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02363ME1 — marine energy extraction: tidal resource analysis
13 Alternative energy supplies (others, including economics) developmental vision for sustainable energy systems based on locally available natural resources, and facilitate a transition of national energy and environmental policies towards sustainability.
06/02361 Initial evaluation of tidal stream energy resources at Portland Bill, UK Blunden, L. S. and Bahaj, A. S. Renewable Energy, 2006, 31, (2). 121 132. Portland Bill (Dorset, UK) is a promising site for tidal stream energy exploitation; it combines high tidal stream velocities around the headland with a location closer to population centres than other proposed sites. To better estimate available energy resources at the site. a two-dimensional tidally driven hydrodynamic numerical model of Portland Bill was developed using the TI~Lt~MAC system, with validation using tidal elevation measurements and tidal stream diamonds from Admiralty charts. The results of the model were used to produce a time series of the tidal stream velocity over the simulation period and may be used in future work to optimize the location of turbine arrays at the site.
06/02362 Inserting renewable fuels and technologies for transport in Mexico city metropolitan area Manzini, F. International Journal qf Itydrogen Energy, 2006, 31, (3), 327 335. This article describes three future scenarios for the potential reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and associated costs when biogenic ethanol blends and oxygenates are substituted for gasoline, and hybrid, flex fuel and fuel cell technologies are introduced in passenger automobiles (including pickups and sport-utility vehicles) in the densely populated Mexico city metropolitan area (MCMA), analysed up to the year 2030. A reference scenario is constructed in which most automobiles are driven by internal combustion engines (ICE) fuelled by gasoline. In the first alternative scenario (ALT1), hybrid electric-ICE gasoline-fuelled cars are introduced in 2006. In the same year, ethyl tertiary butyl ether is introduced as a replacement for methyl tertiary butyl ether oxygenate for gasoline. In the second alternative scenario (ALT2), in addition to the changes introduced in ALT1, flex fuel ICE technology fuelled by E85 is introduced in 2008 and electric motor vehicles driven by direct ethanol fuel cells fuelled by El00 in 2013. A comparison between the reference and alternate scenarios shows that while the total number of vehicles is the same in each scenario, energy consumption decreases by 9% (ALT1) and 17% (ALT2), the total non-biogenic carbon dioxide emissions drop by 15% (ALT1) and 34% (ALT2), carbon dioxide mitigation cost is 140.14 US$1997/ton carbon dioxide (ALT2), and ALT1 has savings and is considered a 'no regrets' scenario.
06/02363 analysis
as the world's first offshore wave energy converter. The prototype is fully equipped with hydro turbines and automatic control systems, and is instrumented in order to monitor power production, wave climate, forces in mooring lines, stresses in the structure and movements of the Wave Dragon. In the period May 2003 to January 2005 an extensive measuring program has been carried out, establishing the background for optimal design of the structure and regulation of the power take off system. Planning for deployment of a 4 MW power production unit in the Atlantic by 2007 is in progress.
06/02365 Re-assessment of woodfuel supply and demand relationships in Kampong Thorn Province, Cambodia Top, N. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2006, 30, (2), 134-143. This study re-examined a previously published relationship between supply and demand for woodfuel at different spatial scales within Kampong Thorn Province, Cambodia. Three different scales were considered. The first was the whole area of the province. The second scale calculated village-scale data in zones of 1, 3, and 5 km from each village and then aggregated for all villages of the province. The third scale also calculated data for the three zones at the village-scale, but the data were then aggregated according to three regional groupings based on population density and forest availability. When evaluating woodfuel supply, biomass increment was excluded of trees with diameter larger than 30 cm because it was found that local people rarely collect trees larger than 30 cm for fuel. On the demand side, dead wood. which was included in the previous assessment, and woodfuel obtained from non-forest sources were excluded to enable comparison of supply and demand that related only to living trees originating from forests. The re-assessment revealed large decreases in both supply and demand at each scale as compared with the previous assessment; supply reduced by 46% and demand by 36% at the whole province scale. However, the ratios of supply to demand at each scale examined were very similar for both assessments. This re-assessment therefore supports the previous findings: there is a deficiency in woodfuel resources in areas of high population density along the main road due to high woodfuel demand and a predominance of agricultural land and regrowth forest in close proximity to villages. This study underscores the usefulness of taking detailed woodfuel consumption patterns into account when assessing the impact of woodfuel demand on forests. For a more accurate assessment on the sustainability of woodfuel resources and utilization, further research is needed to project future woodfuel demand, not only for green wood from forested sources, but also for dead wood and woodfuel from nonforested sources.
ME1 - marine energy extraction: tidal resource
Bryden, I. G. and Couch, S. J. Renewable Energy, 2006, 31, (2). 133 139. This paper outlines some of the issues that need to be considered when analysing the extraction potential of a tidal current resource. Site selection is not a simple case of identifying an energetic site with an appropriately large peak tidal current. The characteristics of the current throughout the lunar tidal cycle must be considered. Furthermore. implicit in such an analysis is the assumption that the local tidal flow conditions will not be significantly altered by the energy extraction process itself. For high extraction rates, the general validity of this assumption is questionable. The influence of energy extraction upon the underlying hydraulic nature of the tidal environment must be considered. Analysis based upon open channel flow theory demonstrates that energy extraction in a simple channel driven by static head differences can have a significant upstream and downstream effect. This suggests that the environmental impact of energy extraction is not necessarily restricted to the immediate area around the extraction site. It also suggests that there is potential for the process of energy extraction to either diminish or even enhance the available resource at a particular site. Further research is required and is ongoing in this area. In the case examined, the limits to exploitation are shown to be inexact. However, a useful approximate guideline for resource analysis would be that 10% of the raw energy flux produced by the tide can be extracted without causing undue modification to the flow characteristics.
06•02364 Prototype testing of the wave energy converter wave dragon Kofoed, J. P. et al. Renewable Energy, 2006. 31, (2), 181-189. The Wave Dragon is an offshore wave energy converter of the overtopping type. It consists of two wave reflectors focusing the incoming waves towards a ramp, a reservoir for collecting the overtopping water and a number of hydro turbines for converting the pressure head into power. In the period from 1998 to 2001 extensive wave tank testing on a scale model was carried at Aalborg University. Then, a 57 × 27 m wide and 237 tonnes heavy (incl. ballast) prototype of the Wave Dragon, placed in Nissum Bredning, Denmark, was grid connected in May 2003
06•02366 Renewable energy policies in Turkey Kaya, D. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2006, 10, (2), 152163. Achieving solution to environmental problems faced today requires long-term potential actions for sustainable development. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions. Although, Turkey has substantial reserves of renewable energy resources, actual utilization of these resources are quite low. The aim of this study is to investigate the renewable energy policies and the political organizations that shape these policies. In these concept, The renewable energy potential of Turkey, the effective utilization of this potential, the energy politics, the political organizations, incentive, pricing and buying mechanisms, research and development studies, barriers for development of renewable energy are investigated in this paper. In conclusion, proposals and recommendations are given to overcome the problems.
06/02367 barriers
Renewable energy: externality costs as market
Owen, A. D. Energy Polio:v, 2006, 34, (5). 632-642. This paper addresses the impact of environmentally based market failure constraints on the adoption of renewable energy technologies through the quantification in financial terms of the externalities of electric power generation, for a range of alternative commercial and almost-commercial technologies. It is shown that estimates of damage costs resulting from combustion of fossil fuels, if internalized into the price of the resulting output of electricity, could lead to a number of renewable technologies being financially competitive with generation from coal plants. However, combined cycle natural gas technology would have a significant financial advantage over both coal and renewables under current technology options and market conditions. On the basis of cost projections made under the assumption of mature technologies and the existence of economies of scale, renewable technologies would possess a significant social cost advantage if the externalities of power production were to be 'internalized'. Incorporating environmental externalities explicitly into the electricity tariff today would serve to hasten this transition process.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 2006
359
06/02361 Initial evaluation of tidal stream energy resources at Portland Bill, UK Blunden, L. S. and Bahaj, A. S. Renewable Energy, 2006, 31, (2). 121 132. Portland Bill (Dorset, UK) is a promising site for tidal stream energy exploitation; it combines high tidal stream velocities around the headland with a location closer to population centres than other proposed sites. To better estimate available energy resources at the site. a two-dimensional tidally driven hydrodynamic numerical model of Portland Bill was developed using the TI~Lt~MAC system, with validation using tidal elevation measurements and tidal stream diamonds from Admiralty charts. The results of the model were used to produce a time series of the tidal stream velocity over the simulation period and may be used in future work to optimize the location of turbine arrays at the site.
06/02362 Inserting renewable fuels and technologies for transport in Mexico city metropolitan area Manzini, F. International Journal qf Itydrogen Energy, 2006, 31, (3), 327 335. This article describes three future scenarios for the potential reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and associated costs when biogenic ethanol blends and oxygenates are substituted for gasoline, and hybrid, flex fuel and fuel cell technologies are introduced in passenger automobiles (including pickups and sport-utility vehicles) in the densely populated Mexico city metropolitan area (MCMA), analysed up to the year 2030. A reference scenario is constructed in which most automobiles are driven by internal combustion engines (ICE) fuelled by gasoline. In the first alternative scenario (ALT1), hybrid electric-ICE gasoline-fuelled cars are introduced in 2006. In the same year, ethyl tertiary butyl ether is introduced as a replacement for methyl tertiary butyl ether oxygenate for gasoline. In the second alternative scenario (ALT2), in addition to the changes introduced in ALT1, flex fuel ICE technology fuelled by E85 is introduced in 2008 and electric motor vehicles driven by direct ethanol fuel cells fuelled by El00 in 2013. A comparison between the reference and alternate scenarios shows that while the total number of vehicles is the same in each scenario, energy consumption decreases by 9% (ALT1) and 17% (ALT2), the total non-biogenic carbon dioxide emissions drop by 15% (ALT1) and 34% (ALT2), carbon dioxide mitigation cost is 140.14 US$1997/ton carbon dioxide (ALT2), and ALT1 has savings and is considered a 'no regrets' scenario.
06/02363 analysis
as the world's first offshore wave energy converter. The prototype is fully equipped with hydro turbines and automatic control systems, and is instrumented in order to monitor power production, wave climate, forces in mooring lines, stresses in the structure and movements of the Wave Dragon. In the period May 2003 to January 2005 an extensive measuring program has been carried out, establishing the background for optimal design of the structure and regulation of the power take off system. Planning for deployment of a 4 MW power production unit in the Atlantic by 2007 is in progress.
06/02365 Re-assessment of woodfuel supply and demand relationships in Kampong Thorn Province, Cambodia Top, N. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2006, 30, (2), 134-143. This study re-examined a previously published relationship between supply and demand for woodfuel at different spatial scales within Kampong Thorn Province, Cambodia. Three different scales were considered. The first was the whole area of the province. The second scale calculated village-scale data in zones of 1, 3, and 5 km from each village and then aggregated for all villages of the province. The third scale also calculated data for the three zones at the village-scale, but the data were then aggregated according to three regional groupings based on population density and forest availability. When evaluating woodfuel supply, biomass increment was excluded of trees with diameter larger than 30 cm because it was found that local people rarely collect trees larger than 30 cm for fuel. On the demand side, dead wood. which was included in the previous assessment, and woodfuel obtained from non-forest sources were excluded to enable comparison of supply and demand that related only to living trees originating from forests. The re-assessment revealed large decreases in both supply and demand at each scale as compared with the previous assessment; supply reduced by 46% and demand by 36% at the whole province scale. However, the ratios of supply to demand at each scale examined were very similar for both assessments. This re-assessment therefore supports the previous findings: there is a deficiency in woodfuel resources in areas of high population density along the main road due to high woodfuel demand and a predominance of agricultural land and regrowth forest in close proximity to villages. This study underscores the usefulness of taking detailed woodfuel consumption patterns into account when assessing the impact of woodfuel demand on forests. For a more accurate assessment on the sustainability of woodfuel resources and utilization, further research is needed to project future woodfuel demand, not only for green wood from forested sources, but also for dead wood and woodfuel from nonforested sources.
ME1 - marine energy extraction: tidal resource
Bryden, I. G. and Couch, S. J. Renewable Energy, 2006, 31, (2). 133 139. This paper outlines some of the issues that need to be considered when analysing the extraction potential of a tidal current resource. Site selection is not a simple case of identifying an energetic site with an appropriately large peak tidal current. The characteristics of the current throughout the lunar tidal cycle must be considered. Furthermore. implicit in such an analysis is the assumption that the local tidal flow conditions will not be significantly altered by the energy extraction process itself. For high extraction rates, the general validity of this assumption is questionable. The influence of energy extraction upon the underlying hydraulic nature of the tidal environment must be considered. Analysis based upon open channel flow theory demonstrates that energy extraction in a simple channel driven by static head differences can have a significant upstream and downstream effect. This suggests that the environmental impact of energy extraction is not necessarily restricted to the immediate area around the extraction site. It also suggests that there is potential for the process of energy extraction to either diminish or even enhance the available resource at a particular site. Further research is required and is ongoing in this area. In the case examined, the limits to exploitation are shown to be inexact. However, a useful approximate guideline for resource analysis would be that 10% of the raw energy flux produced by the tide can be extracted without causing undue modification to the flow characteristics.
06•02364 Prototype testing of the wave energy converter wave dragon Kofoed, J. P. et al. Renewable Energy, 2006. 31, (2), 181-189. The Wave Dragon is an offshore wave energy converter of the overtopping type. It consists of two wave reflectors focusing the incoming waves towards a ramp, a reservoir for collecting the overtopping water and a number of hydro turbines for converting the pressure head into power. In the period from 1998 to 2001 extensive wave tank testing on a scale model was carried at Aalborg University. Then, a 57 × 27 m wide and 237 tonnes heavy (incl. ballast) prototype of the Wave Dragon, placed in Nissum Bredning, Denmark, was grid connected in May 2003
06•02366 Renewable energy policies in Turkey Kaya, D. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2006, 10, (2), 152163. Achieving solution to environmental problems faced today requires long-term potential actions for sustainable development. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions. Although, Turkey has substantial reserves of renewable energy resources, actual utilization of these resources are quite low. The aim of this study is to investigate the renewable energy policies and the political organizations that shape these policies. In these concept, The renewable energy potential of Turkey, the effective utilization of this potential, the energy politics, the political organizations, incentive, pricing and buying mechanisms, research and development studies, barriers for development of renewable energy are investigated in this paper. In conclusion, proposals and recommendations are given to overcome the problems.
06/02367 barriers
Renewable energy: externality costs as market
Owen, A. D. Energy Polio:v, 2006, 34, (5). 632-642. This paper addresses the impact of environmentally based market failure constraints on the adoption of renewable energy technologies through the quantification in financial terms of the externalities of electric power generation, for a range of alternative commercial and almost-commercial technologies. It is shown that estimates of damage costs resulting from combustion of fossil fuels, if internalized into the price of the resulting output of electricity, could lead to a number of renewable technologies being financially competitive with generation from coal plants. However, combined cycle natural gas technology would have a significant financial advantage over both coal and renewables under current technology options and market conditions. On the basis of cost projections made under the assumption of mature technologies and the existence of economies of scale, renewable technologies would possess a significant social cost advantage if the externalities of power production were to be 'internalized'. Incorporating environmental externalities explicitly into the electricity tariff today would serve to hasten this transition process.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 2006
359