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03629 CO2 removal from synthetic natural gas for city gas use
03 Gaseous fuels (sources, propetties, recovery, treatment) Process and installation for producing liquid and 99103618 optionally gaseous products from gaseous reactants Steynberg, A. P. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 03,574 (Cl. BOlJ8/22). 28 Jan 1999, ZA Appl. 9716,254, 15 Jul 1997, 30 pp. The reactants are fed, at a low level, into a slurry bed of particles suspended in a liquid, to react as they rise through the bed to form the products, the reactants and any gaseous product assisting in maintaining the suspension. The liquid product forms, together with the suspension liquid, the liquid phase of the bed. Any gaseous product and unreacted reactants rise from the bed into a head space. Slurry passes downwardly in the bed through downcomers located, respectively, in first and second downcomer regions of the bed, thereby redistributing solid particles within the bed. The second downcomer region is spaced vertically with respect to the first. Any gaseous product and unreacted reactants are withdrawn from the head space and liquid phase is withdrawn from the bed. A Fischer-Tropsch synthesis preferably takes place with the gaseous reactants being as a synthesis gas stream comprising mainly CO and hydrogen.
99103619 catalyst
Process of coal liquefaction using iron hydroxide
Uesugi, K. er al. AU 696,287 (Cl. ClOG1/08), 3 Sep 1998, JP Appl. 96/ 279,076, 21 Ott 1996, 42 pp. A coal liquefaction process is described wherein undesirable reactions derived from the thermal decomposition of coal are suppressed, the consumption of hydrogen gas is reduced and liquefied oil can be obtained in a higher yield in comparison to conventional coal liquefaction. A process for coal liquefaction which comprises the hydrogenation step wherein coal such as brown coal is hydrogenated in the presence of solvent and catalyst, followed by high temperature hydrogenation at a temperature which is higher than the temperature in the low temperature hydrogenation is presented.
Silicalite-1 supported iron-manganese catalysts in 99103620 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
Das, D. et al. Catal., [Pap. Natl. Symp.], 12th, 1994 (Pub. 1996), 441-446. Edited by Gupta, N. M. and Chakinbarty, D. K., Narosa, New Delhi, India. Selectivity to alkenes increases with the addition of manganese to iron catalysts supported on silicalite-1. The Mossbauer spectra of the calcined samples showed that the addition of manganese reduces the size of the oFezOs particles, as XRD results confirmed. The active phase consists of Hagg carbide and some oxides of Fe(II1) and the latter is responsible for increased alkene formation. Manganese reduces the particle size of the iron oxide precursor, making carburization unfavourable. Consequently, there is an increase in the amount of the oxide phase, thereby increasing the selectivity to alkenes.
Study for development of the coal liquefaction 99103621 process by 160 t/day coal liquefaction pilot plant. I. Operational technology and effect of reaction conditions on product yields
Ishibashi, H. et al. Nippon Enerugi Gakkaishi, 1998, 77, (12), 1201-1213. (In Japanese) Since 1984, the research and development of the 150 t/d coal liquefaction pilot plant has been conducted by the Nippon Coal Oil Co., Ltd. The trial runs for coal-feeding and the regular runs confirmed that the NEDOL process is an excellent coal liquef&tion process in a large-scale pilot plant. The synergetic effect of the low-cost fine-iron liquefaction catalyst and hydrogen donor solvent used in the NEDOL process proved to be effective for producing a high yield of naphtha-fraction-rich liquefied oil under the mild reaction conditions. Through the continuous 80-day coal-feeding operation, operating skills were acquired and the excellent operation stability of the process was confirmed. This report attempts to elucidate the countermeasures of the issues on runs and the effect of reaction conditions on product yields.
99103624
The thermodynamic basis for coal liquefaction
modeling
Van Der Veen, A. and Broos, A. Eur. Comm., [Rep.] EUR. 1998, (EUR 17948) 1-9, 11-145, 147-201. This work aimed to develop a model capable of predicting the temperaturepressure relationship for fluids obtained from coal. Experimental and modelling work on pure substances, binary mixtures and coal liquids was carried out. The input variables and the accuracy and representation of the average molecular weight estimate determine the performance of the model. 99103625
Three-phase flow characteristics in a direct coal liquefaction reactor
Idogawa, K. Hokkaido Kogvo Gijutsu Kenkyusho Hokoku, 1999, 72, t-12. (In Japanese) Made by mixing coal particles and pre-heated coal liquids, a slurry, during liquefaction, is fed into the liquefaction reactor through the reactor bottom together with pressurized hydrogen gas. In the form of bubbles, hydrogen gas ascends in the reactor under high temperature and pressure and mixes the slurry. Thus, gas hold-up governs the residence time or the mixing of the slurry. Using a cold model of a liquefaction reactor under a variety of operating conditions, the flow characteristics of the bubbles and the gas hold-up were measured and the effect of pressure on flow characteristics of bubbles was elucidated. A liquefaction experiment was conducted using a batch reactor and a continuous reactor of a bench-scale liquefaction process.
03
GASEOUS FUELS Sources,
Soldatov, A. P. Nefrekhimiya, 1998, 38, (3), 233-238. (In Russian) Borodino coal was liquefied in Tetralin at high heating rate (120”C/min) to prepare synthetic petroleum. The chemical composition and structure of liquid products (extracts), obtained at 400-450°C were analysed using gas chromatography, NMR spectroscopy and osmometry. The results indicate that both the decomposition of the organic matter of coal and condensation reactions of newly formed chemical compounds occur during the rapid heating of the coal.
The effects of temperature and shear rate on the apparent viscosity of Nigerian oil sand bitumen
99103623
I_&:;;ma,
0. and Ademodi,
B.
Recovery,
Treatment
99103626 Acid gas solvent filtration system Wallace, P. S. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 98 55,392 (Cl. COlB3/52), 10 Dee 1998, US Appl. 48,784, 6 Jun 1997, 12 pp. Described is a process for acid gas separation from syngas and treatment of the resulting solids. A mixture comprising synthesis gas and acid gas is contacted with a fluid that reacts with acid gas to form a particulate solid dispersed in a fluid. The particulate solid is removed from the slurry by means of a regenerable filter. The particulate solids are removed from the regenerable filter by back-washing with a back-washing fluid to form a pumpable slurry comprising a mixture of particulate solids and backwashing fluid. The slurry is gasified to form synthesis gas and vitrified solids. 99103627 Ammonia dry-type stripping apparatus Oyake, Y. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 324,881 [98 324.8811 (Cl. ClOL3/10), 8 Dee 1998, Appl. 97/133,120,23 May 1997,4 pp. (In Japanese) For the dry-type removal of NHa from a gasification gas, an apparatus comprises a supply mixer for mixing NHs-containing gasification gas with an HCI-containing gas, a cooler for cooling the mixed gas to lOO-180°C for reaction of NHs and HCI and a dry-type separator for separating NH&I solid formed. 99103626
Temperature effect on liquefaction and chemical conversion of organic matter of the Borodino coal at rapid heating rates
99103622
Properties,
Cleaning of gaseous products from thermal waste
treatment Vehlow, J. NATO Sci. Ser., I, 1998, 22, (Effluents Demilitarization Technologies), 47-69. The treatment of gases from combustion, gasification, municipal refuse is reported. 99103629
from
Alternative
and pyrolysis
of
CO2 removal from synthetic natural gas for city gas
use
Watanabe, H. J. Membr. Sci., 1999, 154, (1) 121-126. In commercial city gas supply plants in Japan, membrane-based gas separation was applied for carbon dioxide removal. This paper provides the relation between the methane reforming process, the design of the twostage membrane process and their optimization.
Fuel Processing Technology, 1999, 60, (2),
Coalbed methane resource potential and current prospects In Pennsylvania
99103630 The apparent viscosities of Nigerian oil sand bitumen were measured over a temperature range of 50-110°C and a shear rate range of 60-320 s-‘. Apart from temperature which is the most important variable influencing the viscosity of a liquid, the viscosities of the bitumen are affected by shearing effects. The apparent viscosity of the bitumen depended on the rate of shear at which it is measured, that is, it has an unlimited number of apparent viscosity values as the shear rate was varied. The shearing effects decreased as the temperature increased; that is, the bitumen became more Newtonian in the higher temperature region.
364
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 1999
Markowski, A. K. ht. .I. Coal Geol., 1998, 38, (l-2), 137-159. Analyses of coal-bed methane gas content from exploratory coal cores and existing data indicate that gas content generally increases with increasing depth and rank. The coal beds studied are from the main bituminous field of Pennsylvania (which currently contains 24 coalbed methane pools) and the Northern and Southern Anthracite coal fields. They range from the Middle Pennsylvanian Allegheny Group to the Late Pennsylvanian-Early Permian Dunkard Group. Results are presented in full.
99103619 catalyst
Process of coal liquefaction using iron hydroxide
Uesugi, K. er al. AU 696,287 (Cl. ClOG1/08), 3 Sep 1998, JP Appl. 96/ 279,076, 21 Ott 1996, 42 pp. A coal liquefaction process is described wherein undesirable reactions derived from the thermal decomposition of coal are suppressed, the consumption of hydrogen gas is reduced and liquefied oil can be obtained in a higher yield in comparison to conventional coal liquefaction. A process for coal liquefaction which comprises the hydrogenation step wherein coal such as brown coal is hydrogenated in the presence of solvent and catalyst, followed by high temperature hydrogenation at a temperature which is higher than the temperature in the low temperature hydrogenation is presented.
Silicalite-1 supported iron-manganese catalysts in 99103620 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
Das, D. et al. Catal., [Pap. Natl. Symp.], 12th, 1994 (Pub. 1996), 441-446. Edited by Gupta, N. M. and Chakinbarty, D. K., Narosa, New Delhi, India. Selectivity to alkenes increases with the addition of manganese to iron catalysts supported on silicalite-1. The Mossbauer spectra of the calcined samples showed that the addition of manganese reduces the size of the oFezOs particles, as XRD results confirmed. The active phase consists of Hagg carbide and some oxides of Fe(II1) and the latter is responsible for increased alkene formation. Manganese reduces the particle size of the iron oxide precursor, making carburization unfavourable. Consequently, there is an increase in the amount of the oxide phase, thereby increasing the selectivity to alkenes.
Study for development of the coal liquefaction 99103621 process by 160 t/day coal liquefaction pilot plant. I. Operational technology and effect of reaction conditions on product yields
Ishibashi, H. et al. Nippon Enerugi Gakkaishi, 1998, 77, (12), 1201-1213. (In Japanese) Since 1984, the research and development of the 150 t/d coal liquefaction pilot plant has been conducted by the Nippon Coal Oil Co., Ltd. The trial runs for coal-feeding and the regular runs confirmed that the NEDOL process is an excellent coal liquef&tion process in a large-scale pilot plant. The synergetic effect of the low-cost fine-iron liquefaction catalyst and hydrogen donor solvent used in the NEDOL process proved to be effective for producing a high yield of naphtha-fraction-rich liquefied oil under the mild reaction conditions. Through the continuous 80-day coal-feeding operation, operating skills were acquired and the excellent operation stability of the process was confirmed. This report attempts to elucidate the countermeasures of the issues on runs and the effect of reaction conditions on product yields.
99103624
The thermodynamic basis for coal liquefaction
modeling
Van Der Veen, A. and Broos, A. Eur. Comm., [Rep.] EUR. 1998, (EUR 17948) 1-9, 11-145, 147-201. This work aimed to develop a model capable of predicting the temperaturepressure relationship for fluids obtained from coal. Experimental and modelling work on pure substances, binary mixtures and coal liquids was carried out. The input variables and the accuracy and representation of the average molecular weight estimate determine the performance of the model. 99103625
Three-phase flow characteristics in a direct coal liquefaction reactor
Idogawa, K. Hokkaido Kogvo Gijutsu Kenkyusho Hokoku, 1999, 72, t-12. (In Japanese) Made by mixing coal particles and pre-heated coal liquids, a slurry, during liquefaction, is fed into the liquefaction reactor through the reactor bottom together with pressurized hydrogen gas. In the form of bubbles, hydrogen gas ascends in the reactor under high temperature and pressure and mixes the slurry. Thus, gas hold-up governs the residence time or the mixing of the slurry. Using a cold model of a liquefaction reactor under a variety of operating conditions, the flow characteristics of the bubbles and the gas hold-up were measured and the effect of pressure on flow characteristics of bubbles was elucidated. A liquefaction experiment was conducted using a batch reactor and a continuous reactor of a bench-scale liquefaction process.
03
GASEOUS FUELS Sources,
Soldatov, A. P. Nefrekhimiya, 1998, 38, (3), 233-238. (In Russian) Borodino coal was liquefied in Tetralin at high heating rate (120”C/min) to prepare synthetic petroleum. The chemical composition and structure of liquid products (extracts), obtained at 400-450°C were analysed using gas chromatography, NMR spectroscopy and osmometry. The results indicate that both the decomposition of the organic matter of coal and condensation reactions of newly formed chemical compounds occur during the rapid heating of the coal.
The effects of temperature and shear rate on the apparent viscosity of Nigerian oil sand bitumen
99103623
I_&:;;ma,
0. and Ademodi,
B.
Recovery,
Treatment
99103626 Acid gas solvent filtration system Wallace, P. S. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 98 55,392 (Cl. COlB3/52), 10 Dee 1998, US Appl. 48,784, 6 Jun 1997, 12 pp. Described is a process for acid gas separation from syngas and treatment of the resulting solids. A mixture comprising synthesis gas and acid gas is contacted with a fluid that reacts with acid gas to form a particulate solid dispersed in a fluid. The particulate solid is removed from the slurry by means of a regenerable filter. The particulate solids are removed from the regenerable filter by back-washing with a back-washing fluid to form a pumpable slurry comprising a mixture of particulate solids and backwashing fluid. The slurry is gasified to form synthesis gas and vitrified solids. 99103627 Ammonia dry-type stripping apparatus Oyake, Y. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 324,881 [98 324.8811 (Cl. ClOL3/10), 8 Dee 1998, Appl. 97/133,120,23 May 1997,4 pp. (In Japanese) For the dry-type removal of NHa from a gasification gas, an apparatus comprises a supply mixer for mixing NHs-containing gasification gas with an HCI-containing gas, a cooler for cooling the mixed gas to lOO-180°C for reaction of NHs and HCI and a dry-type separator for separating NH&I solid formed. 99103626
Temperature effect on liquefaction and chemical conversion of organic matter of the Borodino coal at rapid heating rates
99103622
Properties,
Cleaning of gaseous products from thermal waste
treatment Vehlow, J. NATO Sci. Ser., I, 1998, 22, (Effluents Demilitarization Technologies), 47-69. The treatment of gases from combustion, gasification, municipal refuse is reported. 99103629
from
Alternative
and pyrolysis
of
CO2 removal from synthetic natural gas for city gas
use
Watanabe, H. J. Membr. Sci., 1999, 154, (1) 121-126. In commercial city gas supply plants in Japan, membrane-based gas separation was applied for carbon dioxide removal. This paper provides the relation between the methane reforming process, the design of the twostage membrane process and their optimization.
Fuel Processing Technology, 1999, 60, (2),
Coalbed methane resource potential and current prospects In Pennsylvania
99103630 The apparent viscosities of Nigerian oil sand bitumen were measured over a temperature range of 50-110°C and a shear rate range of 60-320 s-‘. Apart from temperature which is the most important variable influencing the viscosity of a liquid, the viscosities of the bitumen are affected by shearing effects. The apparent viscosity of the bitumen depended on the rate of shear at which it is measured, that is, it has an unlimited number of apparent viscosity values as the shear rate was varied. The shearing effects decreased as the temperature increased; that is, the bitumen became more Newtonian in the higher temperature region.
364
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 1999
Markowski, A. K. ht. .I. Coal Geol., 1998, 38, (l-2), 137-159. Analyses of coal-bed methane gas content from exploratory coal cores and existing data indicate that gas content generally increases with increasing depth and rank. The coal beds studied are from the main bituminous field of Pennsylvania (which currently contains 24 coalbed methane pools) and the Northern and Southern Anthracite coal fields. They range from the Middle Pennsylvanian Allegheny Group to the Late Pennsylvanian-Early Permian Dunkard Group. Results are presented in full.