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05120 Some ecological and socio-economic considerations for biomass energy crop production
07
Alternative
energy
96105116 Prediction mass material - II
sources
(geothermal
of concentration
energy)
in the pyrolysis
of bio-
Srivastava, V. K. et al., Energy Cowers. Mgmt., Apr. 1996, 37, (4), 473-483. In this work, a prediction of concentration profiles in the case of pyrolysis of different lignocellulosic materials in isothermal and non-isothermal conditions has been made. The operative temperature ranges from 573 to 973 K for isothermal conditions and, for non-isothermal conditions, the heating rate ranges from 5 to 80 K/min.
Pyrolysis characteristics of biomass and biomass 96lO5117 components Raveendran, K. ef al., Fuel, Jun. 1996, 75, (8), 987-998. Biomass pyrolysis studies were conducted using both a thermogravimetric analyser and a packed-bed pyrolyser. Each kind of biomass has a characteristic pyrolysis behaviour which is explained based on its individual component characteristics. Studies on isolated biomass components as well as synthetic biomass show that the interactions among the components are not of as much significance as the composition of the biomass. Direct summative correlations based on biomass component pyrolysis adequately explain both the pyrolysis characteristics and product dtstribution of biomass. It is inferred that there is no detectable interaction among the components during pyrolysis in either the thermogravimetric analyser or the packed-bed pyrolyser. However, ash present in biomass seems to have a strong influence on both the pyrolysis characteristics and the product distribution.
Regional production and utilization of biomass in 96/05116 Sweden Borjesson, P. and Gustavsson, L. Energy, Sep. 1996, 21, (9), 747-764. Regional production and utilization of biomass in Sweden is analysed, considering the potential of replacing fossil fuels and producing new electricity. Extensive utilization of biomass will decrease biomass-transportation distances. The average distance for biomass transportation to a largescale conversion plant suitable for electricity or methanol production will be 30-42 km when the conversion plant is located in the centre of the biomass production area. The total energy efficiency of biomass production and transportation will be 95-97% and the emissions of air pollutants will be small. In areas where energy crops from agriculture constitute the main part of the biomass, the transportation distance will be two to three times shorter than in areas where logging residues from forestry dominate.
Retrofitting of a furnace with integrated biomass 96105119 combustion in the St. Andrae Steam Electric Power Plant (DKW) Zellinger, G. VDI-Ber., 1995, 1193, 119-124. (In German) Describes how coal-fired furnace and associated material handling units were retrofitted to accommodate combustible wastes (forest litter, forestry and sawmill wastes, waste paper, etc) for power and steam generation. The main combustion unit consisted of low-NO, radiant burners with tangential firing, arranged in three levels, each with 4 burners.
96105120 Some ecological and socio-economic considerations for biomass energy crop production Paine, L. K. ef al., Biomass & Bioenergy, 1996, 10, (4) 231-242. Power generation using biomass could provide substantial environmental and socio-economic benefits. Production of the feedstocks to fuel biomass power plants can either add to potential environmental gains or contribute to the environmental problems which the agriculture and forestry industries already face. Likewise, the biomass energy infrastructure can help strengthen agricultural economies or speed the decline of rural communities. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a regional approach to ensure that energy crop production will proceed in an ecologically and economically sustainable way.
96105121 U rading of biomass-derived pyrolytic vapours over zeolite Z$8 -5 catalyst: Effect of catalyst dilution on product yields Horne, P. A. and Williams, P. T. Fuel, Jul. 1996, 75, (9), 1043-1050. Biomass in the form of waste wood chips was pyrolysed in a fluidized bed reactor at 550°C to maximize the formation of pyrolytic vapours. The pyrolysis vapours were then upgraded by passing them over a fixed bed of ZS-5 zeolite catalyst. The catalyst bed was diluted with stainless steel ball bearings to increase the residence time of the pyrolysis vapours in the bed and to provide additional hot surface for thermal cracking of the vapours. The pyrolytic and catalytic liquid products were analysed in detail to determine the predominant chemical classes and the identify and concentrations of the major compounds present. The presence of steel in the catalyst bed appears beneficial in the conversion of the pyrolytic vapours to hydrocarbon products, with a threefold increase in the formation of monocyclic aromatic compounds under certain process conditions.
360
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
September
1996
Geothermal
Energy
An audlomagnetotellurlc survey over the Chaves 96105122 geothermal field (NE Portugal) Monteiro Santos, F. A. ef al., Ceorhermics, Jun. 1996, 25, (3), 389-406. In an attempt to define the resistivity model of the Chaves geothermal field in NE Portugal, a detailed survey with scalar audiomagnetotelluric measurements was performed.
96105123 Chemical monitoring of Icelandic geothermal fields during production Kristmannsdottir, H. and Armannsson, H. Geothermics, Jun. 1996, 25, (3) 349-364. The long-term exploitation of a geothermal field will, in most cases, cause pressure drop or drawdown in the system, creating a potential for coldwater upflow. The system may suffer subsequent cooling or changes in production characteristics. Chemical changes in geothermal fluids are often precursors of cooling, and chemical monitoring may thus give warning in time for preventive action. Monitoring programs have therefore been developed for different types of geothermal fields. The effectiveness of many of these has been demonstrated in both high-temperature and lowtemperature geothermal exploitation.
96105124 Gas geothermometry in selected Icelandic geothermal fields with comparative examples from Kenya Ping, 2. and Armannsson, H. Geothermics, Jun. 1996, 25, (3), 307-347. Using data from selected geothermal fields in Iceland, several gas geothermometers are applied to calculate reservoir temperatures. Results for well fluids are compared to estimated inflow temperatures. The effects of gases from other sources, e.g. magmatic fluid entering reservoirs, condensation/boiling, loss of components and mixing of different fluids during upflow, are discussed.
Modelling chloride and CO, chemistry In the 96105125 Wairakei geothermal reservoir Kissling, W. M. er al., Geothermics, Jun. 1996, 25, (3), 285-305. The aurhors describe the first application of a chemical‘ transport model to a detailed, large-scale simulation model of a geothermal field. The aim is to incorporate some of the most important chemical processes that take place in a geothermal environment into an established ‘conventional’ model of a geothermal field.
96/05126 The Northwest geysers high-temperature reservoir: Evidence for active magmatic degassing and lmpllcations for the origin of the geysers geothermal field &lack Kennedy, B. and Truesdell, A. H. Geofhermics, Jun. 1996, 25, (3). 365-387. Discusse the noble gas isotope abundances in steam from the Coldwater Creek field of the Nonhwest Geyers, California.
Solar Energy 96105127 Advances in solar enerav. “a. Volume Xl American Solar Energy Sociep, 2400 Central Ave., Suite G-I, CO.80301, USA, 5125.00, 1996.
Boulder,
Analysis of daily clearness index, global and beam 96105120 radiation for Beer Sheva, Israel: Partitional according to day type and statistical analysis Kudish, A. I. and Ianetz, A. Etfergy Convers. Mgmf., Apr. 1996, 37, (4), 405-416. The magnitude of the daily clearness index K, has been utilized to classify a day as either clear, partially cloudy or cloudy. The range of values for defining a day type was based upon a previous analysis of the Beer Sheva radiation database. These criteria were emuloved to oartition the davs according to type and the corresponding monthfy average daily values fbr the clearness index, global, normal incidence and horizontal beam radiation were calculated. A-statistical analysis was performed on each of the monthly average daily values subsets to help convey the shape of their respective distribution curves.
Building a dream: Living and learning solar ‘off the 96/05129 grid’ Stone, L. and Weiss, J. Solar Today, May-Jun. 1996, 10, (3), 28-30. Describes a solar energy dream house built high up in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado.
Alternative
energy
96105116 Prediction mass material - II
sources
(geothermal
of concentration
energy)
in the pyrolysis
of bio-
Srivastava, V. K. et al., Energy Cowers. Mgmt., Apr. 1996, 37, (4), 473-483. In this work, a prediction of concentration profiles in the case of pyrolysis of different lignocellulosic materials in isothermal and non-isothermal conditions has been made. The operative temperature ranges from 573 to 973 K for isothermal conditions and, for non-isothermal conditions, the heating rate ranges from 5 to 80 K/min.
Pyrolysis characteristics of biomass and biomass 96lO5117 components Raveendran, K. ef al., Fuel, Jun. 1996, 75, (8), 987-998. Biomass pyrolysis studies were conducted using both a thermogravimetric analyser and a packed-bed pyrolyser. Each kind of biomass has a characteristic pyrolysis behaviour which is explained based on its individual component characteristics. Studies on isolated biomass components as well as synthetic biomass show that the interactions among the components are not of as much significance as the composition of the biomass. Direct summative correlations based on biomass component pyrolysis adequately explain both the pyrolysis characteristics and product dtstribution of biomass. It is inferred that there is no detectable interaction among the components during pyrolysis in either the thermogravimetric analyser or the packed-bed pyrolyser. However, ash present in biomass seems to have a strong influence on both the pyrolysis characteristics and the product distribution.
Regional production and utilization of biomass in 96/05116 Sweden Borjesson, P. and Gustavsson, L. Energy, Sep. 1996, 21, (9), 747-764. Regional production and utilization of biomass in Sweden is analysed, considering the potential of replacing fossil fuels and producing new electricity. Extensive utilization of biomass will decrease biomass-transportation distances. The average distance for biomass transportation to a largescale conversion plant suitable for electricity or methanol production will be 30-42 km when the conversion plant is located in the centre of the biomass production area. The total energy efficiency of biomass production and transportation will be 95-97% and the emissions of air pollutants will be small. In areas where energy crops from agriculture constitute the main part of the biomass, the transportation distance will be two to three times shorter than in areas where logging residues from forestry dominate.
Retrofitting of a furnace with integrated biomass 96105119 combustion in the St. Andrae Steam Electric Power Plant (DKW) Zellinger, G. VDI-Ber., 1995, 1193, 119-124. (In German) Describes how coal-fired furnace and associated material handling units were retrofitted to accommodate combustible wastes (forest litter, forestry and sawmill wastes, waste paper, etc) for power and steam generation. The main combustion unit consisted of low-NO, radiant burners with tangential firing, arranged in three levels, each with 4 burners.
96105120 Some ecological and socio-economic considerations for biomass energy crop production Paine, L. K. ef al., Biomass & Bioenergy, 1996, 10, (4) 231-242. Power generation using biomass could provide substantial environmental and socio-economic benefits. Production of the feedstocks to fuel biomass power plants can either add to potential environmental gains or contribute to the environmental problems which the agriculture and forestry industries already face. Likewise, the biomass energy infrastructure can help strengthen agricultural economies or speed the decline of rural communities. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a regional approach to ensure that energy crop production will proceed in an ecologically and economically sustainable way.
96105121 U rading of biomass-derived pyrolytic vapours over zeolite Z$8 -5 catalyst: Effect of catalyst dilution on product yields Horne, P. A. and Williams, P. T. Fuel, Jul. 1996, 75, (9), 1043-1050. Biomass in the form of waste wood chips was pyrolysed in a fluidized bed reactor at 550°C to maximize the formation of pyrolytic vapours. The pyrolysis vapours were then upgraded by passing them over a fixed bed of ZS-5 zeolite catalyst. The catalyst bed was diluted with stainless steel ball bearings to increase the residence time of the pyrolysis vapours in the bed and to provide additional hot surface for thermal cracking of the vapours. The pyrolytic and catalytic liquid products were analysed in detail to determine the predominant chemical classes and the identify and concentrations of the major compounds present. The presence of steel in the catalyst bed appears beneficial in the conversion of the pyrolytic vapours to hydrocarbon products, with a threefold increase in the formation of monocyclic aromatic compounds under certain process conditions.
360
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
September
1996
Geothermal
Energy
An audlomagnetotellurlc survey over the Chaves 96105122 geothermal field (NE Portugal) Monteiro Santos, F. A. ef al., Ceorhermics, Jun. 1996, 25, (3), 389-406. In an attempt to define the resistivity model of the Chaves geothermal field in NE Portugal, a detailed survey with scalar audiomagnetotelluric measurements was performed.
96105123 Chemical monitoring of Icelandic geothermal fields during production Kristmannsdottir, H. and Armannsson, H. Geothermics, Jun. 1996, 25, (3) 349-364. The long-term exploitation of a geothermal field will, in most cases, cause pressure drop or drawdown in the system, creating a potential for coldwater upflow. The system may suffer subsequent cooling or changes in production characteristics. Chemical changes in geothermal fluids are often precursors of cooling, and chemical monitoring may thus give warning in time for preventive action. Monitoring programs have therefore been developed for different types of geothermal fields. The effectiveness of many of these has been demonstrated in both high-temperature and lowtemperature geothermal exploitation.
96105124 Gas geothermometry in selected Icelandic geothermal fields with comparative examples from Kenya Ping, 2. and Armannsson, H. Geothermics, Jun. 1996, 25, (3), 307-347. Using data from selected geothermal fields in Iceland, several gas geothermometers are applied to calculate reservoir temperatures. Results for well fluids are compared to estimated inflow temperatures. The effects of gases from other sources, e.g. magmatic fluid entering reservoirs, condensation/boiling, loss of components and mixing of different fluids during upflow, are discussed.
Modelling chloride and CO, chemistry In the 96105125 Wairakei geothermal reservoir Kissling, W. M. er al., Geothermics, Jun. 1996, 25, (3), 285-305. The aurhors describe the first application of a chemical‘ transport model to a detailed, large-scale simulation model of a geothermal field. The aim is to incorporate some of the most important chemical processes that take place in a geothermal environment into an established ‘conventional’ model of a geothermal field.
96/05126 The Northwest geysers high-temperature reservoir: Evidence for active magmatic degassing and lmpllcations for the origin of the geysers geothermal field &lack Kennedy, B. and Truesdell, A. H. Geofhermics, Jun. 1996, 25, (3). 365-387. Discusse the noble gas isotope abundances in steam from the Coldwater Creek field of the Nonhwest Geyers, California.
Solar Energy 96105127 Advances in solar enerav. “a. Volume Xl American Solar Energy Sociep, 2400 Central Ave., Suite G-I, CO.80301, USA, 5125.00, 1996.
Boulder,
Analysis of daily clearness index, global and beam 96105120 radiation for Beer Sheva, Israel: Partitional according to day type and statistical analysis Kudish, A. I. and Ianetz, A. Etfergy Convers. Mgmf., Apr. 1996, 37, (4), 405-416. The magnitude of the daily clearness index K, has been utilized to classify a day as either clear, partially cloudy or cloudy. The range of values for defining a day type was based upon a previous analysis of the Beer Sheva radiation database. These criteria were emuloved to oartition the davs according to type and the corresponding monthfy average daily values fbr the clearness index, global, normal incidence and horizontal beam radiation were calculated. A-statistical analysis was performed on each of the monthly average daily values subsets to help convey the shape of their respective distribution curves.
Building a dream: Living and learning solar ‘off the 96/05129 grid’ Stone, L. and Weiss, J. Solar Today, May-Jun. 1996, 10, (3), 28-30. Describes a solar energy dream house built high up in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado.