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04469 Strategic planning and adoption of greenhouse gas mitigation options in Asia
15
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
Simulating sulfur dioxide plume dispersion and 96104463 subseouent deoosition downwind from a stationary _ .point source’: A model Bourque, C. P. and Arp, P. A. Environ. Pollur., 1996, 91, (3), 363-380. Dispersion and subsequent deposition of SO, downwind from a stationary point source, advection, and air turbulence en route from the source to the area of impact. SO, transport processes were simulated using Lagrangian air parcel trajectory simulations from puff releases of air parcels. The calculations covered daytime and night-time conditions and accounts for: solar geometry, diurnal variations of wind speed and air turbulence, resistance to SO, transfer from air to land, and flat terrain. Solar thermochemical and electrochemical 96104464 research - How thev can helo reduce the carbon dioxide burden Fletcher, E. A. Energy, Jul.-Aug. 1996, 21, (7), 739-745. Any process which decreases the use of fossil fuels as a prime energy source will be used only if it is attractive to industry. To be attractive, an alternative energy source must be cost effective. The only alternative prime energy sources which appear likely to be cost effective in the foreseeable future are nuclear fission and the various manifestations of solar. Fission, no matter how well it is engineered on earth, can cause major disasters because of human error, its apparent cost effectiveness is illusory. Thermonuclear fusion energy is no closer to fruition than it was fifty years ago, when it was first proposed. Solar energy is thermonuclear fusion. The source is far removed from humans. We can’t manipulate the safety devices. The realization that one cannot divorce nuclear energy from the hazards of human error and malice is already given in public policy. Solubility of CO, in the ocean and its effect on CO, 96104465 dissolution Energy Cowers. Mgmf., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), Te~310Hj8, et 4 The rate of mass transfer from pure COz effluent discharged in the deep ocean depends strongly on the solubility of CO? in seawater. This thermodynamic study derives solubility relationships for both gas- and liquidphase CO, in seawater. It is determined that, for CO, gas, solubility depends on both temperature and pressure and, as a consequence, solubility increases sharply with depth in the ocean. For CO> liquid, solubility depends only on temperature and increases slowly with depth, approaching near constant values in the deep ocean. These results are applied to examine dissolution rates of CO1 bubbles and droplets. Solvent effects In synchronous UV fluorescence to 96104466 characterize the solid/liquid phase modifications in coal structure during the preheating process Kister, J. et al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (1) 381-384. Describes how coking coal heating to 210” decreases the size of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in CHCI,, THF, and pyridine extracts. 96104467 Some ohvsical and chemical features of the variability of K, distribution coefficients for radionuclides J. Environ. Radioacfivify, 1996, 30, (3), Abril, J. M. and Fraaa, E. 253-270. K, coefficients are widely used as a first approach to the understanding and determination of the eventual fate of metals and radionuclides released into the aquatic environment. For some radionuclides, K, varies within a range of more than two orders of magnitude. Based on some physical and chemical aspects of the interactions between the dissolved and the particulate phases, some mathematical equations have been developed to explain some features of the observed K, variability quantitatively. Thus, a study was done of the decrease in particle size of K, in the case of man-made radionuclides interacting with natural particles, and its increase in the case of naturally occurring radionuclides. 96iQ4466 Stabilization/solidification of industrial inorganic wastes using coal fly ashes from desulfurization processes Vale, J. ef al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (2), 1955-1958. The paper discusses the results of a pilot-plant study on stabilization and solidification of industrial inorganic hazardous wastes using coal fly ash from flue gas desulphurization. The advantages of using fly ashes as bulking agents with liquid wastes and as substitutes for other solidifying agents are discussed. Strategic planning and adoption of greenhouse gas mitigation options In Asia Bando, A. Energy Cowers. Mgmt., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), 991-998. Asia’s global warming potential (GWP) is large and growing. Asia releases an estimated 8.4 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide each year from fossil fuel use, cement manufactures and ‘land use changes’ while its anthropogenie emissions of methane (emissions derived primarily from we1 rice cultivation and livestock - estimates from these being highly unreliable) represent half the global total. The paper highlights several key issues that must be considered while developing greenhouse gas emissions mitigation options within the context of an overall strategy of moving countries rapidly along a path of sustainable development that increases inter-sectoral energy efficiences within the economy, enhance sinks, and decrease greenhouse gas emissions per capita. 96104469
306
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1996
Strategies for limiting methane gas in the European
96lO4470 Union Oudart, 8.
Energy Convers. Mgmr., Jun.-Aug.
1996, 37, (6), 1187-l 192.
CITEPA carried out a study on behalf of the European Commission about possibilities of limiting methane gas in the European Union. In this paper which deals only with methane anthropogenic emissions, emission inventories have been elaborated for the years 1990, 2005 and 2010 considering a ‘no climate policies’ scenario on one hand and ‘existing policies’ scenario on the other hand. On the basis of these inventories, considering the main sources of CH,, the possibilities of the applications of emission reduction technologies are analysed in order to propose a Community progrmme for action.
96104471 Strategies for reducing emlsslons and deposltlons In central and eastern European countries. The case of Slovakia Van Harmelen, T. et al., ECN-C Report ECN-C-94-102, Netherlands Energy Rex Foundation, Petten, The Netherlands, 1995, 59 pp. The report discusses the developments and reduction of acidifying NO, emissions from the energy systems of Slovakia.
SO, and
Strategles for reducing emlsslons and depositions 96104472 In central and eastern European countries. The case of the Czech Republic Van Harmelen, T. et al., ECN-C Report ECN-C-94-101, Netherlands Energy Res. Foundation, Petten, The Netherlands, 1995, 59 pp. The report contains a detailed case study on the developments and reduction of acidifying SO, and NO, emissions from the energy systems of the Czech Republic.
96104473 Japan
Studies
Koh, T. er al., (In Japanese)
on daily intake of food coal-tar
dyes in
Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Gakkaishi, 1995, 2, (l), 64-68.
The daily intake of food coal-tar dyes was determined by HPLC of samples prepared from the processed foods purchased in Japan. The total daily intake of the food coal-tar dves in 1994 was 0.9 mn/dav. About 61% of the total intake was supplied from No. 7 of the g&p of processed foods, involving fruits, vegetables, and seafoods.
96104474 molecular
Study of the stability of CO, clathrate-hydrate dynamics simulation
Hirai, S. 1087-1092.
er al.,
Energy
Comers.
Mgml., Jun.-Aug.
using
1996, 37, (6),
Investigation using molecular dynamics simulation has been conducted in order to clarify the stability and to obtain the fundamental understanding of CO, clathrate-hydrate. It was revealed from the MD simulation that the COz clathrate-hydrate is unstable as compared with both empty and Argon clathrate-hydrates. The reason for the unstableness is discussed based on the database obtained from the simulation. THe repulsive force acting between the 0 atoms of CO> and 0 atom in H,O consisting the cage have a destabilizing effect on the CO? clathrate-hydrate lattice structure.
A study of the surface modification Braithwaite,
A. and Cooper, M.
of alumina for
Chromatographia, 1996, 42, (l), 77-82.
Describes the development of a gas chromatographic method for the separation of alkanes and alkenes oresent in coal mine air usinn modified alumina columns. The separation was carried out by using gas Ehromatography equipped with a gas sampling valve, a FID and a surface modified alumina packed column with helium as carrier gas.
96104476 Technical and economic feasibility of CO, disposal in aquifers within the Alberta sedimentary basin, Canada Gunter, W. D. et al., 1135-1142.
Energy Cowers. Mgmt., Jun.-Aug.
1996, 37, (6),
Discusses a three vear studv of the technical and economic feasibilitv of aquifer disposal of CO, in 6e low permeability sedimentary rocks of the Alberta Basin which has revealed several new generic concepts that may be applicable to other sedimentary basins throughout the world.
96104477 Trace elements partitioning from coal-fired power stations
in stack
emissions
Dale, L. S. er al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (2), 1975-1978. The paper describes trace elements (As, B, Cd, Pb, Hg, MO, Se, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn,Sb, and Co) partitioning in stack emissions from coal-fired power stations.
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
Simulating sulfur dioxide plume dispersion and 96104463 subseouent deoosition downwind from a stationary _ .point source’: A model Bourque, C. P. and Arp, P. A. Environ. Pollur., 1996, 91, (3), 363-380. Dispersion and subsequent deposition of SO, downwind from a stationary point source, advection, and air turbulence en route from the source to the area of impact. SO, transport processes were simulated using Lagrangian air parcel trajectory simulations from puff releases of air parcels. The calculations covered daytime and night-time conditions and accounts for: solar geometry, diurnal variations of wind speed and air turbulence, resistance to SO, transfer from air to land, and flat terrain. Solar thermochemical and electrochemical 96104464 research - How thev can helo reduce the carbon dioxide burden Fletcher, E. A. Energy, Jul.-Aug. 1996, 21, (7), 739-745. Any process which decreases the use of fossil fuels as a prime energy source will be used only if it is attractive to industry. To be attractive, an alternative energy source must be cost effective. The only alternative prime energy sources which appear likely to be cost effective in the foreseeable future are nuclear fission and the various manifestations of solar. Fission, no matter how well it is engineered on earth, can cause major disasters because of human error, its apparent cost effectiveness is illusory. Thermonuclear fusion energy is no closer to fruition than it was fifty years ago, when it was first proposed. Solar energy is thermonuclear fusion. The source is far removed from humans. We can’t manipulate the safety devices. The realization that one cannot divorce nuclear energy from the hazards of human error and malice is already given in public policy. Solubility of CO, in the ocean and its effect on CO, 96104465 dissolution Energy Cowers. Mgmf., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), Te~310Hj8, et 4 The rate of mass transfer from pure COz effluent discharged in the deep ocean depends strongly on the solubility of CO? in seawater. This thermodynamic study derives solubility relationships for both gas- and liquidphase CO, in seawater. It is determined that, for CO, gas, solubility depends on both temperature and pressure and, as a consequence, solubility increases sharply with depth in the ocean. For CO> liquid, solubility depends only on temperature and increases slowly with depth, approaching near constant values in the deep ocean. These results are applied to examine dissolution rates of CO1 bubbles and droplets. Solvent effects In synchronous UV fluorescence to 96104466 characterize the solid/liquid phase modifications in coal structure during the preheating process Kister, J. et al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (1) 381-384. Describes how coking coal heating to 210” decreases the size of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in CHCI,, THF, and pyridine extracts. 96104467 Some ohvsical and chemical features of the variability of K, distribution coefficients for radionuclides J. Environ. Radioacfivify, 1996, 30, (3), Abril, J. M. and Fraaa, E. 253-270. K, coefficients are widely used as a first approach to the understanding and determination of the eventual fate of metals and radionuclides released into the aquatic environment. For some radionuclides, K, varies within a range of more than two orders of magnitude. Based on some physical and chemical aspects of the interactions between the dissolved and the particulate phases, some mathematical equations have been developed to explain some features of the observed K, variability quantitatively. Thus, a study was done of the decrease in particle size of K, in the case of man-made radionuclides interacting with natural particles, and its increase in the case of naturally occurring radionuclides. 96iQ4466 Stabilization/solidification of industrial inorganic wastes using coal fly ashes from desulfurization processes Vale, J. ef al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (2), 1955-1958. The paper discusses the results of a pilot-plant study on stabilization and solidification of industrial inorganic hazardous wastes using coal fly ash from flue gas desulphurization. The advantages of using fly ashes as bulking agents with liquid wastes and as substitutes for other solidifying agents are discussed. Strategic planning and adoption of greenhouse gas mitigation options In Asia Bando, A. Energy Cowers. Mgmt., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), 991-998. Asia’s global warming potential (GWP) is large and growing. Asia releases an estimated 8.4 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide each year from fossil fuel use, cement manufactures and ‘land use changes’ while its anthropogenie emissions of methane (emissions derived primarily from we1 rice cultivation and livestock - estimates from these being highly unreliable) represent half the global total. The paper highlights several key issues that must be considered while developing greenhouse gas emissions mitigation options within the context of an overall strategy of moving countries rapidly along a path of sustainable development that increases inter-sectoral energy efficiences within the economy, enhance sinks, and decrease greenhouse gas emissions per capita. 96104469
306
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1996
Strategies for limiting methane gas in the European
96lO4470 Union Oudart, 8.
Energy Convers. Mgmr., Jun.-Aug.
1996, 37, (6), 1187-l 192.
CITEPA carried out a study on behalf of the European Commission about possibilities of limiting methane gas in the European Union. In this paper which deals only with methane anthropogenic emissions, emission inventories have been elaborated for the years 1990, 2005 and 2010 considering a ‘no climate policies’ scenario on one hand and ‘existing policies’ scenario on the other hand. On the basis of these inventories, considering the main sources of CH,, the possibilities of the applications of emission reduction technologies are analysed in order to propose a Community progrmme for action.
96104471 Strategies for reducing emlsslons and deposltlons In central and eastern European countries. The case of Slovakia Van Harmelen, T. et al., ECN-C Report ECN-C-94-102, Netherlands Energy Rex Foundation, Petten, The Netherlands, 1995, 59 pp. The report discusses the developments and reduction of acidifying NO, emissions from the energy systems of Slovakia.
SO, and
Strategles for reducing emlsslons and depositions 96104472 In central and eastern European countries. The case of the Czech Republic Van Harmelen, T. et al., ECN-C Report ECN-C-94-101, Netherlands Energy Res. Foundation, Petten, The Netherlands, 1995, 59 pp. The report contains a detailed case study on the developments and reduction of acidifying SO, and NO, emissions from the energy systems of the Czech Republic.
96104473 Japan
Studies
Koh, T. er al., (In Japanese)
on daily intake of food coal-tar
dyes in
Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Gakkaishi, 1995, 2, (l), 64-68.
The daily intake of food coal-tar dyes was determined by HPLC of samples prepared from the processed foods purchased in Japan. The total daily intake of the food coal-tar dves in 1994 was 0.9 mn/dav. About 61% of the total intake was supplied from No. 7 of the g&p of processed foods, involving fruits, vegetables, and seafoods.
96104474 molecular
Study of the stability of CO, clathrate-hydrate dynamics simulation
Hirai, S. 1087-1092.
er al.,
Energy
Comers.
Mgml., Jun.-Aug.
using
1996, 37, (6),
Investigation using molecular dynamics simulation has been conducted in order to clarify the stability and to obtain the fundamental understanding of CO, clathrate-hydrate. It was revealed from the MD simulation that the COz clathrate-hydrate is unstable as compared with both empty and Argon clathrate-hydrates. The reason for the unstableness is discussed based on the database obtained from the simulation. THe repulsive force acting between the 0 atoms of CO> and 0 atom in H,O consisting the cage have a destabilizing effect on the CO? clathrate-hydrate lattice structure.
A study of the surface modification Braithwaite,
A. and Cooper, M.
of alumina for
Chromatographia, 1996, 42, (l), 77-82.
Describes the development of a gas chromatographic method for the separation of alkanes and alkenes oresent in coal mine air usinn modified alumina columns. The separation was carried out by using gas Ehromatography equipped with a gas sampling valve, a FID and a surface modified alumina packed column with helium as carrier gas.
96104476 Technical and economic feasibility of CO, disposal in aquifers within the Alberta sedimentary basin, Canada Gunter, W. D. et al., 1135-1142.
Energy Cowers. Mgmt., Jun.-Aug.
1996, 37, (6),
Discusses a three vear studv of the technical and economic feasibilitv of aquifer disposal of CO, in 6e low permeability sedimentary rocks of the Alberta Basin which has revealed several new generic concepts that may be applicable to other sedimentary basins throughout the world.
96104477 Trace elements partitioning from coal-fired power stations
in stack
emissions
Dale, L. S. er al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (2), 1975-1978. The paper describes trace elements (As, B, Cd, Pb, Hg, MO, Se, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn,Sb, and Co) partitioning in stack emissions from coal-fired power stations.