1997, (25). 262. (In Russian)
Preparation of mesocarbon microbeads by dlsper98102124 sing mesophase pitch in isotropic pitches Korai, Y. et al. Carbon, 1997, 35, (10-11) 1503-1515. Synthetic mesophase pitches were dispersed in synthetic isotropic pitches, followed by successive solvent extraction to produce mesocarbon microbeads of l-10 pm. The suitable ratio of mesophase pitch/isotropic pitch, temperature and rapid agitation at dispersion were found to be key factors to obtain the high yields of THF and pyridine insoluble microbeads. In contrast, the combinations of coal tar derived mesophase pitch/synthetic pitch or synthetic mesophase pitch/petroleum A240 pitch failed to disperse spheres of mesophase pitch in the isotropic matrix, leaving bulk grains of mesophase pitch at the bottom of the matrix. The melt mesophase pitch of adequate viscosity is dispersed by the agitation into viscous droplets in the isotropic matrix, while the droplets stay afloat because of their similar specific gravities. The lighter component in the droplet of the mesophase pitch was extracted into the isotropic matrix while the mesophase pitch is melted, leaving spheres of smooth surface. Extraction by the solvent at a lower temperature than the softening point leaves mesocarbon microbeads isolated, removing the solvent soluble fraction. 98102125
Properties of cement containing German lignite fly
ashes
Dietz, S. et al. Proc. Int. Congr. Chem. Cem., IOth, 1997, 3, 3iiO87, 1Opp. Edited by Justnes, H., Amarkai AB, Goeteborg, Sweden. Based on its properties and suitability, lignite fly ash was tested as partial cement replacement. Lignite fly ashes represent a mixture of different binding type particles, whereas each fly ash possesses a specific reactivity. The hydraulic activity of the fly ash meant the fly ash-cement mixes showed
192
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1998
good strength contributions. The fly ash-cement mixes also had a good stability of volume and low expansion rates. Up to lO-15% fly ash content, by mass, displayed no negative effects on the fly ash-cement properties due to fly ash addition in most of the mixes.
Pyrolysis of degradation products from bituminous coal and characterization of tars and coke In view of parent coal structure and pyrolysis behavior
90102126
Liu, Y. et al. Glueckauf-Forschungsh., 1997, 58, (l), 24-29. (In German) Asphaltenes consist of 4 to 10 aromatic rings condensed together and hydroaromatics which are joined together into higher molecule clusters through bridges and biphenyl structures. These clusters also have other substitutes in the form of aliphatic side chains. Long-chain polymethylenes exist in both smaller mobile molecules and in the macromolecular coal lattice work. These links to the macromolecular lattice take the form of side chains to the aromatics or bridges between the aromatics and have maintained their original structure during carbonization. Pyrolysis of asphaltenes under Nz results first in generation of small molecules; bond cleavage and polymerization take places at 400-600°C forming mesophase polycyclic aromatic ring systems.
98102127 Pyrolyzable composition for preparing boroncontaining polyaromatlc mesophase, polyaromatic mesophase pitch, and carbon products by liquid-phase pyrolysis at 3501000 Huettinger, K. J. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 763,586 (Cl. ClOC3/02), 19 Mar 1997, DE Appl. 19,534,363, 15 Sep 1995, 6 pp. (In German) Liquid-phase pyrolysis is employed to prepare boron-containing carbon, coke, polyaromatic mesophases and polyaromatic mesophase pitch from a mixture of pyrolysable substances and boron-containing additives. Borondoped products containing ~0.2 wt% boron or boron-alloyed products containing 0.5-10 wt% boron are produced. Graphitization temperature decreases with boron, while the Fermi level increases. It also prevents oxidation of carbon and graphite in oxidizing atmospheres.
Results of laboratory and industrial tests of pitch coke in the manufacture of carbon structural materials
98iO2126
Beilma, N. Y. et al. Tsvetn. Met., 1997, (7), 46-47. (In Russian) Produced from pitch coke, the properties of construction graphites produced in laboratory and commercial conditions via different technologies are presented.
98102129 Strength and weathering characteristics of concrete using coal refuse as a coarse aggregate substitute
Patrick, C. Trans. Sot. Min., Metall., Explor., 1996 (Pub. 1997), 300, 146148. The US coal industry generates over 180 million t of coal refuse, which must be disposed of, expanding a major environmental problem. This research aimed to investigate the feasibility of utilizing coal refuse as an aggregate in concrete. Initial findings of a project to determine the viability of replacing traditional concrete blocks with refuse blocks for use in ventilation stoppings in underground mines are presented. Refuse, collected from three active preparation plants in eastern Kentucky, was used as the primary aggregate in the preparation of concrete cylinders. On-going determinations of the effects of weathering on the refuse cylinders is being conducted and will be completed in early 1995. The research results are favourable for the future direction of the overall project objectives.
96102130 Structure and physlcomechanlcal properties polymer systems filled with mechanlcally activated peat
of
Terent’ev, A. A. and Semenyuk, I. V. Vestsi Akad. Navuk Belarusi, Ser. Khim. Navuk, 1997, (l), 85-88. (In Russian) Scanning-electron microscopy technique was used to obtain a correlation between structure parameters and stress-strain properties of polymer-filled compositions. The formation of structure can be controlled via mechanicalchemical activation of peat disperse phase. This technique can be used to prepare plastics with given properties.
96lo2131
A study of graphitlzing coal by X-ray diffraction
Podder, J. and Hossain, T. Indian .I. Physical, A, 1997, 71A, (2), 225-229. Between the three-dimensional crystal structure of graphite and the randomly distributed lamellae structure of the non-graphitic carbons, the structure of the graphitic carbons is intermediate. In the graphitic carbons, the apparent inter-layer spacing decreases with increasing magnitude of graphitization. X-ray study of Khalaspir coals of north-western Bangladesh reveals that these contain small graphitic ring clusters which become more graphite-like as coalification progresses. The average separation distance between lamellae becomes smaller as the rank increases. The increase is very rapid for coals having carbon content of 85 percent or higher. 98/02132
products
A study on time behavior of fly-ash blended cement
Krizan, D. et al. Proc. Int. Congr. Chemical Gem., IOth, 1997, 3, 3iiO85, Spp. Edited by Justnes, H., Amarkai AB, Goeteborg, Sweden. Tests for compressive and tensile strength, porosity, chemical analysis of paste pore extracted solution, DTA and TGA were conducted with the aim of verifying fly-ash addition influence on Portland cement paste, mortar and concrete. The proposed methods for accessing porosity by squeezing
By-products
related to fuels
suitable for use as the feedstock. Adhesive resin is produced from the entire tar product by shifting the pH from acidic to basic with NaOH and combining and heating the resulting resole with phenol and formaldehyde, similarly to conventional resins.
98lo2119
Phenolic asphalt blends
Kluttz, R. Q. et al. USA U.S. US 5693,132 (Cl. 106-273.1; COSL95/00), 2 Dee 1997, Appl. 769,647, 18 Dee 1996, 4 pp. The authors introduce an asphalt blend in which asphalt is blended with a phenolic tar. The phenolic tar is primarily cumyl phenol and phenolic materials having a molecular weight between -300 and 1000. The tar is obtained as the bottoms product of a phenol heavy ends separation process and may also include phenol and acetophenone. In addition, a process for the blend’s preparation is presented.
Plant uptake of selenium, arsenic and molybdenum 98/02120 from soil treated with coal combustion byproducts Codling, E. E. and Wright, R. J. Fresenius Environ. Bull., 1998, 7, (l/2), 118-125. Fly ash (FA), scrubber sludge (SS), and gypsum (G), by-products from the combustion of coal, were added to soil at rates of 0, 20, 40, and 80 g/kg. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) growth was only limited at a rate of 80 g/kg. FA and SS increased selenium, arsenic, and molybdenum concentrations in ryegrass, but only the selenium from FA presented a potential risk in the food chain. G did not increase ryegrass concentrations of these elements and did not produce elevated trace element levels in plant material or the environment when added at high rates to soil.
Preliminary experiments on the characteristics and 96lo2121 potential uses of coal fly ash from Israel Foner, H. A. et al. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chemical Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1997, 42, (l), 341-344. The present position and preliminary experiments on representative samples of coal fly ash are described. These experiments are intended to fully characterize the properties of the ash as a preliminary step to suggesting ways to utilize it as a useful material instead of treating it as an industrial waste.
Preparation and evaluation of coal extracts as 96102122 precursors for carbon and graphite products Zondlo, J. W. et al. Oak Ridge Natl. Laboratory, [Rep.] ORNLIFMP (U.S.), 1996, 127-133. Coupled with coal hydrotreatment, coal extraction can produce suitable precursors for a variety of commercially important carbon and graphite products. The N-methylpyrrolidone extracts of hydrotreated coals have been analysed and chemically characterized and shown to have properties acceptable for use as binder and impregnation pitch. Mesophase formation studies have demonstrated their capability for producing both needle and anode grade coke as well as precursors for mesophase pitch fibres. Using a coal extract as a binder and coke derived from the extract as a filler, a graphite artefact has been produced. Further evaluation of the extract materials is being carried out by industrial members of the Carbon Products Consortium.
Preparation of coumarone blends with tar oils and coal tar fraction as raw materials for carbon black manufacture
98/02123
Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Otkrytogo Tipa ‘yaroslavskij Tekhnicheskij Uglerod’ Russ. RU 2,089,579 (Cl. CO9C1/48), 10 Sep 1997, Appl. 95101,614, 2 Feb 1995. From Izobreteniya 1997, (25). 262. (In Russian)
Preparation of mesocarbon microbeads by dlsper98102124 sing mesophase pitch in isotropic pitches Korai, Y. et al. Carbon, 1997, 35, (10-11) 1503-1515. Synthetic mesophase pitches were dispersed in synthetic isotropic pitches, followed by successive solvent extraction to produce mesocarbon microbeads of l-10 pm. The suitable ratio of mesophase pitch/isotropic pitch, temperature and rapid agitation at dispersion were found to be key factors to obtain the high yields of THF and pyridine insoluble microbeads. In contrast, the combinations of coal tar derived mesophase pitch/synthetic pitch or synthetic mesophase pitch/petroleum A240 pitch failed to disperse spheres of mesophase pitch in the isotropic matrix, leaving bulk grains of mesophase pitch at the bottom of the matrix. The melt mesophase pitch of adequate viscosity is dispersed by the agitation into viscous droplets in the isotropic matrix, while the droplets stay afloat because of their similar specific gravities. The lighter component in the droplet of the mesophase pitch was extracted into the isotropic matrix while the mesophase pitch is melted, leaving spheres of smooth surface. Extraction by the solvent at a lower temperature than the softening point leaves mesocarbon microbeads isolated, removing the solvent soluble fraction. 98102125
Properties of cement containing German lignite fly
ashes
Dietz, S. et al. Proc. Int. Congr. Chem. Cem., IOth, 1997, 3, 3iiO87, 1Opp. Edited by Justnes, H., Amarkai AB, Goeteborg, Sweden. Based on its properties and suitability, lignite fly ash was tested as partial cement replacement. Lignite fly ashes represent a mixture of different binding type particles, whereas each fly ash possesses a specific reactivity. The hydraulic activity of the fly ash meant the fly ash-cement mixes showed
192
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1998
good strength contributions. The fly ash-cement mixes also had a good stability of volume and low expansion rates. Up to lO-15% fly ash content, by mass, displayed no negative effects on the fly ash-cement properties due to fly ash addition in most of the mixes.
Pyrolysis of degradation products from bituminous coal and characterization of tars and coke In view of parent coal structure and pyrolysis behavior
90102126
Liu, Y. et al. Glueckauf-Forschungsh., 1997, 58, (l), 24-29. (In German) Asphaltenes consist of 4 to 10 aromatic rings condensed together and hydroaromatics which are joined together into higher molecule clusters through bridges and biphenyl structures. These clusters also have other substitutes in the form of aliphatic side chains. Long-chain polymethylenes exist in both smaller mobile molecules and in the macromolecular coal lattice work. These links to the macromolecular lattice take the form of side chains to the aromatics or bridges between the aromatics and have maintained their original structure during carbonization. Pyrolysis of asphaltenes under Nz results first in generation of small molecules; bond cleavage and polymerization take places at 400-600°C forming mesophase polycyclic aromatic ring systems.
98102127 Pyrolyzable composition for preparing boroncontaining polyaromatlc mesophase, polyaromatic mesophase pitch, and carbon products by liquid-phase pyrolysis at 3501000 Huettinger, K. J. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 763,586 (Cl. ClOC3/02), 19 Mar 1997, DE Appl. 19,534,363, 15 Sep 1995, 6 pp. (In German) Liquid-phase pyrolysis is employed to prepare boron-containing carbon, coke, polyaromatic mesophases and polyaromatic mesophase pitch from a mixture of pyrolysable substances and boron-containing additives. Borondoped products containing ~0.2 wt% boron or boron-alloyed products containing 0.5-10 wt% boron are produced. Graphitization temperature decreases with boron, while the Fermi level increases. It also prevents oxidation of carbon and graphite in oxidizing atmospheres.
Results of laboratory and industrial tests of pitch coke in the manufacture of carbon structural materials
98iO2126
Beilma, N. Y. et al. Tsvetn. Met., 1997, (7), 46-47. (In Russian) Produced from pitch coke, the properties of construction graphites produced in laboratory and commercial conditions via different technologies are presented.
98102129 Strength and weathering characteristics of concrete using coal refuse as a coarse aggregate substitute
Patrick, C. Trans. Sot. Min., Metall., Explor., 1996 (Pub. 1997), 300, 146148. The US coal industry generates over 180 million t of coal refuse, which must be disposed of, expanding a major environmental problem. This research aimed to investigate the feasibility of utilizing coal refuse as an aggregate in concrete. Initial findings of a project to determine the viability of replacing traditional concrete blocks with refuse blocks for use in ventilation stoppings in underground mines are presented. Refuse, collected from three active preparation plants in eastern Kentucky, was used as the primary aggregate in the preparation of concrete cylinders. On-going determinations of the effects of weathering on the refuse cylinders is being conducted and will be completed in early 1995. The research results are favourable for the future direction of the overall project objectives.
96102130 Structure and physlcomechanlcal properties polymer systems filled with mechanlcally activated peat
of
Terent’ev, A. A. and Semenyuk, I. V. Vestsi Akad. Navuk Belarusi, Ser. Khim. Navuk, 1997, (l), 85-88. (In Russian) Scanning-electron microscopy technique was used to obtain a correlation between structure parameters and stress-strain properties of polymer-filled compositions. The formation of structure can be controlled via mechanicalchemical activation of peat disperse phase. This technique can be used to prepare plastics with given properties.
96lo2131
A study of graphitlzing coal by X-ray diffraction
Podder, J. and Hossain, T. Indian .I. Physical, A, 1997, 71A, (2), 225-229. Between the three-dimensional crystal structure of graphite and the randomly distributed lamellae structure of the non-graphitic carbons, the structure of the graphitic carbons is intermediate. In the graphitic carbons, the apparent inter-layer spacing decreases with increasing magnitude of graphitization. X-ray study of Khalaspir coals of north-western Bangladesh reveals that these contain small graphitic ring clusters which become more graphite-like as coalification progresses. The average separation distance between lamellae becomes smaller as the rank increases. The increase is very rapid for coals having carbon content of 85 percent or higher. 98/02132
products
A study on time behavior of fly-ash blended cement
Krizan, D. et al. Proc. Int. Congr. Chemical Gem., IOth, 1997, 3, 3iiO85, Spp. Edited by Justnes, H., Amarkai AB, Goeteborg, Sweden. Tests for compressive and tensile strength, porosity, chemical analysis of paste pore extracted solution, DTA and TGA were conducted with the aim of verifying fly-ash addition influence on Portland cement paste, mortar and concrete. The proposed methods for accessing porosity by squeezing