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02305 Performance of multi-functional domestic heat-pump system
15 Environment (pollution, health protection, safety) r e g e n e r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e and cooling capacity were discussed. The results show: (1) the properties of DH-5 and DH-7 adsorbents on desiccant cooling are superior to those of commonly used desiccant (i.e., silica gel and 13x molecular sieve); (2) the m a x i m u m adsorption capacity of water on DH-5 and DH-7 reaches 0.72 and 0.73 kg/kg, respectively; (3) the desiccant cooling capacity of DH-5 and DH-7 are 2.2 and 1.3 times that of silica gel and 13x, respectively, after 100c'C regeneration; (4) the cooling capacity per mass unit of DH-5 is 1.9 times larger than that of 13x; (5) DH-5 and DH-7 are suitable for the desiccant cooling cycle, which is o p e r a t e d by low-temperature or lowgrade waste heat.
05•02303 Simple tool to evaluate energy demand and indoor environment in the early stages of building design Nielsen, T. R. Solar Energy, 2005, 78, (1), 73 83. A simplified building simulation tool to evaluate energy d e m a n d and t h e r m a l indoor e n v i r o n m e n t in the early stages of building design is presented. Simulation is performed based on few input data describing the building design, H V A C systems and control strategies. H o u r l y values for energy d e m a n d and indoor t e m p e r a t u r e are calculated based on hourly w e a t h e r data. Calculation of the solar energy transmitted through windows takes into account the d e p e n d e n c y of the total solar energy transmittances on the incidence angle, shades from far objects and shades from the window recess and overhangs. Several systems including heating, cooling, solar shading, venting, ventilation with heat recovery and variable insulation can be activated to control the indoor t e m p e r a t u r e and energy demand. Predicted percentages of dissatisfied occupants are calculated for a given time period to s u p p o r t decisions concerning the t h e r m a l indoor environment. The simplified building simulation tool gives reliable results c o m p a r e d to detailed tools and needs only few input data to perform a simulation. The tool is therefore useful for preliminary design tasks in the early design stages where rough estimates of the building design are given and rough estimates of energy use and t h e r m a l indoor e n v i r o n m e n t are n e e d e d for decision support.
05•02304 State transition probability for the Markov Model dealing with on/off cooling schedule in dwellings Tanimoto, J. and Hagishima, A. Energy and BuiMings, 2005, 37, (3), 181 187. Field m e a s u r e m e n t data were g a t h e r e d on five familial and three single dwellings during s u m m e r 2000 by deploying n u m e r o u s handy type h y g r o t h e r m a l meters with self-recording functions to measure r o o m air, globe and outdoor air temperatures. These m e a s u r e m e n t s led to conclusions on the probability of turning on an air conditioning system versus indoor globe t e m p e r a t u r e and the ongoing probability of air conditioning versus outdoor temperature. This analysis was transformed into state transition probability functions, i.e. shifting from the off to on state and from the on to off state. Identifying these state transition probability functions is an i m p o r t a n t first step in applying the Markov Model to on/off state analysis for air conditioning systems, which is one of the significant approaches for dealing with the stochastic thermal load for H V A C system. The obtained state transition probability functions should help i m m e a s u r a b l y in determining effective schedules for air conditioning operation from i n h a b i t a n t occupancy schedules.
15
ENVIRONMENT Pollution, health protection, safety
05•02306 An evaluation of risk methods for prioritising fire protection features: a procedure for fire barrier penetration seals Dey, M. K. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2004, 232, (2), 165 171. This p a p e r generally evaluates risk methods available for prioritizing fire protection features. R i s k methods involving both the use of qualitative insights, and quantitative results from a fire probabilistic risk analysis are reviewed. The applicability of these methods to develop a prioritized list of fire barrier penetration seals in a plant based on risk significance is p r e s e n t e d as a procedure to illustrate the benefits of the methods. The paper concludes that current fire risk assessment methods can be confidently used to prioritize plant fire protection features, specifically fire barrier penetration seals. Simple prioritization schemes, using qualitative assessments and insights from fire P R A m e t h o d o l o g y may be i m p l e m e n t e d without the need for quantitative results. More elaborate prioritization schemes that allow further refinements to the categorization process may be i m p l e m e n t e d using the quantitative results of the screening processes in good fire PRAs. The use of the quantitative results from good fire P R A s provide several benefits for risk prioritization of fire protection features at plants, mainly from the plant systems analyses conducted for a fire PRA.
05•02307 Carbon emission coefficient of power consumption in India: baseline determination from the demand side Nag, B. and Parikh, J. K. Energy Policy, 2005, 33, (6), 777 786. Substantial investments are expected in the Indian power sector u n d e r the flexibility m e c h a n i s m s (CDM/JI) laid down in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol. In this context it is i m p o r t a n t to evolve a detailed framework for baseline construction in the power sector so as to incorporate the major factors that would affect the baseline values directly or indirectly. It is also i m p o r t a n t to establish carbon coefficients from electricity generation to help consider accurate project b o u n d a r i e s for n u m e r o u s electricity conservation and D S M schemes. The objective of this paper is to provide (i) time series estimates of indirect carbon emissions per unit of power c o n s u m p t i o n (which can also be t h o u g h t of as emission coefficient of power consumption) and (ii) baseline emissions for the power sector till 2015. A n n u a l time series data on Indian electricity g e n e r a t i n g industry, for 1974 1998, has been used to develop emission projections till 2015. The impacts of g e n e r a t i o n mix, fuel efficiency, transmission and distribution losses and auxiliary consumption are studied in a Divisia decomposition framework and their possible future impacts on baseline emissions are studied through three scenarios of growth in power consumption. The study also estimates and projects the carbon emission coefficient per unit of final consumption of electricity that can be used for conducting cost benefit of emission reduction potential for several electricity conserving technologies and b e n c h m a r k i n g policy models.
05•02308 Comparison of subtransmission system reliability worth for diverse systems by including health considerations Goel, L. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2005, 74, (1), 65 72.
14
HEAT PUMPS
05•02305 Performance of multi-functional domestic heatpump system Ji, J. et al. Applied Energy, 2005, 80, (3), 307 326. The working principles and the basic features of a multi-functional domestic h e a t - p u m p ( M D H P ) system are introduced in this paper. Comparatively, the system can provide much better energy performance and higher e q u i p m e n t utilization t h r o u g h o u t a year, causes less t h e r m a l pollution than the h e a t - p u m p water heater and the domestic air-conditioner. A prototype m o d e l of the M D H P system was assembled and its operation performance was tested. The results indicated that the new system can save energy through multi-duties, and can work stably u n d e r prolonged operation in regions having mildwinter temperatures. A numerical m o d e l of the system was also developed, and calibrated by the e x p e r i m e n t a l data. The n u m e r i c a l m o d e l was found robust and accurate in predicting the e q u i p m e n t operation, and therefore can be applied to evaluate the system's performance u n d e r a spectrum of working e n v i r o n m e n t and alternative e q u i p m e n t designs.
336
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 2005
The f u n d a m e n t a l concepts associated with quantitative reliability assessment of electric power systems are reasonably well established and accepted by the power industry. The evaluation of the costs and benefits of competing investments has now b e c o m e a standard practice in power system planning. In order to m a k e a consistent appraisal of economics and reliability, it is imperative to compare the i n v e s t m e n t cost n e e d e d to attain a specified level of reliability with the reliability worth or benefits derived by the society at that level of system reliability. C u s t o m e r i n t e r r u p t i o n costs, which serve as surrogates for the perceived worth of supply reliability, have been d e t e r m i n e d for several jurisdictions, areas, provinces, and countries as diverse as Canada, U n i t e d Kingdom, Nepal, and Thailand, a m o n g others. This paper extends the well-being framework to include the societal worth of electric service reliability in subtransmission systems associated with the above four countries/systems. Systems well-being is defined in terms of the three system states of healthy, marginal, and at risk, thus combining the deterministic and probabilistic approaches into a single framework. The main objective of the p a p e r is to present results of reliability worth indices of expected cost of interruptions (ECOST) and i n t e r r u p t e d energy a s s e s s m e n t rate ( I E A R ) , for both the healthy and at risk states in the well-being framework. The concepts associated with
05•02303 Simple tool to evaluate energy demand and indoor environment in the early stages of building design Nielsen, T. R. Solar Energy, 2005, 78, (1), 73 83. A simplified building simulation tool to evaluate energy d e m a n d and t h e r m a l indoor e n v i r o n m e n t in the early stages of building design is presented. Simulation is performed based on few input data describing the building design, H V A C systems and control strategies. H o u r l y values for energy d e m a n d and indoor t e m p e r a t u r e are calculated based on hourly w e a t h e r data. Calculation of the solar energy transmitted through windows takes into account the d e p e n d e n c y of the total solar energy transmittances on the incidence angle, shades from far objects and shades from the window recess and overhangs. Several systems including heating, cooling, solar shading, venting, ventilation with heat recovery and variable insulation can be activated to control the indoor t e m p e r a t u r e and energy demand. Predicted percentages of dissatisfied occupants are calculated for a given time period to s u p p o r t decisions concerning the t h e r m a l indoor environment. The simplified building simulation tool gives reliable results c o m p a r e d to detailed tools and needs only few input data to perform a simulation. The tool is therefore useful for preliminary design tasks in the early design stages where rough estimates of the building design are given and rough estimates of energy use and t h e r m a l indoor e n v i r o n m e n t are n e e d e d for decision support.
05•02304 State transition probability for the Markov Model dealing with on/off cooling schedule in dwellings Tanimoto, J. and Hagishima, A. Energy and BuiMings, 2005, 37, (3), 181 187. Field m e a s u r e m e n t data were g a t h e r e d on five familial and three single dwellings during s u m m e r 2000 by deploying n u m e r o u s handy type h y g r o t h e r m a l meters with self-recording functions to measure r o o m air, globe and outdoor air temperatures. These m e a s u r e m e n t s led to conclusions on the probability of turning on an air conditioning system versus indoor globe t e m p e r a t u r e and the ongoing probability of air conditioning versus outdoor temperature. This analysis was transformed into state transition probability functions, i.e. shifting from the off to on state and from the on to off state. Identifying these state transition probability functions is an i m p o r t a n t first step in applying the Markov Model to on/off state analysis for air conditioning systems, which is one of the significant approaches for dealing with the stochastic thermal load for H V A C system. The obtained state transition probability functions should help i m m e a s u r a b l y in determining effective schedules for air conditioning operation from i n h a b i t a n t occupancy schedules.
15
ENVIRONMENT Pollution, health protection, safety
05•02306 An evaluation of risk methods for prioritising fire protection features: a procedure for fire barrier penetration seals Dey, M. K. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2004, 232, (2), 165 171. This p a p e r generally evaluates risk methods available for prioritizing fire protection features. R i s k methods involving both the use of qualitative insights, and quantitative results from a fire probabilistic risk analysis are reviewed. The applicability of these methods to develop a prioritized list of fire barrier penetration seals in a plant based on risk significance is p r e s e n t e d as a procedure to illustrate the benefits of the methods. The paper concludes that current fire risk assessment methods can be confidently used to prioritize plant fire protection features, specifically fire barrier penetration seals. Simple prioritization schemes, using qualitative assessments and insights from fire P R A m e t h o d o l o g y may be i m p l e m e n t e d without the need for quantitative results. More elaborate prioritization schemes that allow further refinements to the categorization process may be i m p l e m e n t e d using the quantitative results of the screening processes in good fire PRAs. The use of the quantitative results from good fire P R A s provide several benefits for risk prioritization of fire protection features at plants, mainly from the plant systems analyses conducted for a fire PRA.
05•02307 Carbon emission coefficient of power consumption in India: baseline determination from the demand side Nag, B. and Parikh, J. K. Energy Policy, 2005, 33, (6), 777 786. Substantial investments are expected in the Indian power sector u n d e r the flexibility m e c h a n i s m s (CDM/JI) laid down in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol. In this context it is i m p o r t a n t to evolve a detailed framework for baseline construction in the power sector so as to incorporate the major factors that would affect the baseline values directly or indirectly. It is also i m p o r t a n t to establish carbon coefficients from electricity generation to help consider accurate project b o u n d a r i e s for n u m e r o u s electricity conservation and D S M schemes. The objective of this paper is to provide (i) time series estimates of indirect carbon emissions per unit of power c o n s u m p t i o n (which can also be t h o u g h t of as emission coefficient of power consumption) and (ii) baseline emissions for the power sector till 2015. A n n u a l time series data on Indian electricity g e n e r a t i n g industry, for 1974 1998, has been used to develop emission projections till 2015. The impacts of g e n e r a t i o n mix, fuel efficiency, transmission and distribution losses and auxiliary consumption are studied in a Divisia decomposition framework and their possible future impacts on baseline emissions are studied through three scenarios of growth in power consumption. The study also estimates and projects the carbon emission coefficient per unit of final consumption of electricity that can be used for conducting cost benefit of emission reduction potential for several electricity conserving technologies and b e n c h m a r k i n g policy models.
05•02308 Comparison of subtransmission system reliability worth for diverse systems by including health considerations Goel, L. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2005, 74, (1), 65 72.
14
HEAT PUMPS
05•02305 Performance of multi-functional domestic heatpump system Ji, J. et al. Applied Energy, 2005, 80, (3), 307 326. The working principles and the basic features of a multi-functional domestic h e a t - p u m p ( M D H P ) system are introduced in this paper. Comparatively, the system can provide much better energy performance and higher e q u i p m e n t utilization t h r o u g h o u t a year, causes less t h e r m a l pollution than the h e a t - p u m p water heater and the domestic air-conditioner. A prototype m o d e l of the M D H P system was assembled and its operation performance was tested. The results indicated that the new system can save energy through multi-duties, and can work stably u n d e r prolonged operation in regions having mildwinter temperatures. A numerical m o d e l of the system was also developed, and calibrated by the e x p e r i m e n t a l data. The n u m e r i c a l m o d e l was found robust and accurate in predicting the e q u i p m e n t operation, and therefore can be applied to evaluate the system's performance u n d e r a spectrum of working e n v i r o n m e n t and alternative e q u i p m e n t designs.
336
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 2005
The f u n d a m e n t a l concepts associated with quantitative reliability assessment of electric power systems are reasonably well established and accepted by the power industry. The evaluation of the costs and benefits of competing investments has now b e c o m e a standard practice in power system planning. In order to m a k e a consistent appraisal of economics and reliability, it is imperative to compare the i n v e s t m e n t cost n e e d e d to attain a specified level of reliability with the reliability worth or benefits derived by the society at that level of system reliability. C u s t o m e r i n t e r r u p t i o n costs, which serve as surrogates for the perceived worth of supply reliability, have been d e t e r m i n e d for several jurisdictions, areas, provinces, and countries as diverse as Canada, U n i t e d Kingdom, Nepal, and Thailand, a m o n g others. This paper extends the well-being framework to include the societal worth of electric service reliability in subtransmission systems associated with the above four countries/systems. Systems well-being is defined in terms of the three system states of healthy, marginal, and at risk, thus combining the deterministic and probabilistic approaches into a single framework. The main objective of the p a p e r is to present results of reliability worth indices of expected cost of interruptions (ECOST) and i n t e r r u p t e d energy a s s e s s m e n t rate ( I E A R ) , for both the healthy and at risk states in the well-being framework. The concepts associated with