- Email: [email protected]
04045 Detailed technical modelling of hybrid RAPS systems
07
Alternative
energy sources (wind energy)
Thin multilayer versus conventional silicon solar 96/04040 cell desians Stocks, MT J. and Blakers, A. W. Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference, Hobart, Tasman@, ANZSES, Box 124, Caulfield East, Vie. 3145, Australia. The multtlayer solar cell design has been proposed to produce moderately efficient cells on Door aualitv silicon. Claims of large efficiencv advantages of the multiiayer design’ over conventional (single and double junction cells) on poor quality silicon have been made. The modelling of the multilayer design supports the claimed efficiency advantage when light trapping or surface passivation is poor. With effective light trapping, there is little difference in eficiencv potential between conventional and multilayer designs when device th&ress is optimised for the number of junctions in the device. Using photovoltaic cells in buildings 96lQ4Q41 Buscarlet, C. et al., Cahiers CSTB, No.364, Section 2846, Nov. 1995, I3 pp. (In French)
Discusses the use of photovoltaic systems which are nowadays designed for various types of buildings in urban or rural locations. Gives a list of the problems that can be encountered when designing a photovoltaic building and supplies the relevant technical or regulatory texts in each case. Very low light-reflection from the surface of inci96/04042 dence of a silicon solar cell Zheng, G. F. et al., Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, Mar. 1996.40, (11 89.95 The paper reports very low light-reflection from the surface of incidence of a sihcon solar cell. The measured hemispherical front surface light-reflectance of the eoi thin film silicon solar cell is 1% over the outimum wavelength range 560 to 860 nm and below 2% in the range 440 to 960 nm. These reflectances are the lowest ever achieved for any silicon solar cell. The low reflection has resulted in a 7.9 mA/cm’ higher current density and a 45% higher efficiency than those of our best thin film silicon solar cell prior to the optimisation described. A Zomeworks retrospective 96lQ4Q43 Baer, S. Solar Today, Mar.-Apr. 1996, 10, (2), 26-29. A solar pioneer shares his years of experience designing and manufacturing practical, mostly passive solar energy equipment and systems.
Wind Energy Control of a variable speed induction generator 96iQ4044 using a variable voltage, variable frequency inverter system McIver, A. D. et al., Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, ANZSES, Box 124 Caulfield East, Vie. 3145, Australia. The paper shows how PWM inverters can be used to control the power flow from a variable speed wind turbine system while simultaneously providing the induction generator excitation current. This eliminates the need for excitation capacitors while optimising the power generated. 96DlQ45 systems Butler. D.
Detailed
technical
modelling
Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference. Hobart. 124, Caulfield East, Vie. 3145, Austraha.
of
hybrid
Tasmania. ANZSES.
East, Vie 3145, Australia.
The authors report on their deveiopment of a 5 kW wind turbine for inclusion in remote area power systems, and presents the aspects of the turbine design, and some of the major findings from the recent field tests. 96104047 Development of a resin injection technique for manufacturing composite blades for small wind turbines Bechly, M. E. et al., Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, ANZSES,
Box 124 Caulfield
East, Vie 3145, Australia.
The authors report their development of a resin transfer moulding technique to manufacture 2.5 metre long composite blades for a 5 kW wind turbine. 96/04Q46
The economics
of wind power in diesel grids - Post
‘95 budget Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference, Hobart, field East, Vie. 3145, Australia.
Tasmania, ANZSES, Box 124, Caul-
The Australian Federal Goverment’s announcement in the 1995 budget that light fuel oil will be taxed at a similar rate to diesel has significant implications for wind power in Australia’s remote grids, Operators of such grids have lone taken advantaee of the diesel orime mover’s abilitv to burn lieht fuel oil,“with minor mo‘difications, thus avoiding diesel fuel excise. The paper discusses a case study at the Denham power statron, a remote grid located on the north coast of Western Australia, to examine the economics of wind power post budget.
282
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
July
1996
Tasmania,
Box 124 Caulfield East, Vie. 3145, Australia.
Four permanent scientific stations are currently operated in Antarctica by Australia and France at Mawson. Davis, Casey and Dumont d’llrville. Wind speeds of up to 90 m/s (324 km/h), average over 2 minutes, have been recorded at Dumont d’Urville. The early expeditions encountered reliability problems with wind turbines and found that conventional generator sets and boilers were the only satisfactory, practical answer. Although continually improved, the resent energy system consumes large quantitiees of imported diesel fue P Energy costs are high and gas emissions from statioms are the most significant source of local air pollition in the pristine conditions of Antarctica. The paper includes data on the wind energy potential, discusses and assesses the availability of wind turines, and reports on the first results of the current wind turbine trial at Casey station.
96lQ4QSQ
King Island wind - diesel power system: Environmental impact and economic evaluation Stewart, R. Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, ANZSES. Box 124 Caulfield East. Vie. 3145. A’usfralia. The paper describes how the Hydro-Electric Commission(HEC) has recently completed a feasibility study for a wind farm on King Island to supplement its existing diesel-powet station that supplies the-electricity grid. An environmental impact assessment has been conducted as part of the feasibility study.
King Island wind-diesel power system: Technical 96lQ4Q51 aspects Caney, K. Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, AhLZSES, Box 124, Caulfield East, Vie. 3145, Australia. Describes a feasibility study which has been completed recently by the Hydro-Electric Commission for the addition of a wind farm of up to 700kW to an existing 900/2600 kW diesel power system on King Island with installed generating capacity of 1x800 kW plus 3x1200 kW.
96104052 The production tax credit for wind turbine powerolants is an ineffective incentive Kahn, E. Energy Policy, May 1996, 24, (S), 427-435. The US Energy Policy Act (EPAcI) of 1992 created a production tax credit of l.jc/kWh available for 10 years to promote certain renewable energy technolories, including wind turbines. The uaoer areues that the imoact of the wind turbine production tax credit wfll’be mynimal. The argument depends entirely on the nature of the project finance structure used by the private power industry for wind turbine development. The author shows that tax credits can only be absorbed by equity investors if there is a large fraction of equity in the project capital structure. This raises the financing cost of wind turbine projects compared to conventional power technology, which relies on a large fraction of low cost debt. If the tax credit were paid as a cash subsidy, the capital structure could be shifted to low cost debt and financing costs could be significantly reduced.
Box
96104046 Development and testing of a 5 kW wind turbine Bechly, M. E. er al., Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, Box 124 Caulfield
ANZSES,
RAPS
Describes a computer model of PViWindlDiesel hybrid systems which has been constructed using, a commercially available simulation software package. The model &mulates bidirectional inverters generator sets and batteries.
ANZSES,
96lQ4Q49 Exploiting wind power in Antarctica Guichard, A. et al., Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference, Hobart,
Others, Including
Development,
Economics
96104053
Acidogenic fermentation of organic urban wastes in a plug-flow reactor under thermophilic conditions Sans. C. et al., Bioresource Technoloav. 1995. 54. (21. 105110. The acidogenic fermentation of the or&nic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW) was studied at thermophilic temperature conditions in a plug-flow reactor. In particular, volatile fatty acids (VFA) production and individual acid distribution was monitored at different hvdraulic retention times (HRT). The feed mixture was composed of OFMSW mechanically selected in a full-scale plant and OFMSW collected from a fruit and vegetables market. When inoculum was added to the feed mixture, the thermophilic acidogenic fermentation of the OFMSW became a feasible process for obtaining VFA which could subsequently be extracted and be used as raw material for the production of high-value products like liquid hydrocarbon fuels,
96104054
Catalytic effect of highly dispersed Zn/carbon black from automobile tire on coal liquefaction Sato, Y. er al., Coal So. Technol., 1995, 24, (2), 1539-1542. Spent tyres are cracked at 440” for 69 min. Tetralin and coal liquefaction in H or N in the presence or absence of Fe203 catalyst. In the H and Tetralin experiments, almost all organic matter IS converted to oil, and the catalyst had no effect, indicating that the Znicarbon black and S contained in the tyres acted as a catalyst.
96/04055 Coal-tires hydrocoprocessing Mastral, A. M. et al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (2). 1535-1538 Presents a study on coprocessing of coal and used tyres: Also discusses the effect of coal to tyre ratio on the liquefaction.
Alternative
energy sources (wind energy)
Thin multilayer versus conventional silicon solar 96/04040 cell desians Stocks, MT J. and Blakers, A. W. Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference, Hobart, Tasman@, ANZSES, Box 124, Caulfield East, Vie. 3145, Australia. The multtlayer solar cell design has been proposed to produce moderately efficient cells on Door aualitv silicon. Claims of large efficiencv advantages of the multiiayer design’ over conventional (single and double junction cells) on poor quality silicon have been made. The modelling of the multilayer design supports the claimed efficiency advantage when light trapping or surface passivation is poor. With effective light trapping, there is little difference in eficiencv potential between conventional and multilayer designs when device th&ress is optimised for the number of junctions in the device. Using photovoltaic cells in buildings 96lQ4Q41 Buscarlet, C. et al., Cahiers CSTB, No.364, Section 2846, Nov. 1995, I3 pp. (In French)
Discusses the use of photovoltaic systems which are nowadays designed for various types of buildings in urban or rural locations. Gives a list of the problems that can be encountered when designing a photovoltaic building and supplies the relevant technical or regulatory texts in each case. Very low light-reflection from the surface of inci96/04042 dence of a silicon solar cell Zheng, G. F. et al., Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, Mar. 1996.40, (11 89.95 The paper reports very low light-reflection from the surface of incidence of a sihcon solar cell. The measured hemispherical front surface light-reflectance of the eoi thin film silicon solar cell is 1% over the outimum wavelength range 560 to 860 nm and below 2% in the range 440 to 960 nm. These reflectances are the lowest ever achieved for any silicon solar cell. The low reflection has resulted in a 7.9 mA/cm’ higher current density and a 45% higher efficiency than those of our best thin film silicon solar cell prior to the optimisation described. A Zomeworks retrospective 96lQ4Q43 Baer, S. Solar Today, Mar.-Apr. 1996, 10, (2), 26-29. A solar pioneer shares his years of experience designing and manufacturing practical, mostly passive solar energy equipment and systems.
Wind Energy Control of a variable speed induction generator 96iQ4044 using a variable voltage, variable frequency inverter system McIver, A. D. et al., Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, ANZSES, Box 124 Caulfield East, Vie. 3145, Australia. The paper shows how PWM inverters can be used to control the power flow from a variable speed wind turbine system while simultaneously providing the induction generator excitation current. This eliminates the need for excitation capacitors while optimising the power generated. 96DlQ45 systems Butler. D.
Detailed
technical
modelling
Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference. Hobart. 124, Caulfield East, Vie. 3145, Austraha.
of
hybrid
Tasmania. ANZSES.
East, Vie 3145, Australia.
The authors report on their deveiopment of a 5 kW wind turbine for inclusion in remote area power systems, and presents the aspects of the turbine design, and some of the major findings from the recent field tests. 96104047 Development of a resin injection technique for manufacturing composite blades for small wind turbines Bechly, M. E. et al., Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, ANZSES,
Box 124 Caulfield
East, Vie 3145, Australia.
The authors report their development of a resin transfer moulding technique to manufacture 2.5 metre long composite blades for a 5 kW wind turbine. 96/04Q46
The economics
of wind power in diesel grids - Post
‘95 budget Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference, Hobart, field East, Vie. 3145, Australia.
Tasmania, ANZSES, Box 124, Caul-
The Australian Federal Goverment’s announcement in the 1995 budget that light fuel oil will be taxed at a similar rate to diesel has significant implications for wind power in Australia’s remote grids, Operators of such grids have lone taken advantaee of the diesel orime mover’s abilitv to burn lieht fuel oil,“with minor mo‘difications, thus avoiding diesel fuel excise. The paper discusses a case study at the Denham power statron, a remote grid located on the north coast of Western Australia, to examine the economics of wind power post budget.
282
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
July
1996
Tasmania,
Box 124 Caulfield East, Vie. 3145, Australia.
Four permanent scientific stations are currently operated in Antarctica by Australia and France at Mawson. Davis, Casey and Dumont d’llrville. Wind speeds of up to 90 m/s (324 km/h), average over 2 minutes, have been recorded at Dumont d’Urville. The early expeditions encountered reliability problems with wind turbines and found that conventional generator sets and boilers were the only satisfactory, practical answer. Although continually improved, the resent energy system consumes large quantitiees of imported diesel fue P Energy costs are high and gas emissions from statioms are the most significant source of local air pollition in the pristine conditions of Antarctica. The paper includes data on the wind energy potential, discusses and assesses the availability of wind turines, and reports on the first results of the current wind turbine trial at Casey station.
96lQ4QSQ
King Island wind - diesel power system: Environmental impact and economic evaluation Stewart, R. Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, ANZSES. Box 124 Caulfield East. Vie. 3145. A’usfralia. The paper describes how the Hydro-Electric Commission(HEC) has recently completed a feasibility study for a wind farm on King Island to supplement its existing diesel-powet station that supplies the-electricity grid. An environmental impact assessment has been conducted as part of the feasibility study.
King Island wind-diesel power system: Technical 96lQ4Q51 aspects Caney, K. Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, AhLZSES, Box 124, Caulfield East, Vie. 3145, Australia. Describes a feasibility study which has been completed recently by the Hydro-Electric Commission for the addition of a wind farm of up to 700kW to an existing 900/2600 kW diesel power system on King Island with installed generating capacity of 1x800 kW plus 3x1200 kW.
96104052 The production tax credit for wind turbine powerolants is an ineffective incentive Kahn, E. Energy Policy, May 1996, 24, (S), 427-435. The US Energy Policy Act (EPAcI) of 1992 created a production tax credit of l.jc/kWh available for 10 years to promote certain renewable energy technolories, including wind turbines. The uaoer areues that the imoact of the wind turbine production tax credit wfll’be mynimal. The argument depends entirely on the nature of the project finance structure used by the private power industry for wind turbine development. The author shows that tax credits can only be absorbed by equity investors if there is a large fraction of equity in the project capital structure. This raises the financing cost of wind turbine projects compared to conventional power technology, which relies on a large fraction of low cost debt. If the tax credit were paid as a cash subsidy, the capital structure could be shifted to low cost debt and financing costs could be significantly reduced.
Box
96104046 Development and testing of a 5 kW wind turbine Bechly, M. E. er al., Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, Box 124 Caulfield
ANZSES,
RAPS
Describes a computer model of PViWindlDiesel hybrid systems which has been constructed using, a commercially available simulation software package. The model &mulates bidirectional inverters generator sets and batteries.
ANZSES,
96lQ4Q49 Exploiting wind power in Antarctica Guichard, A. et al., Proc. Solar ‘95 Conference, Hobart,
Others, Including
Development,
Economics
96104053
Acidogenic fermentation of organic urban wastes in a plug-flow reactor under thermophilic conditions Sans. C. et al., Bioresource Technoloav. 1995. 54. (21. 105110. The acidogenic fermentation of the or&nic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW) was studied at thermophilic temperature conditions in a plug-flow reactor. In particular, volatile fatty acids (VFA) production and individual acid distribution was monitored at different hvdraulic retention times (HRT). The feed mixture was composed of OFMSW mechanically selected in a full-scale plant and OFMSW collected from a fruit and vegetables market. When inoculum was added to the feed mixture, the thermophilic acidogenic fermentation of the OFMSW became a feasible process for obtaining VFA which could subsequently be extracted and be used as raw material for the production of high-value products like liquid hydrocarbon fuels,
96104054
Catalytic effect of highly dispersed Zn/carbon black from automobile tire on coal liquefaction Sato, Y. er al., Coal So. Technol., 1995, 24, (2), 1539-1542. Spent tyres are cracked at 440” for 69 min. Tetralin and coal liquefaction in H or N in the presence or absence of Fe203 catalyst. In the H and Tetralin experiments, almost all organic matter IS converted to oil, and the catalyst had no effect, indicating that the Znicarbon black and S contained in the tyres acted as a catalyst.
96/04055 Coal-tires hydrocoprocessing Mastral, A. M. et al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (2). 1535-1538 Presents a study on coprocessing of coal and used tyres: Also discusses the effect of coal to tyre ratio on the liquefaction.