- Email: [email protected]
03883 Liquid and gaseous renewable fuels from wastes and biomass
07
Alternative
energy sources (bioconversion
energy)
Compositional analysis of biomass feedstocks by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
97m3877
Sanderson, M. A. ef al. Liq. Fuel Ind. Prod. Renewable Resow., Proc. Liq. Fuel Conf., Srd, 1996, 37-42. Edited by Curidiff, J. S., American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI. In lignocellulose analysis of forages, near IR reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used extensively. It should also be useful in predicting the chemical composition of biomass feedstocks. The chemical composition of several woody and herbaceous feedstocks were determined in the laboratory and these data were used to calibrate the NIR spectrometer. Poor calibrations were obtained for extractives,, H, S, and 0. When the calibrated NIR spectrometer was used to predict the composition of 20 independent samples not used in the calibration, ash, lignin, arabinase, xylose, and N were predicted well. With further refinement, this technique should facilitate rapid analysis of biomass feedstocks for research in industry.
Cutting cycle and spacing effects on biomass production by a willow clone in New York
of harmful or noxious components, gasifier and the boiler in an additional a bed of coal ash.
and cooled if desired, between the circulating fluidized bed reactor with
Method for producing combustion of okara as fuel
97103885
solidified
tofu lees and
Fujii, T. and Nakamura, H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,125,078 [97,125,078] (Cl. ClOLS/44), 13 May 1997, Appl. 951303,525, 26 Ott 1995, 4 pp. (In Japanese) Okara waste from tofu manufacture is mixed (100 parts) with urethane resin (5-70 parts by weight) at 5-50°C in order to produce solidified okara. Water contained in the okara is exuded during the process, and the heating value grows. One hundred parts okara was mixed with 48 parts of a urethane resin obtained by reacting diphenylmethane diisocyanate and polypropylene glycol. A decrease of 9% moisture content was observed after 24 h at 25”. This compares with 78% for okara alone. The heating value was 5800 kcalikg.
97103878
Kopp, R. F. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1997, 12, (5). 313-319. An experiment was established in central New York State in 1990 to determine cutting cycle and spacing effects on willow biomass production. Cutting cycles were annual, biennial and triennial, and spacings were 0.3 x 0.3, 0.3 x 0.9. and 0.6 x 1.1 m; biomass production and survival by willow clone SVI were measured. The results of this study are presented and discussed. 97103879 Do we need biofuels? Mauguiri, P. Eur. Mot. Biofuels Forum, Proc., Znd, 1996, 27-34. At the moment, the transportation sector is dependent on fossil fuels, which could be depleted within the next 40 years. Transport is a major contributor to CO2 emissions, and potential climate change. The medium and the long term evolution of this sector will be one of the key points of the achievement of the Agenda 21 of Rio Conference. Among the critical issues is the development of alternative and renewable fuels like biofuels. Despite some existing tensions on world grain markets in 1996, it appears that within the next decades there should be sufficient arable lands to feed the world and supply raw materials for the production of biofuels. Although liquid biofuels are currently quite expensive to produce, they present positive externalities and significant cost reduction potential, which should make them competitive within the next ten years. All together, biofuels represent an interesting option for reaching a sustainable transport system in a sustainable world.
An evaluation of three routes for the production of liquid fuels from biomass
97103880
De Boer, A. J. and Den Uii, H. ECN-R [Rep.], 1997, (ECN-R-97-001), 38 PP. The authors assess three routes for producing liquid fuels from biomass. The routes considered are: ethanol production from biomass, methanol production from biomass, and biodiesei production from micro algae. A comparison is made between ethanol and methanol production from biomass. A financial evaluation of biomass-gasifier-based power generation in India
97103881
Tripathi, A. K. et al. Eioresources Technology, 1997, 61, (l), 53-59. Results from a preliminary financial evaluation of biomass-gasifier-based power generation in India are presented. The unit cost of electricity has been estimated for a variety of scenarios taking into account some of the uncertainties associated with this emerging technology in India.
Fuels and chemicals from biomass. (Symposium at the 211th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, held in New Orleans, Louisiana, 24-26 March 1996.) [in: ACS Symp. Ser., 1997; 6661 97103882
Saha, B. C. and Woodward, 97103883
J.; Editors
1997, 356 pp.
Liquid and gaseous renewable fuels from wastes
and biomass Studnicki, M. Karbo-Energochemical-Ekol., 1997, 42, (l), 22-28. (In Polish) Various experimental methods are investigated for liquid and gaseous renewable fuels production from wastes and biomass.
Proceedings of the 2nd European Motor Biofuels Forum, held 22-25 September 1996, in Graz, Austria
97103886 Joanneum
Riltunen, M. A. and Nieminen, J. J. U.S. US 5,626,088 (Cl. 110-243; F23G7/00), 6 May 1997, Appi. 563,844, 28 Nov 1995, 7 pp. Gasification of the biofuel or the waste material takes place in a fluidized bed gasifier, preferably a circulating fluidized bed gasifier. The product gas is introduced into a boiler equipped with fossil fuel burners, typically burners for pulverized coal, at a level above the burners. Ash from the boiler may be used to form the bed of the gasifier. For NO, mitigation, the gas is burned in the upper part of the boiler at 800-1050°C and an excess air content of -5-10%. In a second embodiment, the raw gas may be cleaned
326
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 1997
1996, 363 pp.
97io3887 Properties of Danish biofuels and the requirements for power production Sander, B. Biomass Bioenergy, 1997, 12, (3), 177-183. In Denmark, government demand makes it necessary for, ELSAM (the power pool of the western part of Denmark) to use large amounts of biofuels for power production. Most abundant are straw and wood chips and an overview of fuel composition in comparison with coal is given. The high content of potassium and chlorine in straw causes several serious technical problems in power production plants. Consequently, the possibility of reducing the content of potassium and chlorine in straw has been investigated; cultivation trials were established in the growing seasons of 1993 and 1994. The influence of various cultivation factors on the chemical composition of straw was investigated and samples of grain were also analysed. Furthermore, the effect of chlorine supply with fertilizers on straw composition was scrutinized. No correlation existed between the content of potassium and chlorine in straw and soil type, nitrogen and potassium fertilizer dose, pesticide dose and geographical location. There was, however, a strong correlation between chlorine content in straw and supply of chlorine with fertilizer. The content of potassium and chlorine is dependent on the variety. Rain after harvest leaches significant amounts of potassium and chlorine from straw lying in the field. Grain has a lower content of ash, K, Ca. Si and Cl than straw, but higher N content. 97103888 fieactivity of char from pyrolysis of birch wood Chen, G. et al. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 1997, 40, (41), 491-499. Biomass obtained from birch wood was pyrolysed both in a free-fall tubular reactor and a thermobalance. The product char was subsequently gasified with carbon dioxide and steam in the thermobalance. The reaction rates of the char with the reagents were strongly affected by the time-temperature history of the char formation. A rapid heating rate of the raw material in free-fall reactor gives a char which possesses higher reactivity in reaction both with carbon dioxide and steam compared with the char formed under slow heating rate in the thermobalance. The treatment condition and environment of the char precursor during devoiatiiization are the most important factors affecting the reactivity of the char in gasification with the used reagents. The kinetic study focused on whether a surrounding pyrolysis gas atmosphere exerts negative effects on the reactivity of the formed char.
Responses of an anaerobic fixed-film reactor to hydraulic shock loadings
97io3aa9
Chua, H. et al. Bioresources Technoloa, 1997, 61, (I), 79-83. The responses of an anaerobic fixed-film reactor (AFFR) to hydraulic shock loadings were studied. Under two, four and five times hydraulic shock loadings, the COD removal efficiency was temporarily reduced to between 84.4 and 88.3%, and the pH of the treated effluent and the biogas production were also affected. The AFFR could recover from the temporary inhibition due to these shock loadings and resumed normal operation within eight days. However, under 10 times hydraulic shock loading, the treatment performance deteriorated drastically The ability of the AFFR to recover from critical hydraulic shock loadings and system failure was attributed to the immobilized-biofilm design, which enabled the temporarily inhibited biofilms to be retained in the AFFR and to reactivate when favourable conditions were restored. 97io3890
Method and apparatus for utilizing biofuel andlor waste material in energy production
97103884
Research
Review of biodiesel
research
at University
of
Georgia J. W. Liq. Fuel Ind. Prod. Renewable Resow., Proc. Liq. Fuel Conf., 3rd, 1996, 128-135. Edited by Curidiff, J. S., American Society of
Goodrum,
Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Mich. Over a decade’s research conducted at the University of Georgia concerning engine performance and properties of biodiesel fuels is presented. Initial work focused on blends of peanut oil with petroleumderived diesel #2 (D2), with the objective of determining the suitability of peanut oil as a fuel extender during fuel shortages. Two buses were operated on blends of up to 80% peanut oil. After eight months as a part of the University student transport fleet, significant combustion chamber
Alternative
energy sources (bioconversion
energy)
Compositional analysis of biomass feedstocks by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
97m3877
Sanderson, M. A. ef al. Liq. Fuel Ind. Prod. Renewable Resow., Proc. Liq. Fuel Conf., Srd, 1996, 37-42. Edited by Curidiff, J. S., American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI. In lignocellulose analysis of forages, near IR reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used extensively. It should also be useful in predicting the chemical composition of biomass feedstocks. The chemical composition of several woody and herbaceous feedstocks were determined in the laboratory and these data were used to calibrate the NIR spectrometer. Poor calibrations were obtained for extractives,, H, S, and 0. When the calibrated NIR spectrometer was used to predict the composition of 20 independent samples not used in the calibration, ash, lignin, arabinase, xylose, and N were predicted well. With further refinement, this technique should facilitate rapid analysis of biomass feedstocks for research in industry.
Cutting cycle and spacing effects on biomass production by a willow clone in New York
of harmful or noxious components, gasifier and the boiler in an additional a bed of coal ash.
and cooled if desired, between the circulating fluidized bed reactor with
Method for producing combustion of okara as fuel
97103885
solidified
tofu lees and
Fujii, T. and Nakamura, H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,125,078 [97,125,078] (Cl. ClOLS/44), 13 May 1997, Appl. 951303,525, 26 Ott 1995, 4 pp. (In Japanese) Okara waste from tofu manufacture is mixed (100 parts) with urethane resin (5-70 parts by weight) at 5-50°C in order to produce solidified okara. Water contained in the okara is exuded during the process, and the heating value grows. One hundred parts okara was mixed with 48 parts of a urethane resin obtained by reacting diphenylmethane diisocyanate and polypropylene glycol. A decrease of 9% moisture content was observed after 24 h at 25”. This compares with 78% for okara alone. The heating value was 5800 kcalikg.
97103878
Kopp, R. F. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1997, 12, (5). 313-319. An experiment was established in central New York State in 1990 to determine cutting cycle and spacing effects on willow biomass production. Cutting cycles were annual, biennial and triennial, and spacings were 0.3 x 0.3, 0.3 x 0.9. and 0.6 x 1.1 m; biomass production and survival by willow clone SVI were measured. The results of this study are presented and discussed. 97103879 Do we need biofuels? Mauguiri, P. Eur. Mot. Biofuels Forum, Proc., Znd, 1996, 27-34. At the moment, the transportation sector is dependent on fossil fuels, which could be depleted within the next 40 years. Transport is a major contributor to CO2 emissions, and potential climate change. The medium and the long term evolution of this sector will be one of the key points of the achievement of the Agenda 21 of Rio Conference. Among the critical issues is the development of alternative and renewable fuels like biofuels. Despite some existing tensions on world grain markets in 1996, it appears that within the next decades there should be sufficient arable lands to feed the world and supply raw materials for the production of biofuels. Although liquid biofuels are currently quite expensive to produce, they present positive externalities and significant cost reduction potential, which should make them competitive within the next ten years. All together, biofuels represent an interesting option for reaching a sustainable transport system in a sustainable world.
An evaluation of three routes for the production of liquid fuels from biomass
97103880
De Boer, A. J. and Den Uii, H. ECN-R [Rep.], 1997, (ECN-R-97-001), 38 PP. The authors assess three routes for producing liquid fuels from biomass. The routes considered are: ethanol production from biomass, methanol production from biomass, and biodiesei production from micro algae. A comparison is made between ethanol and methanol production from biomass. A financial evaluation of biomass-gasifier-based power generation in India
97103881
Tripathi, A. K. et al. Eioresources Technology, 1997, 61, (l), 53-59. Results from a preliminary financial evaluation of biomass-gasifier-based power generation in India are presented. The unit cost of electricity has been estimated for a variety of scenarios taking into account some of the uncertainties associated with this emerging technology in India.
Fuels and chemicals from biomass. (Symposium at the 211th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, held in New Orleans, Louisiana, 24-26 March 1996.) [in: ACS Symp. Ser., 1997; 6661 97103882
Saha, B. C. and Woodward, 97103883
J.; Editors
1997, 356 pp.
Liquid and gaseous renewable fuels from wastes
and biomass Studnicki, M. Karbo-Energochemical-Ekol., 1997, 42, (l), 22-28. (In Polish) Various experimental methods are investigated for liquid and gaseous renewable fuels production from wastes and biomass.
Proceedings of the 2nd European Motor Biofuels Forum, held 22-25 September 1996, in Graz, Austria
97103886 Joanneum
Riltunen, M. A. and Nieminen, J. J. U.S. US 5,626,088 (Cl. 110-243; F23G7/00), 6 May 1997, Appi. 563,844, 28 Nov 1995, 7 pp. Gasification of the biofuel or the waste material takes place in a fluidized bed gasifier, preferably a circulating fluidized bed gasifier. The product gas is introduced into a boiler equipped with fossil fuel burners, typically burners for pulverized coal, at a level above the burners. Ash from the boiler may be used to form the bed of the gasifier. For NO, mitigation, the gas is burned in the upper part of the boiler at 800-1050°C and an excess air content of -5-10%. In a second embodiment, the raw gas may be cleaned
326
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 1997
1996, 363 pp.
97io3887 Properties of Danish biofuels and the requirements for power production Sander, B. Biomass Bioenergy, 1997, 12, (3), 177-183. In Denmark, government demand makes it necessary for, ELSAM (the power pool of the western part of Denmark) to use large amounts of biofuels for power production. Most abundant are straw and wood chips and an overview of fuel composition in comparison with coal is given. The high content of potassium and chlorine in straw causes several serious technical problems in power production plants. Consequently, the possibility of reducing the content of potassium and chlorine in straw has been investigated; cultivation trials were established in the growing seasons of 1993 and 1994. The influence of various cultivation factors on the chemical composition of straw was investigated and samples of grain were also analysed. Furthermore, the effect of chlorine supply with fertilizers on straw composition was scrutinized. No correlation existed between the content of potassium and chlorine in straw and soil type, nitrogen and potassium fertilizer dose, pesticide dose and geographical location. There was, however, a strong correlation between chlorine content in straw and supply of chlorine with fertilizer. The content of potassium and chlorine is dependent on the variety. Rain after harvest leaches significant amounts of potassium and chlorine from straw lying in the field. Grain has a lower content of ash, K, Ca. Si and Cl than straw, but higher N content. 97103888 fieactivity of char from pyrolysis of birch wood Chen, G. et al. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 1997, 40, (41), 491-499. Biomass obtained from birch wood was pyrolysed both in a free-fall tubular reactor and a thermobalance. The product char was subsequently gasified with carbon dioxide and steam in the thermobalance. The reaction rates of the char with the reagents were strongly affected by the time-temperature history of the char formation. A rapid heating rate of the raw material in free-fall reactor gives a char which possesses higher reactivity in reaction both with carbon dioxide and steam compared with the char formed under slow heating rate in the thermobalance. The treatment condition and environment of the char precursor during devoiatiiization are the most important factors affecting the reactivity of the char in gasification with the used reagents. The kinetic study focused on whether a surrounding pyrolysis gas atmosphere exerts negative effects on the reactivity of the formed char.
Responses of an anaerobic fixed-film reactor to hydraulic shock loadings
97io3aa9
Chua, H. et al. Bioresources Technoloa, 1997, 61, (I), 79-83. The responses of an anaerobic fixed-film reactor (AFFR) to hydraulic shock loadings were studied. Under two, four and five times hydraulic shock loadings, the COD removal efficiency was temporarily reduced to between 84.4 and 88.3%, and the pH of the treated effluent and the biogas production were also affected. The AFFR could recover from the temporary inhibition due to these shock loadings and resumed normal operation within eight days. However, under 10 times hydraulic shock loading, the treatment performance deteriorated drastically The ability of the AFFR to recover from critical hydraulic shock loadings and system failure was attributed to the immobilized-biofilm design, which enabled the temporarily inhibited biofilms to be retained in the AFFR and to reactivate when favourable conditions were restored. 97io3890
Method and apparatus for utilizing biofuel andlor waste material in energy production
97103884
Research
Review of biodiesel
research
at University
of
Georgia J. W. Liq. Fuel Ind. Prod. Renewable Resow., Proc. Liq. Fuel Conf., 3rd, 1996, 128-135. Edited by Curidiff, J. S., American Society of
Goodrum,
Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Mich. Over a decade’s research conducted at the University of Georgia concerning engine performance and properties of biodiesel fuels is presented. Initial work focused on blends of peanut oil with petroleumderived diesel #2 (D2), with the objective of determining the suitability of peanut oil as a fuel extender during fuel shortages. Two buses were operated on blends of up to 80% peanut oil. After eight months as a part of the University student transport fleet, significant combustion chamber