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03168 Land use-cover change processes in highly biodiverse areas: the case of Oaxaca, Mexico
17 Energy (supplies, policy, economics, forecasts) 04/03164 Energy requirement and economic analysis of citrus production in Turkey Ozkan, B. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (l 1-12), 1821-1830. The aim of this research was to examine the energy requirements of the inputs and output in citrus production in the Antalya province of Turkey. Data for the production of citrus fruits (orange, lemon and mandarin) were collected from 105 citrus farms by using a face-to-face questionnaire method. The research results revealed that lemon production was the most energy intensive among the three fruits investigated. The energy input of chemical fertilizer (49.68%), mainly nitrogen, has the biggest share in the total energy inputs followed by diesel (30.79%). The lemon production consumed a total of 62 977.87 MJ/ha followed by orange and mandarin with 60 949.69 and 48 838.17 M J/ha, respectively. The energy ratios for orange, mandarin and lemon were estimated to be 1.25, 1.17 and 1.06, respectively. On average, the non-renewable form of energy input was 95.90% of the total energy input used in citrus production compared to only 3.74% for the renewable form. The benefit-cost ratio was the highest in orange production (2.37) followed by lemon. The results indicate that orange production in the research area is most remunerative to growers compared to lemon and mandarin.
04/03165 in China
04•03166 Inequality of energy intensities across OECD countries: a note Alcantara, V. and Duro, J. A. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (11), 1257-1260. This paper proposes the use of Theil's second measure to analyse international energy intensity differences. This index allows differences to be broken down within and between groups of countries in a consistent manner. An analysis of OECD countries for the period 1971-1999 shows some basic points: first, the fall in energy intensities differences is attributable both to within-group and between-group inequality components; second, between-group inequalities are currently the main contributor to the whole inequality value; finally, a detailed exploration on within-group inequalities reveals the significant explanatory role played by EU-countries.
Joint implementation and EU accession countries
Fernandez Armenteros, M. and Michaelowa, A. Global Environmental Change, 2003, 13, (4), 269-275. The EU accession countries have a high potential for low-cost greenhouse gas emission reduction. As they cannot join the 'bubble' agreement for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, project-based joint implementation (JI) could be a powerful strategy to integrate them into the E U climate policy strategy. An important question is whether the aequis communautaire will be used to define the baseline for the calculation of emission reductions from JI projects. A problem is that the grace periods for several environmental sectors differ considerably among countries. The EU should help accession countries to establish a predictable legal framework for JI preventing in this way the current legal uncertainty regarding Jf procedures.
04/03168 Land use-cover change processes in highly biodiverse areas: the case of Oaxaca, Mexico Vehlzquez, A. et al. Global Environmental Change, 2003, 13, (3), 175184. Land use-cover changes (LUCC) such as deforestation, have resulted as global warming and a reduction of environmental services, with large negative consequences for mankind. Effects based on statistics alone have not been sufficient enough to detect, stop and eventually reverse negative LUCC processes that are strongly related to biodiversity loss. It is, therefore, of prime concern to assess and depict cartographically, major LUCC processes simultaneously. Mexico harbours a large pool of biodiversity, mostly restricted to a few locations among which, the State of Oaxaea plays a major role. In this state, nevertheless, drastic negative LUCC processes are taking place. Land cover types, mapped in previous surveys, overlaid on recent Landsat imagery and 300
444
04•03169 Methodology for predicting market transformation due to implementation of energy efficiency standards and labels Mahlia, T. M. I. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (i 1-12), 1785-1793. There are many papers that have been published on energy efficiency standards and labels. However, a very limited number of articles on the subject have discussed the transformation of appliance energy efficiency in the market after the programs are implemented. This paper is an attempt to investigate the market transformation due to implementation of minimum energy efficiency standards and energy labels. Even though the paper only investigates room air conditioners as a case study, the method is also applicable for predicting market transformation for other household electrical appliances.
Image of energy consumption of well off society
Lu, W. and Ma, Y. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (9 10), 1357-1367. China is now experiencing rapid development and has become the second largest energy consumer and carbon dioxide emitter. China presented the objectives of building a well-off society in an all-round way at the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2002. Without question, the future society, with higher level of modernization and standard of living, will consume more energy. This paper predicts the energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of a scenario in the all-inclusive well-off society in 2020. Forecasting results indicate that China will consume 3177 Mtce energy, accounting for 14.4% of the world's total consumption, and emit 6072 Mt CO2, accounting for 16.8% of world's total emissions in 2020. Aiming at this situation, some comments and proposals are stated from the point of view of technology.
04/03167
ground truth sites, were used to detect current LUCC. Rates of conversion of the most important LUCC processes were computed and mapped simultaneously. Oaxaca has lost over half a million hectares of forested areas during the last 20 years. The core results may contribute to the understanding of how LUCC and GIS methods can provide better and more targeted information that may help to improve conservation policies and land use planning strategies.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 2004
04103170 Modelling conflict using spatial voting games: an application to USDA Forest Service lands Bender, H. W. and Martin, W. E. Int. J. Global Environmental Issues, 2003, 3, (2), 149-167. Conflict is an inherent component of natural resource management decisions in the USA and many other countries of the world. The diversity of potential uses creates a situation where individual preferences result in the need for compromise positions and coalition formation so that the natural resources can be managed. This paper demonstrates the contribution that cooperative and non-cooperative voting models can make in understanding the potential for conflict and the incentives for individuals to form coalitions. By modelling both collaborative and non-collaborative public involvement procedures, insights are gained from the differences in solutions, the implications for stability of the alternatives and the impact of the institutional power of the USDA Forest Service. The models are applied to the case of public lands management in the Shoshone National Forest.
04/03171 Policy alternatives in reformirig energy utilities in developing countries Gabriele, A. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (11), 1319 1337. This paper examines the policy alternatives faced by developing countries in their endeavour to preserve and develop their electricity and gas systems, two service-oriented industries which - along with oil - provide the bulk of energy supply both in developed and in developing countries. Even in very poor countries, industrially generated energy is indispensable for carrying out most economic activities. Therefore, governments traditionally recognize that the supply of gas and electricity entails a fundamental public service dimension. The case is presented for reforming of energy utilities, and a discussion addresses in general terms the pros and cons of privatization, and attempts to locate the reforms in a broader historical framework in which developing countries' governments faced increasing financial hardship. This paper also reviews the main features of gas and power sector reforms in the developing world and analyses specifically the cases of five semi-industrialized countries in Latin America and Asia. The final section briefly evaluates the country experiences reviewed above and indicates a few policy lessons that can be learnt from them. The main conclusion is that, in a long-run development perspective, full-scale privatization of gas and power sectors in developing countries entails significant risks, and therefore a flexible policy approach is preferable to a rigid commitment to extensive liberalization.
04/03172 Policy support for innovation to secure improvements in resource productivity Gross, R. and Foxon, T. Int. J. Environmental Technology and Management, 2003, 3, (2), 118-130. This paper presents the case for the direct policy support for environmental innovation, aimed at improving resource productivity, as a complement to standard regulatory or market-based instruments of environmental policy. This case is that investments in environmental innovation create options, reduce uncertainties and give rise to positive externalities, i.e. wider benefits to society and future generations, thus reducing the long-term costs of tackling environmental problems. It is argued that these policy instruments can be classified according to: how they support basic R&D; help to develop markets for innovative new products or processes; or provide financial incentives for the development or deployment of cleaner technologies. The paper argues that more widespread adoption of such policy instruments is needed,
04/03165 in China
04•03166 Inequality of energy intensities across OECD countries: a note Alcantara, V. and Duro, J. A. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (11), 1257-1260. This paper proposes the use of Theil's second measure to analyse international energy intensity differences. This index allows differences to be broken down within and between groups of countries in a consistent manner. An analysis of OECD countries for the period 1971-1999 shows some basic points: first, the fall in energy intensities differences is attributable both to within-group and between-group inequality components; second, between-group inequalities are currently the main contributor to the whole inequality value; finally, a detailed exploration on within-group inequalities reveals the significant explanatory role played by EU-countries.
Joint implementation and EU accession countries
Fernandez Armenteros, M. and Michaelowa, A. Global Environmental Change, 2003, 13, (4), 269-275. The EU accession countries have a high potential for low-cost greenhouse gas emission reduction. As they cannot join the 'bubble' agreement for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, project-based joint implementation (JI) could be a powerful strategy to integrate them into the E U climate policy strategy. An important question is whether the aequis communautaire will be used to define the baseline for the calculation of emission reductions from JI projects. A problem is that the grace periods for several environmental sectors differ considerably among countries. The EU should help accession countries to establish a predictable legal framework for JI preventing in this way the current legal uncertainty regarding Jf procedures.
04/03168 Land use-cover change processes in highly biodiverse areas: the case of Oaxaca, Mexico Vehlzquez, A. et al. Global Environmental Change, 2003, 13, (3), 175184. Land use-cover changes (LUCC) such as deforestation, have resulted as global warming and a reduction of environmental services, with large negative consequences for mankind. Effects based on statistics alone have not been sufficient enough to detect, stop and eventually reverse negative LUCC processes that are strongly related to biodiversity loss. It is, therefore, of prime concern to assess and depict cartographically, major LUCC processes simultaneously. Mexico harbours a large pool of biodiversity, mostly restricted to a few locations among which, the State of Oaxaea plays a major role. In this state, nevertheless, drastic negative LUCC processes are taking place. Land cover types, mapped in previous surveys, overlaid on recent Landsat imagery and 300
444
04•03169 Methodology for predicting market transformation due to implementation of energy efficiency standards and labels Mahlia, T. M. I. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (i 1-12), 1785-1793. There are many papers that have been published on energy efficiency standards and labels. However, a very limited number of articles on the subject have discussed the transformation of appliance energy efficiency in the market after the programs are implemented. This paper is an attempt to investigate the market transformation due to implementation of minimum energy efficiency standards and energy labels. Even though the paper only investigates room air conditioners as a case study, the method is also applicable for predicting market transformation for other household electrical appliances.
Image of energy consumption of well off society
Lu, W. and Ma, Y. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (9 10), 1357-1367. China is now experiencing rapid development and has become the second largest energy consumer and carbon dioxide emitter. China presented the objectives of building a well-off society in an all-round way at the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2002. Without question, the future society, with higher level of modernization and standard of living, will consume more energy. This paper predicts the energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of a scenario in the all-inclusive well-off society in 2020. Forecasting results indicate that China will consume 3177 Mtce energy, accounting for 14.4% of the world's total consumption, and emit 6072 Mt CO2, accounting for 16.8% of world's total emissions in 2020. Aiming at this situation, some comments and proposals are stated from the point of view of technology.
04/03167
ground truth sites, were used to detect current LUCC. Rates of conversion of the most important LUCC processes were computed and mapped simultaneously. Oaxaca has lost over half a million hectares of forested areas during the last 20 years. The core results may contribute to the understanding of how LUCC and GIS methods can provide better and more targeted information that may help to improve conservation policies and land use planning strategies.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 2004
04103170 Modelling conflict using spatial voting games: an application to USDA Forest Service lands Bender, H. W. and Martin, W. E. Int. J. Global Environmental Issues, 2003, 3, (2), 149-167. Conflict is an inherent component of natural resource management decisions in the USA and many other countries of the world. The diversity of potential uses creates a situation where individual preferences result in the need for compromise positions and coalition formation so that the natural resources can be managed. This paper demonstrates the contribution that cooperative and non-cooperative voting models can make in understanding the potential for conflict and the incentives for individuals to form coalitions. By modelling both collaborative and non-collaborative public involvement procedures, insights are gained from the differences in solutions, the implications for stability of the alternatives and the impact of the institutional power of the USDA Forest Service. The models are applied to the case of public lands management in the Shoshone National Forest.
04/03171 Policy alternatives in reformirig energy utilities in developing countries Gabriele, A. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (11), 1319 1337. This paper examines the policy alternatives faced by developing countries in their endeavour to preserve and develop their electricity and gas systems, two service-oriented industries which - along with oil - provide the bulk of energy supply both in developed and in developing countries. Even in very poor countries, industrially generated energy is indispensable for carrying out most economic activities. Therefore, governments traditionally recognize that the supply of gas and electricity entails a fundamental public service dimension. The case is presented for reforming of energy utilities, and a discussion addresses in general terms the pros and cons of privatization, and attempts to locate the reforms in a broader historical framework in which developing countries' governments faced increasing financial hardship. This paper also reviews the main features of gas and power sector reforms in the developing world and analyses specifically the cases of five semi-industrialized countries in Latin America and Asia. The final section briefly evaluates the country experiences reviewed above and indicates a few policy lessons that can be learnt from them. The main conclusion is that, in a long-run development perspective, full-scale privatization of gas and power sectors in developing countries entails significant risks, and therefore a flexible policy approach is preferable to a rigid commitment to extensive liberalization.
04/03172 Policy support for innovation to secure improvements in resource productivity Gross, R. and Foxon, T. Int. J. Environmental Technology and Management, 2003, 3, (2), 118-130. This paper presents the case for the direct policy support for environmental innovation, aimed at improving resource productivity, as a complement to standard regulatory or market-based instruments of environmental policy. This case is that investments in environmental innovation create options, reduce uncertainties and give rise to positive externalities, i.e. wider benefits to society and future generations, thus reducing the long-term costs of tackling environmental problems. It is argued that these policy instruments can be classified according to: how they support basic R&D; help to develop markets for innovative new products or processes; or provide financial incentives for the development or deployment of cleaner technologies. The paper argues that more widespread adoption of such policy instruments is needed,