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03029 Solidification treatment of coal ashes in waste-waters from boiler flue gas desulfurization
08
Steam raising (borler operation/design)
Using micro-hydropower in the Zairian village 97103016 Thornbloom, M. ef al. Solar E‘ner&y, 1997. 59, (l-3), 75-81. The experience learned from the use of micro-hydro power at the village level is presented. Site evaluation procedure, financing methods, turbine fabrication, and site construction are discussed. Micro-hydro power provides a decentralized energy source for several of the energy-intensive tasks of villagers. Low-head, small volume hydro potential is common in the Zairian countryside. Over the past three decades, a religious NGO in the Ubangi and Mongala Subregions of northwest Zaire has been developing this small hydro potential as part of its technology transfer and village development program. Local materials and knowledge are used as much as possible in construction. Experiences gained from the construction of a 37(1 kW hydroelectric site, as well as building water wheels for water pumping has led to the construction of micro-hydro sites using locally made crossflow turbines. Four water wheel sites and six micro-hydro sites have been huilt.
08
STEAM RAISING Boiler Operation/Design
Apparatus for wet desulfurization of coal-fired 97103017 boiler flue gases Kawamura, K. and Ishige, A. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,299,754 (Y6,299,754] (Cl. BOlD53/50), 19 Nov 1996, Appl. 951127,359, 28 Apr 1995, 19 pp. (In Japanese) The apparatus is described fully. Cofiring wood waste and coal in cyclone boilers: 97103018 test results and prospectus Proc. Biomass Conf. Am.: Energy, Environ., Agric. Ind., Tilman, D. et al. Znd, 1995, 382-389. Potential reductions in fuel costs are offered by the co-firing of wood waste in coal-fired utility boilers. It could also support local economic development, and address environmental concerns ranging from NO, emissions to greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently. TVA and EPRI developed an extensive program initially involving case studies and calculations, and extending into the conduct of co-firing tests at Boiler #2 of the Allen Fossil Plant. During this test, measurements were made to evaluate the influence of co-firing on fuel preparation and handling, fuel management operations, boiler efficiencies and operating temperatures, and the formation and control of airborne emissions. The tests demonstrated the potential for significant technial, economic, and environmental benefits associated with wood co-firing. This paper reports on the results of the test programme to date, and it considers the implications of the results. 97103019 Combustion of Kansk-Achinsk coals in boilers and prospects for its future use Pronin, M. S. et al. Teploenergetika, 1996, (9), 7-12. (In Russian) The only types of boilers that can burn Kansk-Achinsk brown coals are E 500 and P 67. Both types of boilers operate under low-temperature combustion conditions. NO, emissions from an experimental boiler fired with these coals are lowered 50% by heating pulverized coal to 950°C prior to combustion. 97/03020 Desulfurization of combustion gases in fluidizedbed boilers Przvbvlski, L. Chem. Inz. Ekol., 1996, 3, (2). 267-278. (In Polish) The process of sulfur capture in bubbling’and circulating fluidized-bed boilers is outlined. The paper discusses the influence of basic construction and working parameters of fluidized-bed boilers on the sulfur capture efficiency. Details are provided concerning both the technology and the properties of the sorbent produced for circulating fluidized-bed boilers. Ecological effectiveness of staged combustion of 97/03021 Kuznetsk coal Arkhipov. A. M. et ul. Teploenergetika (Moscow), 1996, (9), 2-6. (In Russian) Ports for secondary and tertiary air supply (staged combustion) were installed to modernize a coal-fired boiler (BKZ 210.140FD). NO, emissions from the boiler were consequently reduced from 980-1140 to 453 mgim’. 97103022 Economic viability and design of a fully automated boiler operation at Central Azucarera Don Pedro Nicolas, D. F. Adv. Instrum. Conrrol., 1996, 51, (Pt. 2), 1389-1397. Process instruments and controls are discussed with a comparison of fully automated boiler operation with manually controlled combustion. Actual and potential problem areas of instruments in boiler operation were examined and corrective measures were recommended.
248
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1997
Evolutionary changes in furnace combustion con97103023 ditions which affect ash deposition in modern boilers Fitzgerald, D. Appl. Adv. Technol. Ash-Relat. Prohl. Boilem. /Proc. Eng. Found. Conf.]. 1995, (Pub. lY96), 27-39. Edited by Baxter, L. and DeSollar. R., Plenum, New York, NY. The results available for coal ash deposition prediction arc generally based upon conventional pulverized coal (PC) furnace designs, combustion systems, and fuels utilized over the last 40 years. Such conventional systems are being supplanted on some new units hy combustion systems designed to respond to recent changes in the market place. Details of these changes are provided. Some of the changes in the operation and design of new’ pulverized coal fired radiant utility furnaces which affect coal ash deposition are reported, including the following: (I) deep staging. suhstochiometric combustion; (2) rotating dynamic classifiers: (3) individual coal burner flame analysers; (4) world sourcing of coal supplies: (5) fully fired combined cycles, with and without pyrolysis; (6) pulsating combustion: (7) preheating of coal-air mixture upstream of burner nozzle. 97103024 Heat transfer optimization of a district heating system using search methods Baker, D. K. and Sherif, S. A. ln~. .I. Energy Res., March 1997. (21). (3), 233-252. This investigation aimed to find a method for optimizing the location ot satellite boilers based on eliminating high energy losses in the piping. The Jacksonville Air Station was used as a study model and a search method utilising a standard computer spreadsheet program was emplovcd to achieve this. Through this process, the optimum location or combination of locations of satellite boilers to maximize savings can he determined, A comparison between the annual cost of piping heat loss eliminated hy using satellite boilers with the additional annualised capital investment of satellite boiler installation is carried out. The article concludes that satellite hoilcr\ could save energy and costs if located in areas of high demand and at a long distance from the district heating plant. 97lO3025 Manufacture of boiler fuel by hydrogenation of Borodino-field brown coal in the presence of a molybdenum catalyst under a pressure of 6 MPa Yolin. M. K. et al. Khim. Tverd. Topl., 1996, (S), 48-56. (In Russian) A study of the conditions for the manufacture of low sulfur boiler fuel from brown coal. The product met requirements for petroleum residue (mazut)based boiler fuel. 97103026 Methane de-NOX process as a NO, reduction technology for stoker boilers Rabovitser, I. Proc. Annu. Int. Pirtshurgh Coal Conf., 1996, 13, (2). I.5051510. The most common NO, control technology utilized in stokers in the USA is selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) systems. The patented Methane de-NOX reburning process for stokers reduces NO, emissions to the levels set by current EPA regulations without increasing the levels of other undesirable emissions. In contrast to conventional rehurning, Methane deNOX injects natural gas is directly into the combustion zone ahove the grate. As a result a reduction of NO, formed in the coal hed can he observed and its formation is limited through decomposition of the NO, precursors to form molecular nitrogen rather than nitrogen oxides. The Methane de-NOX process was field tested at the Olmated County waste-to energy facility in Rochester, Minnesota, and at an incineration plant in Japan. About 60% NO, reduction and an increase in boiler efficiency were achieved. The stoker boiler at a 240 MW cogeneration plant in Richmond. Virginia achieved SO to 60% NO, reduction. 97103027 Optimization of conditions and systems for fuel oilfree firing-up of steam boilers Dering, I. S. et al. Izv. Vyssh. Uchehn. &wed. Energ. Oh’edin. SNG, Energ.. 1995, (5-6), 62-65. (In Russian) The development of a technological scheme for thermal pre-treatment of a coal dust-combustion air mixture during firing-up of hoilers is detailed. 97103028 A profile in environmental compliance-Birmingham’s coal-fired steam system Dambach, D. Distr. Energy, 1997, 82, (3). 15-19. Careful monitoring of opacity standards, SO2 and NO, levels, coal-handling procedures, ash-handling procedures and flue gas exhaust control, the coalfired Birmingham District Steam System has successfully met the most stringent emissions requirements. The system is evaluated. 97103029 Solidification treatment of coal ashes in wastewaters from boiler flue gas desulfurization Komuro, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09 29,0.58 [97 29.0.581 (Cl. BOlDS3150). 4 Feb 1997, Appl. 95/186,052, 21 Jul 1995. 6 pp. (In Japanese) In order to stabilize the desulfurization efficiency, the spent ahsorbing solution, especially from a desulfurization tower in treatment coal-fired boiler flue gases by wet-type limestone-gypsum method, is introduced into a concentrating chamber to reduce Cl concentration lO,OOO-40.000 ppm in a first stage, then contacted with raw flue gases to reduce the Cl ion concentration 40,000-200,000 ppm in a second stage, extruded wjith coal ashes, lime and/or cement to form pellets, and then dried.
Steam raising (borler operation/design)
Using micro-hydropower in the Zairian village 97103016 Thornbloom, M. ef al. Solar E‘ner&y, 1997. 59, (l-3), 75-81. The experience learned from the use of micro-hydro power at the village level is presented. Site evaluation procedure, financing methods, turbine fabrication, and site construction are discussed. Micro-hydro power provides a decentralized energy source for several of the energy-intensive tasks of villagers. Low-head, small volume hydro potential is common in the Zairian countryside. Over the past three decades, a religious NGO in the Ubangi and Mongala Subregions of northwest Zaire has been developing this small hydro potential as part of its technology transfer and village development program. Local materials and knowledge are used as much as possible in construction. Experiences gained from the construction of a 37(1 kW hydroelectric site, as well as building water wheels for water pumping has led to the construction of micro-hydro sites using locally made crossflow turbines. Four water wheel sites and six micro-hydro sites have been huilt.
08
STEAM RAISING Boiler Operation/Design
Apparatus for wet desulfurization of coal-fired 97103017 boiler flue gases Kawamura, K. and Ishige, A. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,299,754 (Y6,299,754] (Cl. BOlD53/50), 19 Nov 1996, Appl. 951127,359, 28 Apr 1995, 19 pp. (In Japanese) The apparatus is described fully. Cofiring wood waste and coal in cyclone boilers: 97103018 test results and prospectus Proc. Biomass Conf. Am.: Energy, Environ., Agric. Ind., Tilman, D. et al. Znd, 1995, 382-389. Potential reductions in fuel costs are offered by the co-firing of wood waste in coal-fired utility boilers. It could also support local economic development, and address environmental concerns ranging from NO, emissions to greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently. TVA and EPRI developed an extensive program initially involving case studies and calculations, and extending into the conduct of co-firing tests at Boiler #2 of the Allen Fossil Plant. During this test, measurements were made to evaluate the influence of co-firing on fuel preparation and handling, fuel management operations, boiler efficiencies and operating temperatures, and the formation and control of airborne emissions. The tests demonstrated the potential for significant technial, economic, and environmental benefits associated with wood co-firing. This paper reports on the results of the test programme to date, and it considers the implications of the results. 97103019 Combustion of Kansk-Achinsk coals in boilers and prospects for its future use Pronin, M. S. et al. Teploenergetika, 1996, (9), 7-12. (In Russian) The only types of boilers that can burn Kansk-Achinsk brown coals are E 500 and P 67. Both types of boilers operate under low-temperature combustion conditions. NO, emissions from an experimental boiler fired with these coals are lowered 50% by heating pulverized coal to 950°C prior to combustion. 97/03020 Desulfurization of combustion gases in fluidizedbed boilers Przvbvlski, L. Chem. Inz. Ekol., 1996, 3, (2). 267-278. (In Polish) The process of sulfur capture in bubbling’and circulating fluidized-bed boilers is outlined. The paper discusses the influence of basic construction and working parameters of fluidized-bed boilers on the sulfur capture efficiency. Details are provided concerning both the technology and the properties of the sorbent produced for circulating fluidized-bed boilers. Ecological effectiveness of staged combustion of 97/03021 Kuznetsk coal Arkhipov. A. M. et ul. Teploenergetika (Moscow), 1996, (9), 2-6. (In Russian) Ports for secondary and tertiary air supply (staged combustion) were installed to modernize a coal-fired boiler (BKZ 210.140FD). NO, emissions from the boiler were consequently reduced from 980-1140 to 453 mgim’. 97103022 Economic viability and design of a fully automated boiler operation at Central Azucarera Don Pedro Nicolas, D. F. Adv. Instrum. Conrrol., 1996, 51, (Pt. 2), 1389-1397. Process instruments and controls are discussed with a comparison of fully automated boiler operation with manually controlled combustion. Actual and potential problem areas of instruments in boiler operation were examined and corrective measures were recommended.
248
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1997
Evolutionary changes in furnace combustion con97103023 ditions which affect ash deposition in modern boilers Fitzgerald, D. Appl. Adv. Technol. Ash-Relat. Prohl. Boilem. /Proc. Eng. Found. Conf.]. 1995, (Pub. lY96), 27-39. Edited by Baxter, L. and DeSollar. R., Plenum, New York, NY. The results available for coal ash deposition prediction arc generally based upon conventional pulverized coal (PC) furnace designs, combustion systems, and fuels utilized over the last 40 years. Such conventional systems are being supplanted on some new units hy combustion systems designed to respond to recent changes in the market place. Details of these changes are provided. Some of the changes in the operation and design of new’ pulverized coal fired radiant utility furnaces which affect coal ash deposition are reported, including the following: (I) deep staging. suhstochiometric combustion; (2) rotating dynamic classifiers: (3) individual coal burner flame analysers; (4) world sourcing of coal supplies: (5) fully fired combined cycles, with and without pyrolysis; (6) pulsating combustion: (7) preheating of coal-air mixture upstream of burner nozzle. 97103024 Heat transfer optimization of a district heating system using search methods Baker, D. K. and Sherif, S. A. ln~. .I. Energy Res., March 1997. (21). (3), 233-252. This investigation aimed to find a method for optimizing the location ot satellite boilers based on eliminating high energy losses in the piping. The Jacksonville Air Station was used as a study model and a search method utilising a standard computer spreadsheet program was emplovcd to achieve this. Through this process, the optimum location or combination of locations of satellite boilers to maximize savings can he determined, A comparison between the annual cost of piping heat loss eliminated hy using satellite boilers with the additional annualised capital investment of satellite boiler installation is carried out. The article concludes that satellite hoilcr\ could save energy and costs if located in areas of high demand and at a long distance from the district heating plant. 97lO3025 Manufacture of boiler fuel by hydrogenation of Borodino-field brown coal in the presence of a molybdenum catalyst under a pressure of 6 MPa Yolin. M. K. et al. Khim. Tverd. Topl., 1996, (S), 48-56. (In Russian) A study of the conditions for the manufacture of low sulfur boiler fuel from brown coal. The product met requirements for petroleum residue (mazut)based boiler fuel. 97103026 Methane de-NOX process as a NO, reduction technology for stoker boilers Rabovitser, I. Proc. Annu. Int. Pirtshurgh Coal Conf., 1996, 13, (2). I.5051510. The most common NO, control technology utilized in stokers in the USA is selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) systems. The patented Methane de-NOX reburning process for stokers reduces NO, emissions to the levels set by current EPA regulations without increasing the levels of other undesirable emissions. In contrast to conventional rehurning, Methane deNOX injects natural gas is directly into the combustion zone ahove the grate. As a result a reduction of NO, formed in the coal hed can he observed and its formation is limited through decomposition of the NO, precursors to form molecular nitrogen rather than nitrogen oxides. The Methane de-NOX process was field tested at the Olmated County waste-to energy facility in Rochester, Minnesota, and at an incineration plant in Japan. About 60% NO, reduction and an increase in boiler efficiency were achieved. The stoker boiler at a 240 MW cogeneration plant in Richmond. Virginia achieved SO to 60% NO, reduction. 97103027 Optimization of conditions and systems for fuel oilfree firing-up of steam boilers Dering, I. S. et al. Izv. Vyssh. Uchehn. &wed. Energ. Oh’edin. SNG, Energ.. 1995, (5-6), 62-65. (In Russian) The development of a technological scheme for thermal pre-treatment of a coal dust-combustion air mixture during firing-up of hoilers is detailed. 97103028 A profile in environmental compliance-Birmingham’s coal-fired steam system Dambach, D. Distr. Energy, 1997, 82, (3). 15-19. Careful monitoring of opacity standards, SO2 and NO, levels, coal-handling procedures, ash-handling procedures and flue gas exhaust control, the coalfired Birmingham District Steam System has successfully met the most stringent emissions requirements. The system is evaluated. 97103029 Solidification treatment of coal ashes in wastewaters from boiler flue gas desulfurization Komuro, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09 29,0.58 [97 29.0.581 (Cl. BOlDS3150). 4 Feb 1997, Appl. 95/186,052, 21 Jul 1995. 6 pp. (In Japanese) In order to stabilize the desulfurization efficiency, the spent ahsorbing solution, especially from a desulfurization tower in treatment coal-fired boiler flue gases by wet-type limestone-gypsum method, is introduced into a concentrating chamber to reduce Cl concentration lO,OOO-40.000 ppm in a first stage, then contacted with raw flue gases to reduce the Cl ion concentration 40,000-200,000 ppm in a second stage, extruded wjith coal ashes, lime and/or cement to form pellets, and then dried.