02685 The international petroleum industry—competition, structural change and allocation of oil surplus

02

Effect of coatinqs resistant to sulfur compounds in 97ltl2672 an oil refinery Hs. Noegroho Hadi Lem baron Puhl. Lemi~as, 1996, 30, (l), 41-44 (In Indonesian) Due to retained contaminants in metals pores, coatings systems consisting of vinyls, epoxy and coal tarepoxy combination used on steel may not be successful on steel previously subjected to sulfide attack. The attack in sewers is mostly the result of biological reduction of sulfates to sulfuric acid by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB). Many problems occur in coating concrete, including cracks, joints and surface contamination. PVC lining of concrete is a possible solution. Inorganic zinc gives good results and helps overcome the sulfide reactions on steel. Effect of modifier Pd metal on hydrocracking of 97102673 polyaromatic compounds over Ni-loaded Y-type zeolite and its application as hydrodesulfurization catalyst Wada. T. er nl. Catal. Today, 1996, 31, (l-2), 113-120. The paper describes the hydrocracking of polycyclic aromatics was conducted at 325-350” and 30-70 kg/cm’ HL for O-l h in the presence of nickel-loaded, palladium-loaded, and nickel- and palladium-co-loaded Ytype zeolite catalysts. Pd-Ni-Y catalyst had the highest activity toward hydrocracking of phenanthrene and pyrene. Modification of NiY catalyst by addition of Pd was effective in enhancing activity. Due to its high hydrocracking ability, the PdNiY catalyst was also applied to hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene at 300°C which resulted in complete conversion of dibenzothiophene. The catalysts can be applied in the refining or processing of coal tar. Evaluation of MO catalyst precursors 97102674 treating coal derived liquids Anderson, R. K. el al. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot., Dil;. Fuel 42, (I), 132-136. Catalysts with similar activities for hydrotreatment of coal given by three molybdenum precursors. Presulfiding was not high catalytic activity. Simulated recycle experiments showed sion was reduced. Fischer-Tropsch comes back 97102675 Parkinson. G. Chrm. Eug., 1997, 104. (4). 39-41,

for

hydro-

Chew.,

1997,

liquids were necessary for that conver-

170.

Liquid

fuels

(economics,

business,

marketing,

policyl

97102679 Processing of coal based benzol by hydrorefining and extractive distillation route to meet the emerging challenge from petrobased benzene-an overview Basu, D. K. and Bhattacharya, C. Fuel Sci. Techwl., 1995, 14, (2),47-S3. Unrestricted import of benzene following the liberalization of economic policy has resulted in stiff competition for the coal-based benzene produced in SAIL steel plants, through conventional acid washing route, from the imported petroleum grade benzene as well as existing domestic competition. This is mainly due to inferior quality of coal-based benzene compared to the petroleum grade. State-of-the-art hydrorefining and extractive distillation technique is therefore essential to improve the quality of the product comparable to petroleum grade product to sustain the market requirement. This will also improve the existing plant performance with respect to product yield, process control, plant maintenance, abatement of pollution problem, etc. The salient features of hydrorefining and extractive distillation process and its inherent advantages over acid washing route are discussed. This is supported by the operating experience in the first and only such unit in operation at Visakhapatnam. 97102680 Slurry Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in China., Zhao. Y. ef al. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot.. Div. Fuel Chem., 1997, 42, (2). 616-622.

Economics,

Business,

Marketing,

Policy

97102681 Demand for oil products in the GCC countries Al-faris, A.-r. F. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (1), 55-61. This study was undertaken with the objective of estimating the price and income elasticities of oil products demand in the GCC countries. Annual data spanning the period 1970-1991 were fitted to a partial adjustment model to obtain the estimates. The main finding of the study is that both price and income are relatively inelastic in the short-run, and there has been a great variation in these elasticities among fuels and cross-country. DOE indirect coal liquefaction-and opportunities 97102682 for its early commercialization Shen, J.el al. Prepr. Pap.-m. Chem. Sot., Dir,. Facl Chem. 1997, 42. (2). 583-585.

Heat treatment of heavy oils with waste plastics for 9?/026?6 production of light products Takada, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP G&337,782 [96,337,782] (Cl. ClOG47/34), 24 Dee 1996, Appl. 951167,041, 9 Jun 1995, 5 pp. (In Japanese) The process comprises mixing petroleum and/or coal-based heavy oils and waste plastics and heating them under non-oxidizing atmospheres at 350460 C. The atmospheres may contain 2 I gases selected from N, Ar, He, and hydrocarbons. Low cost and high safety are combined in this process and it is especially suitable for recycling waste plastics. Microbial production of surfactants and their com97102677 mercial potential Desai, J. D. rl al. Mim-ohiol Mol Biol Rev. 1997, 61, (l), 47-64. Biosurfactants are more effective, selective, environmentally friendly, and stable than many synthetic surfactants. Rapid and reliable methods for screening and selection of biosurfactant-producing microorganisms and evaluation of their activity have been developed. Commercialization of biosurfactants in the cosmetic, food, health care, pulp and paper processing, coal, ceramic, and metal industries has been proposed. However, the most promising applications are cleaning of oil-contaminated tankers, oil spill management, transportation of heavy crude oil, enhanced oil recovery, recovery of crude oil from sludge, and bioremediation of sites contaminated with hydrocarbons, heavy metals. and other pollutants. Future research and potential applications are discussed. Prediction 97102678 derived liquids Marano, J. J. and Holder,

of bulk properties G. D.

Ind.

of Fischer-Tropsch

DOE indirect coal liquefaction programs are reviewed, i.e. slurry phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, liquid-phase di-Me ether synthesis, and the production of oxygenates and chemicals based on coal-derived synthesis gas. 97102683 An economic study for the co-generation of liquid fuel and hydrogen from coal and municipal solid waste Warren, A. and El-Halwagi, M. Fuel Process. Tech&., 1996. 49, (I-3). 157-166. Based on the incorporation recent experimental data on plastic/coal liquefaction within a conceptual process framework, the technical and economic feasibility of a new process for co-liquefaction of coal and plastic wastes was reported. A preliminary design was developed for two process configurations. The configurations use different sources of hydrogen: one uses coal the other cellulosic waste. Plastic waste amounting to 720 tons per day was co-liquefied with an equivalent amount of coal weight, producing hydrocarbon gases, naphtha, jet fuel, and diesel fuel. Material and energy balances along with plant-wide simulation were conducted. In addition, data on plastic waste availability, disposal, and economics were compiled. The results from the economic analysis identified profitability criteria for gross profit and return on investment based on variable conversion, yield. and tipping fee for plastic waste processed. 97102684 Future prospects Avidan, A. A. Circ. Fluid. Beds, 1997, 568-577. Edited by Grace, J. R. (‘I al., Glasgow, UK. This paper discusses Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and ultra-short contact time fluid-particle reactors are discussed with respect to future prospects of circulating fluidized beds.

Eng. Chem. Res., 1997, 36, (6).

2409-2420.

To predict the bulk properties of liquid mixtures derived from the FischerTropsch synthesis, asymptotic behaviour correlations based on the properties of pure n-paraffins are used. Comparisons are made with literature data for congealing point, density.specific heat, viscosity, thermal condition. and surface tension. Mixture property predictions are based on appropriate average carbon numbers. and on a general property mixing rule. Both ideal and non-ideal solution behaviour are exhibited. For the non-ideal propermixing rules are proposed and ties, viscosity and surface tension, parameters regressed to obtain reasonable agreement with mixture data. Property estimates based on the appropriate average carbon number are probably sufficient for most engineering applications. Methods are outlined for estimating different carbon-number averages based on congealing- and melting-point, density, and the Anderson-Schulz-Flory distribution when the carbon number distribution of the mixture is not available.

97102685 The international petroleum industry-competition, structural change and allocation of oil surplus Baddour, J. W. Energy Poiic)?, 25, (2), 143-157. This paper aims to show that the world oil industry has gone through three successive stages in the evolution of marginal production costs over the last 30 years. This corresponds to three different organizations of the market: the majors order (1929-73), the OPEC order (1974-86) and the consumercountries order (1986 to the present). These orders all differ as far as organization of ccjmpetition or the conditions of oil surplus distribution are concerned. By provoking a break with industrial structure and the established balance of power between actors, it seems that each successive reversal in the evolution of the production costs’ trend results in an oil crisis, and subsequent backlash. In turn, these appear to change the organizational dynamics of the industry.

Fuel and Energy Abstracts

July 1997

221

Impact of pay-at-the-pump 97102686 hanced vehicle fuel efficiency

on safety

through

en-

Khazzoom. J. D. T/re Enera Journal, 1997. IX, (3) 103-133. The paper investigates Pay-at-the-Pump (PATP). a proposal for replacing the lump-sum payment of auto insurance by a system of surcharge on gasoline price. This study examines the main argument made against PATP, namely that by stimulating the demand for fuel-efficient vehicles, PATP results in a drastic deterioration in highway safety. The study finds the evidence does not support this argument. Furthermore, if PATP does indeed result in a substantially accelerated replacement of older vehicles with more fuel-efficient ones. the introduction of PATP may also he expected to result in a substantially safer fleet of vehicles.

Opportunities 97102687 indirect liquefaction Gray. D. and Tomlinson.

G.

for early commercial

deployment

Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem.

Liquid Fuels

Activity of noble metal-promoted hydroprocessing 97102688 catalysts for pyridine HDN and naphthalene hydrogenation Fuel Process. Tech&., 1996, 49, (l-3), 137-155. Joo, H. S. and Guin, J. A. The paper examines the effects of Pt, Ru, and 11 promotion on three commercial AIZOj-supported catalysts (NiMo, CoMo, and NiW) were examined using pyridine and naphthalene model compounds. This was conducted to investigate the hydrodenitrogenation and ring hydrogenation reactions, respectively, in the upgrading of coal and coal-waste coprocessing liquids for the removal of heteroatoms. For pyridine hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), the activity of the sulfided catalysts was better than that of the oxide forms. For sulfided forms of NiMo, all noble metals tested improved HDN activity. The activity of CoMo was improved by Pt and Ir, whereas NiW was not improved by any noble metals promotion. For ring the Pt-promoted catalysts were hydrogenation (HYD) of naphthalene, more active than the original catalysts in the oxide forms, whereas the activities of both catalysts were similar after sulfidation. However, a distinct advantage for ring HYD in the presence of N, the P&promoted catalysts was exhibited.

Alternate 97102689 and waste plastics

fuels from the co-liquefaction

of coal, oil,

Comolli, A. G. et al. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. SW., Div. Fuel Chem., 1997, 42, (2), 736-740. Feed conversion and C1-52-1 distillate yields are substantially improved by the coprocessing of waste plastic, petroleum vacuum residue, and coal. The presence of waste plastic in the feed increases H efficiency as both H consumption and C,_? gas yields decrease.

Catalytic degradation lene over silica-alumina supports

97102690

of medium density

polyethy-

Ochoa, R. et al. Fuel Process. Tech&., 1996, 49, (l-3), 119-136. The preparation of a series of amorphous silica-alumina catalysts with similar surface areas was carried out using soluble-gel chemistry. The paper presents the role of catalyst acidity on the distribution and quality of the products obtained from the degradation of medium-density polyethylene and bi-benzyl for reaction with and without a hydrogen-donor solvent. The production of oils from the conversion of MDPE correlated with the Bronsted acidity and not with the total acidity of the catalysts. The presence of the hydrogen-donor solvent inhibited the activity of the catalysts and led to an increase in the molecular weight of the oils. The co-processingliquefaction of coal with waste plastics over an acidic catalyst can benefit from these results. 97102691

composition

Chromatographic-mass-spectrometric of coal-derived oil P. B. et ul. Woks Khim., 1996, (9). 23-25.

study of the

Kadychagov, (In Russian) The chemical composition of commercial coal-derived oil used for impregnation of wooden railroad ties, was determined by a gas chomatography mass spectroscopic study. The main components of the oil were henzoquinolines, phenanthrenes, anthracenes, quinolines, naphthalenes, and phenols, as well as heteroatom compounds. The evaluation of possible environmental impact related to the use of coal-derived oils can be enhanced with the results of this study.

97102692

Co-pyrolysis

of lignites with oil-products

Mustafaev, 1. et al. Changing Scopes Miner. Process., Proc. lnt. Miner. Process. Symp 6rh, 1996, 481-484. Edited by Kemal, M. B., Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Co-pyrolysis was studied of binary systems of Yenikoy lignites with pentadecane and oil fractions under accelerated electrons at 3X-500°C I-10 kW!kg accelerated electron beam feed rate, and S-30 min reaction time. Under optimum conditions, up to 58% of cleaned lignite is converted into liquid and gaseous products. The paper also discussed a mechanism of hydrogen redistribution between the components under an accelerated electron beam.

222

Fuel and Energy Abstracts

July 1997

Coal liquefaction

by hydrogen-donor

solvent

Kawahata, M. rl al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 0X,302.357 [96,.X)2,357] (Cl. ClOGl106). 19 Nov 1996, Appl. 951116,038, 15 May 1995. 18 pp. (In Japanese) Pulverized coal is mixed with a H-donor solvent and catalysts to form a slurry. which is then reacted with a reducing gas in a hydroliquefaction reactor under high-temperature and high-pressure. The liquefied product is then distilled to obtain a mixture (A) containing light oil and middle distillates. and (B) containing heavy oil and residues. The mixtures were subject to vacuum distillation to recover heavy oils, which were then reformed hy hydrogenation to recover the H-donor solvent for recycling into the feed stream. Operation cost is reduced and light oil quality improved by this method.

of

1997,42. (2), 677-679.

Derived

97102693

97102694 Design and economics of a Fischer-Tropsch plant for converting natural gas to liquid transportation fuels Choi, G. N. er ul. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1997, 42, (2). 667-671. Considerable interest has been noted in the development of an economic process for the conversion of natural gas to liquid transportation fuels. The commercialization of many remote natural gas fields which are not now viable would be facilitated by such a process. Under DOE sponsorship. a conceptual plant design, cost and economics were developed for a grassroots plant using Fischer-Tropsch technology to produce about 45,000 hhls: day of liquid transportation fuels from 410 MMSCFiday of natural gas. The natural gas is converted to synthesis gas via a combination of non-catalytic partial oxidation and steam reforming. This synthesis gas is then converted to liquid hydrocarbons in a two-stage. Fischer-Tropsch slurry-bed reactor system. The Fischer-Tropsch wax and liquid hydrocarbons are upgraded to high quality naphtha and diesel blending stocks by conventional petroleum refinery processes. Economics are dependent on both plant and natural gas cost\. At a location where construction costs are equivalent to the US Gulf coast and natural gas costs are low, this plant can he competitive at today’s crude oil prices.

97102695 Effect of metallurgical wastes on hydrogenation of slightly metamorphosed coals Osipov, A. M. er al. Khrm. T\,erd. Top/., 1996. (5). 64-71). (In Russian) A brown, a high-volatile hituminous and a high-sulfur rubhituminous coal were hydrogenated in Tetralin in the presence of metallurgical and galvantzation wastes. The papre descihcs a relationship discovered hrtween the catalytic effect of wastes and their chemical and phase composition. a\ well as the properties and composition of coals. A hypothc\i\ that hematite is more catalytical!y active than magnetite was proposed. Coal convcr\ion and the yield of ltghter fractions of liquid products were affected hy the wastes.

97102696 Effect of reaction parameters and catalyst type on waste plastics liquefaction and coprocessing with coal Luo, M. and Curtis. C. W. Fud Process, Techrd.. 1996, IS. (l-3), l77196. An evaluation of the effect of reaction conditions and catalyst type on the liquefaction behaviour of model waste plastics and on the co-processing of model waste plastics with coal. Individual model plastics and mixtures of these plastics were catalytically reacted at 300-440 C and 5.6 MPa initial H2 pressure with fluid catalytic cracking catalysts and zeolite HZSM.5. For all three catalysts, the linear aliphatic solvents were the most effective for solvating the cracked polymer products and promoting higher conversions. Highest conversion was obtained by the co-processing reactions of the ba\e plastics mixture with coal when they were reacted catalytically without a solvent. Higher severity conditions were necessary to achieve equivalent conversions when a solvent was used.

97102697 Effect of structural alteration on the macromolecular properties of brown and bituminous coals, quantitative relationships to the hydrogenation reactivity with Tetralin Kuznetsov, P. N. Proc. Anmr. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1996. 13. (2). 1092-1097. The factor that governs the reactivity of hoth brown and hituminou\ coals for hydrogenation with Tetralin is the mobility of the macromolecular network.

97102698 Effectiveness of dispersed catalysts in hydrocracking a coal liquefaction extract: a screening study Zhang. S.-F. er rrl. Fuel, 1997, 76, (1). 39-49. The hydrocracking of a coal liquefaction extract in the presence ot several metal carbonyls, organometallic catalyst precursor\. and a mixture of fullerites is described. Hydrocracking conversions and product quality achieved from these materials were compared with the performance of a commercial presulfided NiMoiA120? catalyst. The structural characteristics of products prepared in the presence of the fulleritc mixture rugge\ted thi\ material offered no particular benefits. Furthermore, the results suggertcd the possibility of adduction of the fullerites to coal-derived materials. Small differences were observed hetween the activity of Mo-based catalyl\t precursors and the NiMo-supported catalyst in converting fraction\ ot boiling point ~450’ to lower-boiling fractions. It wa\ found that metal carhonyl catalyst precursors did not give s,ig,nificantly less gas production than presulfided NiMo. Although high acttvtty and better \clectt\ity wcrc