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03604 Production of high octane gasoline components by hydroprocessing of coal-derived aromatic hydrocarbons
02
Liquid fuels (economics, business, marketing, policy)
Production of high octane gasoline components by 96lQ3604 hydroprocessing of coal-derived aromatic hydrocarbons Demirel, B. et al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (4) 301-311. I-methylnaphthalene was subjected to hydroprocessing to model the catalytic conversion of coal liquids to desirable gasoline components. The aim of the conversion is a maximum yield of non-aromatic high octane gasoline components. Experiments were performed in one or two stages using various catalysts. The highest single-stage conversion was achieved in 10 h with a sulfided NiW/SiOa-A1203 catalyst at 325°C and 6.7 MPa with a feed/catalyst ratio of l&l. The results showed promise for reducing the aromatic content in coal liquids to less than 2% while achieving a potential conversion to high octane gasoline components of 62.2 wt%. Selective hydroisomerisation method for straight96lO3605 chained and/or slightly branched long paraffins using molecular sieve catalyst Martens, .I. er al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 09,397 (Cl. ClOG45/64), 13 Mar 1997, FR Appl. 95/10,425, 6 Sep 1995, 24 pp. (In French) For compounds with 21 n-alkane chains containing 510 carbon atoms, a selective hydro-isomerization method is revealed. In the method, the compound to be treated is contacted with a catalyst including 21 hydrogenation-dehydrogenation component and >l molecular sieve with a one- or two-dimensional porous matrix. The accessible pore openings are defined by 10 oxygen atoms and the bridge width between the pores is Selective nuclear hydrogenation of naphthalene, 96lO3606 anthracene and coal-derived oil over Ru supported on mixed oxide Kotanigawa, T. et al. Appl. Catal., A, 1997, 164, (l/2), 323-332. This paper principally aims to investigate the possible ways to produce highquality products for transportation fuels from heavy distillates. To this end, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 wt ruthenium, supported on three kinds of metallic oxide supports, Ru/MnzOs-ZnO, Ru/MnzOs-NiO and RuiMnzOa-LazOs, were used as catalysts for selective nuclear hydrogenation of naphthalene, anthracene, and Canadian Battle River-coal-derived oil. The temperatureprogrammed desorption spectra of hydrogen and ammonia on the catalysts were measured to find the influence of acidity of supports for the catalytic activity. Ruthenium on non-acidic support, MnzOs-NiO, showed the best performance, and a 0.1 wt ruthenium loading on the MnzOs-NiO was sufficiently effective for the selective nuclear hydrogenation. Separation of paraffin from crude oil by super96lO3607 critical fluid extraction Oschmann, H. J. et al. Per. Sci. Technol., 1998, 16, (l/2), 133-143. The properties of petroleum products (ductility, adhesion, cold resistance, temperature dependence of viscosity and brittleness, as well as processing behaviour of bitumen) are changed by paraffins. A method based on extraction with entrainer modified supercritical carbon dioxide for quantitative separation of paraffins from heavy petroleum products is reported. Limitations of the method were determined with model mixtures such as macrocrystal, microcrystal and pure straight chain Fischer-Tropsch wax representing different kinds of paraffins. The method proved to be useful. Thin layer chromatography with flame ionization detection and high temperature gas chromatography was used to identify the extracted paraffins. Solvent extraction of nitrogen compounds from 96103606 catalytically-cracked diesel oil by metal ion complexation Qi, J. et al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (4), 255-258. A solution of 95% ethanol, containing a small amount of metal ion, was used in the solvent extraction of nitrogen compounds from catalyticallydiesel oil from Shengli crude oil cracked diesel oil. Catalytically-cracked was used as feed oil. Nitrogen compounds, especially basic nitrogen compounds, were effectively separated by solvent extraction based on chemical complexation. In addition, the stability of catalytically-cracked diesel oil was greatly improved. Experimental conditions for the separation of nitrogen compounds were investigated. The recovery of catalyticallycracked diesel oil was quite high, indicating promising potential for the new method. Strainer device for coal slurries 96lO3609 Murase, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 57,718 [98 57,718] (Cl. BOlD29/11), 3 Mar 1998, Appl. 96/241,385, 22 Aug 1996, 5 pp. (In Japanese) Described here is a strainer device for the removal of coarse particles in the transportation of coal slurry fuels. The apparatus consists of a filter element for filtering oversized coarse particles from the coal slurry and a coarseparticle collection zone at the lower part of the casing for collecting the coarse particles settled down from the filter element, where the collection zone is equipped with rotary stirring blades having helical shape rotated by a driving shaft such that a convection flow is generated up and down within the coarse-particle collection zone. Coarse particles are deposited on the inner surface of the collection zone in this device.
340
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1998
9ai63610 Synthesis and oxidation action of ecological additives for diesel fuel Hinkova, M. and Stanimirov, L. Pet. Coal, 1997, 39, (3). 21-22. One per cent quantities of different types of ash-free mixtures of peroxides, hydroperoxides, ketones, and alkanols were added to diesel fuel. This fuel was combusted in a laboratory-scale and a full-scale engine, determining the smoke content in the exhaust gas. These ash-free additives lowered the smoke content by 16-21%. The utilization of 0.2-0.50/n magnesiumcontaining additives based on dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid lowered the smoke content in the exhaust gases of the diesel engines by 22-25%. Diesel fuel blended with the described additives exhibited an improved combustion and a lower smoke content in the exhaust gas, and this was important for the economical as well as the ecological point of view. The mechanism of action of these additives during combustion is briefly discussed. Upgrading of fast pyrolysis liquids at Vera Oel AG 98103611 Baldaul, W. and Balfanz, U. Biomass Gasif. firolysis, [Conf.], 1997, 392398. Edited by Kaltschmitt, M. and Bridgwater, A. V., CPL Press, Newbury, UK. Biomass pyrolysis liquids have been tested as potential feedstocks for fuel production in petroleum refineries. Being immiscible with standard petroleum crudes, separate upgrading by hydrotreating was suggested for the liquids. Due to coking and plugging, catalytic hydrotreating is not feasible; thermal hydrotreating, on the other hand, can be realized technically. Organic liquids were produced in both cases, suitable for use as co-feeds for petroleum feeds. Low yields and high hydrogen consumption means these processes are not economically attractive for refineries. Upgrading of fast pyrolysis liquids by DMT 98lO3612 Kaiser, M. Biomass Gasif. Pyrolysis, (Conf.], 1997, 399-406. Edited by Kaltschmitt, M. and Bridgwater, A. V., CPL Press, Newbury, UK. Motor fuels can be made from upgrading liquid products from the pyrolysis of biomasses by the process of liquid phase hydrogenation developed for coal liquefaction. For this purpose, a demonstration test was conducted in DMT’s technical hydrogenation facility. The plant is designed for a coal throughput of 10 kg/h. A description is given of the test conditions, yields and product qualities.
Economics,
Business,
Marketing,
Policy
An alternative oil pricing currency to improve 98iO3613 OPEC’s balance of trade Al-Sahlawi, M. A. and Elbeck, M. A. J. Energy and Development, 22, (2) 187-197. The effect of US dollar currency oil pricing on trade of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is considered. To enhance OPEC’s balance of trade with its major trading blocs, alternative currency schemes are examined and a viable currency alternative based on a decade of trade data is offered. 98l93614 Brief survey of the petroleum and petrochemical industry Jovanovic, J. A. and Sokic, M. I. Hem. Pregl., 1997, 38, (5) 162-175. (In Serbian) The development trends in petroleum refining and petrochemicals manufacture are discussed. It is estimated that the supply of crude petroleum will last at least about the next 45 years, and, most probably, the whole next century, but the global petroleum production rate is expected to pass its maximum in 2012. Unlike the petroleum industry, the future of the petrochemical industry is not strictly associated with crude petroleum. Actual knowledge of the structure of the petroleum disperse system plays an important role in better petroleum utilization, especially when catalytic processes are concerned. Petroleum refining has developed toward the exclusive production of transportation fuels. In contrast, the petrochemical industry has expanded and broadened in feedstocks and technology. The most important petrochemical is ethylene, together with propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, xylenes and MeOH. Pyrolysis, dehydrogenation, aromatization, anti methane conversion to synthesis gas are the most important processes. Development of the new processes, as well as improving existing ones, remains the main characteristic of petrochemical industry. A comparative cost analysis of biodiesel, com98/03615 pressed natural gas, methanol, and diesel for transit bus systems Ahouissoussi, N. B. C. et al. Resource and Energy Economics, 1997, 20, (l), 1-15. Four alternative fuels (biodiesel, compressed natural gas, methanol, and diesel) are considered in a comparison of operating costs for buses used in a transit system. Rust’s ‘nested fixed point’ maximum likelihood estimation algorithm is used in this comparison. The algorithm considers both tangible costs such as fuel, maintenance, and infrastructure, and intangible costs associated with different levels of bus engine operating reliability under alternative fuels. Using data on actual monthly mileage and time of engine rebuilds under the four alternative fuels, the Rust algorithm is employed
Liquid fuels (economics, business, marketing, policy)
Production of high octane gasoline components by 96lQ3604 hydroprocessing of coal-derived aromatic hydrocarbons Demirel, B. et al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (4) 301-311. I-methylnaphthalene was subjected to hydroprocessing to model the catalytic conversion of coal liquids to desirable gasoline components. The aim of the conversion is a maximum yield of non-aromatic high octane gasoline components. Experiments were performed in one or two stages using various catalysts. The highest single-stage conversion was achieved in 10 h with a sulfided NiW/SiOa-A1203 catalyst at 325°C and 6.7 MPa with a feed/catalyst ratio of l&l. The results showed promise for reducing the aromatic content in coal liquids to less than 2% while achieving a potential conversion to high octane gasoline components of 62.2 wt%. Selective hydroisomerisation method for straight96lO3605 chained and/or slightly branched long paraffins using molecular sieve catalyst Martens, .I. er al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 09,397 (Cl. ClOG45/64), 13 Mar 1997, FR Appl. 95/10,425, 6 Sep 1995, 24 pp. (In French) For compounds with 21 n-alkane chains containing 510 carbon atoms, a selective hydro-isomerization method is revealed. In the method, the compound to be treated is contacted with a catalyst including 21 hydrogenation-dehydrogenation component and >l molecular sieve with a one- or two-dimensional porous matrix. The accessible pore openings are defined by 10 oxygen atoms and the bridge width between the pores is Selective nuclear hydrogenation of naphthalene, 96lO3606 anthracene and coal-derived oil over Ru supported on mixed oxide Kotanigawa, T. et al. Appl. Catal., A, 1997, 164, (l/2), 323-332. This paper principally aims to investigate the possible ways to produce highquality products for transportation fuels from heavy distillates. To this end, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 wt ruthenium, supported on three kinds of metallic oxide supports, Ru/MnzOs-ZnO, Ru/MnzOs-NiO and RuiMnzOa-LazOs, were used as catalysts for selective nuclear hydrogenation of naphthalene, anthracene, and Canadian Battle River-coal-derived oil. The temperatureprogrammed desorption spectra of hydrogen and ammonia on the catalysts were measured to find the influence of acidity of supports for the catalytic activity. Ruthenium on non-acidic support, MnzOs-NiO, showed the best performance, and a 0.1 wt ruthenium loading on the MnzOs-NiO was sufficiently effective for the selective nuclear hydrogenation. Separation of paraffin from crude oil by super96lO3607 critical fluid extraction Oschmann, H. J. et al. Per. Sci. Technol., 1998, 16, (l/2), 133-143. The properties of petroleum products (ductility, adhesion, cold resistance, temperature dependence of viscosity and brittleness, as well as processing behaviour of bitumen) are changed by paraffins. A method based on extraction with entrainer modified supercritical carbon dioxide for quantitative separation of paraffins from heavy petroleum products is reported. Limitations of the method were determined with model mixtures such as macrocrystal, microcrystal and pure straight chain Fischer-Tropsch wax representing different kinds of paraffins. The method proved to be useful. Thin layer chromatography with flame ionization detection and high temperature gas chromatography was used to identify the extracted paraffins. Solvent extraction of nitrogen compounds from 96103606 catalytically-cracked diesel oil by metal ion complexation Qi, J. et al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (4), 255-258. A solution of 95% ethanol, containing a small amount of metal ion, was used in the solvent extraction of nitrogen compounds from catalyticallydiesel oil from Shengli crude oil cracked diesel oil. Catalytically-cracked was used as feed oil. Nitrogen compounds, especially basic nitrogen compounds, were effectively separated by solvent extraction based on chemical complexation. In addition, the stability of catalytically-cracked diesel oil was greatly improved. Experimental conditions for the separation of nitrogen compounds were investigated. The recovery of catalyticallycracked diesel oil was quite high, indicating promising potential for the new method. Strainer device for coal slurries 96lO3609 Murase, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 57,718 [98 57,718] (Cl. BOlD29/11), 3 Mar 1998, Appl. 96/241,385, 22 Aug 1996, 5 pp. (In Japanese) Described here is a strainer device for the removal of coarse particles in the transportation of coal slurry fuels. The apparatus consists of a filter element for filtering oversized coarse particles from the coal slurry and a coarseparticle collection zone at the lower part of the casing for collecting the coarse particles settled down from the filter element, where the collection zone is equipped with rotary stirring blades having helical shape rotated by a driving shaft such that a convection flow is generated up and down within the coarse-particle collection zone. Coarse particles are deposited on the inner surface of the collection zone in this device.
340
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1998
9ai63610 Synthesis and oxidation action of ecological additives for diesel fuel Hinkova, M. and Stanimirov, L. Pet. Coal, 1997, 39, (3). 21-22. One per cent quantities of different types of ash-free mixtures of peroxides, hydroperoxides, ketones, and alkanols were added to diesel fuel. This fuel was combusted in a laboratory-scale and a full-scale engine, determining the smoke content in the exhaust gas. These ash-free additives lowered the smoke content by 16-21%. The utilization of 0.2-0.50/n magnesiumcontaining additives based on dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid lowered the smoke content in the exhaust gases of the diesel engines by 22-25%. Diesel fuel blended with the described additives exhibited an improved combustion and a lower smoke content in the exhaust gas, and this was important for the economical as well as the ecological point of view. The mechanism of action of these additives during combustion is briefly discussed. Upgrading of fast pyrolysis liquids at Vera Oel AG 98103611 Baldaul, W. and Balfanz, U. Biomass Gasif. firolysis, [Conf.], 1997, 392398. Edited by Kaltschmitt, M. and Bridgwater, A. V., CPL Press, Newbury, UK. Biomass pyrolysis liquids have been tested as potential feedstocks for fuel production in petroleum refineries. Being immiscible with standard petroleum crudes, separate upgrading by hydrotreating was suggested for the liquids. Due to coking and plugging, catalytic hydrotreating is not feasible; thermal hydrotreating, on the other hand, can be realized technically. Organic liquids were produced in both cases, suitable for use as co-feeds for petroleum feeds. Low yields and high hydrogen consumption means these processes are not economically attractive for refineries. Upgrading of fast pyrolysis liquids by DMT 98lO3612 Kaiser, M. Biomass Gasif. Pyrolysis, (Conf.], 1997, 399-406. Edited by Kaltschmitt, M. and Bridgwater, A. V., CPL Press, Newbury, UK. Motor fuels can be made from upgrading liquid products from the pyrolysis of biomasses by the process of liquid phase hydrogenation developed for coal liquefaction. For this purpose, a demonstration test was conducted in DMT’s technical hydrogenation facility. The plant is designed for a coal throughput of 10 kg/h. A description is given of the test conditions, yields and product qualities.
Economics,
Business,
Marketing,
Policy
An alternative oil pricing currency to improve 98iO3613 OPEC’s balance of trade Al-Sahlawi, M. A. and Elbeck, M. A. J. Energy and Development, 22, (2) 187-197. The effect of US dollar currency oil pricing on trade of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is considered. To enhance OPEC’s balance of trade with its major trading blocs, alternative currency schemes are examined and a viable currency alternative based on a decade of trade data is offered. 98l93614 Brief survey of the petroleum and petrochemical industry Jovanovic, J. A. and Sokic, M. I. Hem. Pregl., 1997, 38, (5) 162-175. (In Serbian) The development trends in petroleum refining and petrochemicals manufacture are discussed. It is estimated that the supply of crude petroleum will last at least about the next 45 years, and, most probably, the whole next century, but the global petroleum production rate is expected to pass its maximum in 2012. Unlike the petroleum industry, the future of the petrochemical industry is not strictly associated with crude petroleum. Actual knowledge of the structure of the petroleum disperse system plays an important role in better petroleum utilization, especially when catalytic processes are concerned. Petroleum refining has developed toward the exclusive production of transportation fuels. In contrast, the petrochemical industry has expanded and broadened in feedstocks and technology. The most important petrochemical is ethylene, together with propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, xylenes and MeOH. Pyrolysis, dehydrogenation, aromatization, anti methane conversion to synthesis gas are the most important processes. Development of the new processes, as well as improving existing ones, remains the main characteristic of petrochemical industry. A comparative cost analysis of biodiesel, com98/03615 pressed natural gas, methanol, and diesel for transit bus systems Ahouissoussi, N. B. C. et al. Resource and Energy Economics, 1997, 20, (l), 1-15. Four alternative fuels (biodiesel, compressed natural gas, methanol, and diesel) are considered in a comparison of operating costs for buses used in a transit system. Rust’s ‘nested fixed point’ maximum likelihood estimation algorithm is used in this comparison. The algorithm considers both tangible costs such as fuel, maintenance, and infrastructure, and intangible costs associated with different levels of bus engine operating reliability under alternative fuels. Using data on actual monthly mileage and time of engine rebuilds under the four alternative fuels, the Rust algorithm is employed