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04615 Influence of maturation on the pyrolysis products from coals and kerogens. 2. Modeling
01
Hydrocracking reactivities of Point of A r coal 96104612 extracts from a flowing-solvent reactor, a mini-bomb an J a pilot plant Zhang, S. F. er al., Coal Sci. Tech&, 1995, 24, (2), 1487-1490. The paper examines the reactivities of Point of Ayr-derived coal extracts (produced from a flowing solvent reactor, a mini-bomb reactor, and a pilot plant) in hydrocracking in a micro-bomb reactor in Tetralin at 460” and 190 bars H2 with a presulphided Ni-MO/A&O, catalyst for 30-150 minutes. A greater conversion shown by the flowing solvent reactor reflects a lower thermal degradation of the extractions. The Influence of carbon dioxlde 96104613 structure and durability Tkachenko, N. and Jigrin, A. Coal Sci. Tech&, IR spectroscopy was used to examine the adsorption CO: on metal oxides typically found in coals. CO, on the surface of rare earth metals, CaO, and Mgd with stronger absorption centres on MgO.
to changing
of coal
1995, 1, 15-17. and chemisorption of absorption takes place ion the form of COz.‘,
96104614 Influence of maturatlon on the pyrolysis products from coals and kerogens. 1. Experiment Charpenay, S. et al., Energy Fuels, 1996, 10, (l), 19-25. In order to evaluate the existence of general trends in pyrolysis products with maturation, three series of coals and three series of kerogens of varying maturity were characterized by programmed open-system pyrolysis in a TG-STIR (thermogravimetric analysis with Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy) apparatus. For most series, similar gas and tar evolution trends during open-system pyrolysis were observed as a function of sample maturity. Influence of maturation on the pyrolysis products 96104615 from coals and kerogens. 2. Modeling Charpenay, S. et al., Energy Fuels, 1996, 10, (l), 26-38. A methodology was developed to determine the chemical and kinetics of the multiple reactions during geological maturation, with a special emphasis on a representation of chagenesis and oil formation processes. The methodology combines a macromolecular and kinetic model for hydrocarbon pyrolysis, the FG-DVC (functional group-devolatilization, vaporization, crosslinking) model, with a combined thermogravimetry-Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (TG-FAIR) analysis. TG-FTIR pyrolysis data from several natural maturation series of coals and kerogens were measured, systematic trends with the degree of maturation were identified, and empirical processes and reaction kinetics during maturation necessary to induce these trends were estimated. 96104616 Influence of peat hydrolysis conditions on humic substances In hydrolyrates Smychnik, T. P. and Bambalov, N. N. Vestsi Akad. Navuk Belarusi, Ser. Khim. Navuk, 1995, (2), 99-102. (In Russian) Humic substances in peat hydrolyzates were assessed following two procedures for hydrolysis: (1) 0.5-400/o HZSO, and 4-350/C HCl at 23-25’ or 98” over 15-360 min; or (2) prolonged hydrolysis in concentrate H,SO, for 10 months or concentrate HCl for 2 months at 23-25’. 96104617 Kinetic model of coal sulfonation Gagarin, S. G. and Smirnov, R. N. Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscon~), 1995, (5). 42-53. (In Russian) Presents a kinetic model of coal sulphonation. The model takes into account structure characteristics of organic matter and relative rates of sulphonation and side reactions (e.g. oxidation and polymerization) 96104616 Large molecules in coal. Where do they hide? Herod, A. A. et al., Coal Sci. Technol, 1995, 1, 315.318. Results from size-exclusion chromatography and UV-fluorescence analysis were reported for coals extracted with THF and l-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solvents in order to examine the degree at which soluble-state preparative and analysis techniques may be limited by the power of the solvents used. Maceral and rank influence on the morphology and 96104619 reactivity of coal char Zhang, X. er al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (l), 307-310. Discusses a study of the combustion behaviour and morphology of various coals on the basis of their maceral compositions and rank. The results indicate that vitrinite had the greatest influence on the reactivity of coals and the corresponding coal chars 96104620
Methane-INFO-graphical, three-dimensional planning and Information systems for the simulation and prediction of the methane emission of mine deslgn Kaub, R. and Ruschitzka, C. Pub/. Ausrralas. Inst. Min. Merall., 1995, 4, s47-550. Discusses the productivity and economic success of a German coal mine which is attributed to the high productivity of a small number of operation points; however, high rates of production are associated with increased gas emission to work sites.
So/id fuels (sources, winning, properties)
96104621 The mlcrotexture of anthracites: A key stand their graphltlzabllity Blanche, C. et al., Coal Sci. Techno!., 1995, 1. 43-46. The microtexture of several anthracites, which represent effects of maturation temperature and stresses, were observed sion electron microscopy and the results correlated graphitizability.
to under-
the coupled by transmiswith their
96104622 Mlneral matter and trace elements dlstrlbutlon in Late Permian coal, Collie Basin, Western Australia Sappa!, K. K. Coal Sci. Technol, 1995, 1, 139-142. The chscrete mineral matter in late Permian coals (Collie Basin, Western Australia) consists of clay minerals, pyrite, quartz, and carbonates. Mineral associations with inertinite-group macerals, as infillings in cellular cavities, was problematic for the reduction of ash content of the coal. There was no relationship between the trace element distribution within the different lithotypes and their maceral compositions. However, low concentration of boron in the dull coal suggested that the depositional environment for the coal was free from any marine sedimentation. Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Beypazarl lig96104623 nite, central Anatolla, Turkey Querol, X. ef al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 1, 143-146. Zeolites and framboidal pyrite formed syngenetically in the peat mire, possibly as a result of introduction of Na- and S-rich groundwater of volcanic origin. Zeolite differentiation may be the result of either changes in the chemistry of the volcanic material at the source or changes tn the groundwater chemistry. High pH in the mire was inferred because of the precipitation of organic-associated apatite and early activation of volcanic material into the zeolites. 96104624 Minerals In coals from the Yorkshire-Nottinghamshire coalfields: Identification and quantification Spears, D. A. Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 1, 123-126. The main minerals present in coals from the Yorkshire-Nottinghamshire and other UK coalfields are (1) inherited (detrital) minerals, comprising quartz, kaolinite, illite, mixed-layer clay,and chlorite, and (2) precipitated (diagenetic) minerals, comprising sulphides, carbonates, and kaolinites. Pyrite in the main sulphide mineral, but other sulphides were also observed, and ankerite and calcite were generally the main carbonates present. 96104625 Modeling, optimization and sensitivity-analysis of the final pit limits for a lignite deposit Mastoris, J. and Topuz, E. Min. Eng. (Lirrleron, Cola.). 1995, 47, (ll), 127-132. The problem of defining the optimum final limits of an open-pit mine has challenged the mining industry for the last three decades. The difficulty results mainly from the great number of variables involved and from the sheer computational effort required in real-life applications. An actual lignite deposit is used in this study to introduce and apply a new method that can be used as a basis for surface-mine design optimization. 96/04626 Modes of occurrence of trace elements in coal: Geochemical constraints from XAFS and PIXE spectroscopic analysis of advanced coal cleaning tests Huggins, F. E. er al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 1, 175-178. Discusses how XAFS spectroscopy can provide direct evidence for the occurrence of lithophilic elements (e.g. Ti, V, Cr. and Mn) in both a dispersed maceral association and a specific mineralogical mode of occurrence in Kentucky No. 9 coal. Illite was identified as the major mineral in the flotation tailings fraction for this coal. Multivariable analysis and experimental research 96104627 on the distribution of trace elements in coal Lu, X. et al., Huanjing Huaue, 1995, 14, (6), 494-499. (In Chinese) Based on the determination of 10 trace elements in 7 kinds ofcoal, multivariable analysis was used in the study of distribution of trace elemenls in coal. The results of factor analysis showed that 3-factor model interprets reasonably the correlations of these trace elements. The results of cluster analysis showed that 10 trace elements clustered reasonably into two groups. Neoformation of inert carbon during the natural 96104626 maturation of a marine source rock: Bakken Shale, Williston Basin hluscio, G. P. and Horsfield, B. Energ) Fuels, 1996, 10, (l), 10-18. The Bakken Shale (Mississippian/Devonian) of the Williston Basin was used as a natural laboratory for comparing the disproportionation reactions occurring in nature with those occurring in pyrolysis experiments. A uniform kerogen type and a broad maturity range made this possible. Mass balance calculations, analysis pyrolysis, and MSSV simulation experiments together provided strong evidence that generative yields from open system pyrolysis are not equal to potential petroleum yields in nature for this particular source rock. This is because inert kerogen formation is enhanced under both natural and closed system simulation conditions, ostensibly because of aromatization and condensation reactions involving primary aromatic structures and possibly cross-linked moieties.
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
September
1996
331
Hydrocracking reactivities of Point of A r coal 96104612 extracts from a flowing-solvent reactor, a mini-bomb an J a pilot plant Zhang, S. F. er al., Coal Sci. Tech&, 1995, 24, (2), 1487-1490. The paper examines the reactivities of Point of Ayr-derived coal extracts (produced from a flowing solvent reactor, a mini-bomb reactor, and a pilot plant) in hydrocracking in a micro-bomb reactor in Tetralin at 460” and 190 bars H2 with a presulphided Ni-MO/A&O, catalyst for 30-150 minutes. A greater conversion shown by the flowing solvent reactor reflects a lower thermal degradation of the extractions. The Influence of carbon dioxlde 96104613 structure and durability Tkachenko, N. and Jigrin, A. Coal Sci. Tech&, IR spectroscopy was used to examine the adsorption CO: on metal oxides typically found in coals. CO, on the surface of rare earth metals, CaO, and Mgd with stronger absorption centres on MgO.
to changing
of coal
1995, 1, 15-17. and chemisorption of absorption takes place ion the form of COz.‘,
96104614 Influence of maturatlon on the pyrolysis products from coals and kerogens. 1. Experiment Charpenay, S. et al., Energy Fuels, 1996, 10, (l), 19-25. In order to evaluate the existence of general trends in pyrolysis products with maturation, three series of coals and three series of kerogens of varying maturity were characterized by programmed open-system pyrolysis in a TG-STIR (thermogravimetric analysis with Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy) apparatus. For most series, similar gas and tar evolution trends during open-system pyrolysis were observed as a function of sample maturity. Influence of maturation on the pyrolysis products 96104615 from coals and kerogens. 2. Modeling Charpenay, S. et al., Energy Fuels, 1996, 10, (l), 26-38. A methodology was developed to determine the chemical and kinetics of the multiple reactions during geological maturation, with a special emphasis on a representation of chagenesis and oil formation processes. The methodology combines a macromolecular and kinetic model for hydrocarbon pyrolysis, the FG-DVC (functional group-devolatilization, vaporization, crosslinking) model, with a combined thermogravimetry-Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (TG-FAIR) analysis. TG-FTIR pyrolysis data from several natural maturation series of coals and kerogens were measured, systematic trends with the degree of maturation were identified, and empirical processes and reaction kinetics during maturation necessary to induce these trends were estimated. 96104616 Influence of peat hydrolysis conditions on humic substances In hydrolyrates Smychnik, T. P. and Bambalov, N. N. Vestsi Akad. Navuk Belarusi, Ser. Khim. Navuk, 1995, (2), 99-102. (In Russian) Humic substances in peat hydrolyzates were assessed following two procedures for hydrolysis: (1) 0.5-400/o HZSO, and 4-350/C HCl at 23-25’ or 98” over 15-360 min; or (2) prolonged hydrolysis in concentrate H,SO, for 10 months or concentrate HCl for 2 months at 23-25’. 96104617 Kinetic model of coal sulfonation Gagarin, S. G. and Smirnov, R. N. Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscon~), 1995, (5). 42-53. (In Russian) Presents a kinetic model of coal sulphonation. The model takes into account structure characteristics of organic matter and relative rates of sulphonation and side reactions (e.g. oxidation and polymerization) 96104616 Large molecules in coal. Where do they hide? Herod, A. A. et al., Coal Sci. Technol, 1995, 1, 315.318. Results from size-exclusion chromatography and UV-fluorescence analysis were reported for coals extracted with THF and l-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solvents in order to examine the degree at which soluble-state preparative and analysis techniques may be limited by the power of the solvents used. Maceral and rank influence on the morphology and 96104619 reactivity of coal char Zhang, X. er al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (l), 307-310. Discusses a study of the combustion behaviour and morphology of various coals on the basis of their maceral compositions and rank. The results indicate that vitrinite had the greatest influence on the reactivity of coals and the corresponding coal chars 96104620
Methane-INFO-graphical, three-dimensional planning and Information systems for the simulation and prediction of the methane emission of mine deslgn Kaub, R. and Ruschitzka, C. Pub/. Ausrralas. Inst. Min. Merall., 1995, 4, s47-550. Discusses the productivity and economic success of a German coal mine which is attributed to the high productivity of a small number of operation points; however, high rates of production are associated with increased gas emission to work sites.
So/id fuels (sources, winning, properties)
96104621 The mlcrotexture of anthracites: A key stand their graphltlzabllity Blanche, C. et al., Coal Sci. Techno!., 1995, 1. 43-46. The microtexture of several anthracites, which represent effects of maturation temperature and stresses, were observed sion electron microscopy and the results correlated graphitizability.
to under-
the coupled by transmiswith their
96104622 Mlneral matter and trace elements dlstrlbutlon in Late Permian coal, Collie Basin, Western Australia Sappa!, K. K. Coal Sci. Technol, 1995, 1, 139-142. The chscrete mineral matter in late Permian coals (Collie Basin, Western Australia) consists of clay minerals, pyrite, quartz, and carbonates. Mineral associations with inertinite-group macerals, as infillings in cellular cavities, was problematic for the reduction of ash content of the coal. There was no relationship between the trace element distribution within the different lithotypes and their maceral compositions. However, low concentration of boron in the dull coal suggested that the depositional environment for the coal was free from any marine sedimentation. Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Beypazarl lig96104623 nite, central Anatolla, Turkey Querol, X. ef al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 1, 143-146. Zeolites and framboidal pyrite formed syngenetically in the peat mire, possibly as a result of introduction of Na- and S-rich groundwater of volcanic origin. Zeolite differentiation may be the result of either changes in the chemistry of the volcanic material at the source or changes tn the groundwater chemistry. High pH in the mire was inferred because of the precipitation of organic-associated apatite and early activation of volcanic material into the zeolites. 96104624 Minerals In coals from the Yorkshire-Nottinghamshire coalfields: Identification and quantification Spears, D. A. Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 1, 123-126. The main minerals present in coals from the Yorkshire-Nottinghamshire and other UK coalfields are (1) inherited (detrital) minerals, comprising quartz, kaolinite, illite, mixed-layer clay,and chlorite, and (2) precipitated (diagenetic) minerals, comprising sulphides, carbonates, and kaolinites. Pyrite in the main sulphide mineral, but other sulphides were also observed, and ankerite and calcite were generally the main carbonates present. 96104625 Modeling, optimization and sensitivity-analysis of the final pit limits for a lignite deposit Mastoris, J. and Topuz, E. Min. Eng. (Lirrleron, Cola.). 1995, 47, (ll), 127-132. The problem of defining the optimum final limits of an open-pit mine has challenged the mining industry for the last three decades. The difficulty results mainly from the great number of variables involved and from the sheer computational effort required in real-life applications. An actual lignite deposit is used in this study to introduce and apply a new method that can be used as a basis for surface-mine design optimization. 96/04626 Modes of occurrence of trace elements in coal: Geochemical constraints from XAFS and PIXE spectroscopic analysis of advanced coal cleaning tests Huggins, F. E. er al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 1, 175-178. Discusses how XAFS spectroscopy can provide direct evidence for the occurrence of lithophilic elements (e.g. Ti, V, Cr. and Mn) in both a dispersed maceral association and a specific mineralogical mode of occurrence in Kentucky No. 9 coal. Illite was identified as the major mineral in the flotation tailings fraction for this coal. Multivariable analysis and experimental research 96104627 on the distribution of trace elements in coal Lu, X. et al., Huanjing Huaue, 1995, 14, (6), 494-499. (In Chinese) Based on the determination of 10 trace elements in 7 kinds ofcoal, multivariable analysis was used in the study of distribution of trace elemenls in coal. The results of factor analysis showed that 3-factor model interprets reasonably the correlations of these trace elements. The results of cluster analysis showed that 10 trace elements clustered reasonably into two groups. Neoformation of inert carbon during the natural 96104626 maturation of a marine source rock: Bakken Shale, Williston Basin hluscio, G. P. and Horsfield, B. Energ) Fuels, 1996, 10, (l), 10-18. The Bakken Shale (Mississippian/Devonian) of the Williston Basin was used as a natural laboratory for comparing the disproportionation reactions occurring in nature with those occurring in pyrolysis experiments. A uniform kerogen type and a broad maturity range made this possible. Mass balance calculations, analysis pyrolysis, and MSSV simulation experiments together provided strong evidence that generative yields from open system pyrolysis are not equal to potential petroleum yields in nature for this particular source rock. This is because inert kerogen formation is enhanced under both natural and closed system simulation conditions, ostensibly because of aromatization and condensation reactions involving primary aromatic structures and possibly cross-linked moieties.
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
September
1996
331