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05226 A method for taking into account environmental impacts in the economic evaluation of energy systems
17
emissions, and the subsequent effects on the shape of climatic changes, are examined. The energy intensity of economies from different parts of the world is then assessed and a claim that significant savings in energy consumption are possible is put forward. Finally, the scope and means of achieving the expected improvements in energy efficiency in the different sectors of the economy (commercial and residential, industry and transportation) are discussed in detail and examples of energy saving technologies are illustrated.
International policy and cooperation and the role of 97105225 world economies in using energy efficient and environmental responsive technologies Hsieh, S. T. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1996, 13, (1) 700-704. If world economic growth is to be supported and the global warming and climate change issues related to coal use to be managed, adoption of clean coal technology for energy production with improved environmental performance is essential. International co-operation is critical to ensure the environmental and energy security of world economies. The USA has acquired a great deal of useful experience in clean coal technology, and the adaptation and installation of this technology should be given high global priority. World-wide. the continuous exchange of information and technology between developed and developing economics relating to the current and future clean coal technologies is of great importance. Developed economies, possessed of energy-efficient and environmentally responsive technologies and financial resources should work closely with developing economies to facilitate technology transfer and trade of technologies to combat global warming and climate change. Co-operation hetween economies can result in lowering the cost of developing clean coal technologies directed toward the clean production of energy. This paper discusses a hilateral approach to facilitate emissions mitigation to combat global warming and promote the clean use of coal to satisfy growing energy demand in developing economies.
A method for taking into account environmental 97105226 impacts in the economic evaluation of energy systems Frangopoulos. C. A. and Caralis, Y. C. Enqy Cowers. Mgmt. 1997, 38, (15-17) 1751-1763. Society’s desires for environmental quality hy internalizing the external costs of production will he better reflected by decisions to produce and consume useful forma of energy. Internalization of external environmental costs may significantly affect decisions regarding selection of the type of the energy system for a particular application, as well as design and operation of the system. In the present work, main classes of economic approaches for environmental protection are presented analysed. A procedure to consider the environmental impacts in the economic analysis of energy systems is proposed. The analytical formulation of the procedure is followed by a numerical example. Application of the method reveals the critical values of environmental penalties that result in a break-even operation of the particular system. It is also shown that the proposed procedure can be used as a method to calculate environmental externalities for a particular system in a given environment. By assessing the unit cost of reducing pollutants by abatement technologies. the method is useful for those seeking a sound basis to set environmental charges and incentives. If, on the other hand, the environmental and social cost of a pollutant is known, then the method can be used to reveal the type and level of the incentive that the national economy would he willing to provide.
An optimization 97105227 mills in India
model
for energy
supply
to rice
Kapur, T. et nl. Int. J. Energy Res., 1997, 21. (4), 341-358. The work describes a simple linear programming model developed for the determination of the least cost energy supply mix for rice mills in India. Several scenarios involving the variation of both availability and prices of energy resources have been considered. The results for some likely scenarios are presented and briefly discussed.
97105226 for homes
The partnership
approach
to energy
conservation
Hodgson, S. Etzergy W&d, May 1997, 249, 12-13. The 1995 Home Energy Conservation Act has already had a great impact and this is now being followed up hy HECA Action, a grants programme. This programme has been set up to fund local energy improvement initiatives. The work and future aims of the two acts are outlined in this article.
97105229 for energy
Rice processing in India: a generalized demand estimation
framework
Kapur, T. et ul. Int. J. Energy Res., 1997, 21, (4), 309-325. The paper proposes a generalized framework for the estimation of primary energy demand for parboiling and milling of paddy in India. The dependence of both the electrical and thermal energy components of the demand on different methods of parboiling and technologies for milling have been considered. The possible uncertainties in the above estimation have also been identified. A few numerical calculations have been made for some typical technology/product mix scenarios.
Energy (supplies, policy, economics,
forecasts)
97lO5230 Sensitivity of electricity and natural gas constumpE;e; climate in the USA-methodology and results for eight Sailor, D. .I. and Muf~oz, J. R. Energy, 1997, 22, (IO), 987-998. A methodology for assessing the sensitivity of electricity and natural gas consumption to climate at regional scales has been developed. The approach involves a multiple-regression analysis of historical energy and climate data, and has been applied to eight of the most energy-intensive states, representing 42% of the total annual energy consumption in the United States. Statistical models were developed using two sets of independent variables-primitive variables such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, and derived variables including cooling degree days, heating degree days, and enthalpy latent days. The advantages and disadvantages of both modelling approaches are discussed in this paper, along with sample results for a combined analysis of residential and commercial consumption in eight states.
97105231 needs
A statistical
method
to
evaluate
urban
energy
Balocco, C. and Grazzini, G. Int. J. Gwqy Res., 1997, 21, (l4), 1321-1330. A numerical map is used in the proposed statistical method to evaluate urban energy needs. This map aims to extend to the universe of the evaluation obtained from a probability stratified simple random sampling design with the optimum allocation of sample buildings to the strata. The strata considered refers to age of buildings. We checked two correlations over the real surveyed sample buildings and the numeric map sample buildings. The correlations are utilized to evaluate the energy needs of the urban universe of building. The proposed method can he useful for the territorial energy programming using energy needs maps of the urban settlements, as a tool for rational use and save of energy.
97105232 residential
Structural modelling sector: 1. Development
of energy of structural
demand models
in the
Michalik, G. et al. Energy, 1997, 22, (lo), 937-947. The development of structural models for energy consumption in the residential sector is reported. Customers were segmented into four main categories with six sub-groups within each category. A survey of over 100 customers provided data on the 17 appliances considered, which are grouped into three main categories. The models provide energy-use patterns for each category of customers for selected customer samples or for a chosen area. Energy patterns are simulated in IS min time intervals, These show total demand and provide information on the structure of energy consumption in simulations for demand-management programmes, long-term forecasting and customer identification.
97105233 Structural modelling of energy demand in the residential sector: 2. The use of linguistic variables to include uncertainty of customers’ behaviour Michalik, G. et al. Energy, 1997, 22, (IO), 949-958. A new concept of modelling energy-using hehaviour of residential customers by the use of linguistic variables and a fuzzy logic approach. Trapezoidaland delta-shaped fuzzy filters were applied to transfer uncertainties of customer declarations expressed in linguistic variables into parameters of structural models. This approach involves individual treatment of each customer. In surveys of energy consumption, precise description of appliance uses is practically impossible. Thus, fuzzy models are appropriate. The method is especially useful for small- and mid-size samples of customers who are connected to the same supply feeder or living in a chosen area.
97105234 Sugar beets material in the ecobalance
and energy. of production
An agricultural raw and energy cycles
Valentin, P. Zuckerindusrrie, 1997, 122, (7) 497-505. (In German) The energy and ecobalance in sugar beet manufacture is addressed. The energy provision and developments of the energy economy of the sugar industry proceed in balance with the dynamic requirements of environmental protection to safeguard the atmosphere. The use of various fuels such as brown coal, fuel oil, biomass, etc. is discussed. A comparison is made between the energy efficiency of a German and an Ukrainian sugar manufacturer, showing that the efficiency of the Ukrainian in relation to the German plant is 33%.
97105235
On the sustainability
of future energy
systems
Ludwig, B. Energy Convers. Mgmr, 1997, 38, (15-17) 1765-1776. In order to provide a global energy supply system, new solutions to problems such as limited fossil fuels resources and climate change, pollution and population growth are necessary. One of the most important questions is. which primary energy carriers can and should he used. To ensure a sustainable supply, unintentional impacts and interactions have to be considered. Therefore, full examinations with regard to technology assessment (TA) have to be made. The problem of such sustainable feasibility studies is characterized by the aggregation of many criteria of different character to achieve a one-dimensional expression for evaluation. Uncertain knowledge resists a description with classical mathematics rendering its consideration problematic. A fuzzy logic based assessment method for use as a decision tool is presented. It allows the usage of aggregated indicators to consider any impact on arbitrary features. The
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November
1997
453
emissions, and the subsequent effects on the shape of climatic changes, are examined. The energy intensity of economies from different parts of the world is then assessed and a claim that significant savings in energy consumption are possible is put forward. Finally, the scope and means of achieving the expected improvements in energy efficiency in the different sectors of the economy (commercial and residential, industry and transportation) are discussed in detail and examples of energy saving technologies are illustrated.
International policy and cooperation and the role of 97105225 world economies in using energy efficient and environmental responsive technologies Hsieh, S. T. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1996, 13, (1) 700-704. If world economic growth is to be supported and the global warming and climate change issues related to coal use to be managed, adoption of clean coal technology for energy production with improved environmental performance is essential. International co-operation is critical to ensure the environmental and energy security of world economies. The USA has acquired a great deal of useful experience in clean coal technology, and the adaptation and installation of this technology should be given high global priority. World-wide. the continuous exchange of information and technology between developed and developing economics relating to the current and future clean coal technologies is of great importance. Developed economies, possessed of energy-efficient and environmentally responsive technologies and financial resources should work closely with developing economies to facilitate technology transfer and trade of technologies to combat global warming and climate change. Co-operation hetween economies can result in lowering the cost of developing clean coal technologies directed toward the clean production of energy. This paper discusses a hilateral approach to facilitate emissions mitigation to combat global warming and promote the clean use of coal to satisfy growing energy demand in developing economies.
A method for taking into account environmental 97105226 impacts in the economic evaluation of energy systems Frangopoulos. C. A. and Caralis, Y. C. Enqy Cowers. Mgmt. 1997, 38, (15-17) 1751-1763. Society’s desires for environmental quality hy internalizing the external costs of production will he better reflected by decisions to produce and consume useful forma of energy. Internalization of external environmental costs may significantly affect decisions regarding selection of the type of the energy system for a particular application, as well as design and operation of the system. In the present work, main classes of economic approaches for environmental protection are presented analysed. A procedure to consider the environmental impacts in the economic analysis of energy systems is proposed. The analytical formulation of the procedure is followed by a numerical example. Application of the method reveals the critical values of environmental penalties that result in a break-even operation of the particular system. It is also shown that the proposed procedure can be used as a method to calculate environmental externalities for a particular system in a given environment. By assessing the unit cost of reducing pollutants by abatement technologies. the method is useful for those seeking a sound basis to set environmental charges and incentives. If, on the other hand, the environmental and social cost of a pollutant is known, then the method can be used to reveal the type and level of the incentive that the national economy would he willing to provide.
An optimization 97105227 mills in India
model
for energy
supply
to rice
Kapur, T. et nl. Int. J. Energy Res., 1997, 21. (4), 341-358. The work describes a simple linear programming model developed for the determination of the least cost energy supply mix for rice mills in India. Several scenarios involving the variation of both availability and prices of energy resources have been considered. The results for some likely scenarios are presented and briefly discussed.
97105226 for homes
The partnership
approach
to energy
conservation
Hodgson, S. Etzergy W&d, May 1997, 249, 12-13. The 1995 Home Energy Conservation Act has already had a great impact and this is now being followed up hy HECA Action, a grants programme. This programme has been set up to fund local energy improvement initiatives. The work and future aims of the two acts are outlined in this article.
97105229 for energy
Rice processing in India: a generalized demand estimation
framework
Kapur, T. et ul. Int. J. Energy Res., 1997, 21, (4), 309-325. The paper proposes a generalized framework for the estimation of primary energy demand for parboiling and milling of paddy in India. The dependence of both the electrical and thermal energy components of the demand on different methods of parboiling and technologies for milling have been considered. The possible uncertainties in the above estimation have also been identified. A few numerical calculations have been made for some typical technology/product mix scenarios.
Energy (supplies, policy, economics,
forecasts)
97lO5230 Sensitivity of electricity and natural gas constumpE;e; climate in the USA-methodology and results for eight Sailor, D. .I. and Muf~oz, J. R. Energy, 1997, 22, (IO), 987-998. A methodology for assessing the sensitivity of electricity and natural gas consumption to climate at regional scales has been developed. The approach involves a multiple-regression analysis of historical energy and climate data, and has been applied to eight of the most energy-intensive states, representing 42% of the total annual energy consumption in the United States. Statistical models were developed using two sets of independent variables-primitive variables such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, and derived variables including cooling degree days, heating degree days, and enthalpy latent days. The advantages and disadvantages of both modelling approaches are discussed in this paper, along with sample results for a combined analysis of residential and commercial consumption in eight states.
97105231 needs
A statistical
method
to
evaluate
urban
energy
Balocco, C. and Grazzini, G. Int. J. Gwqy Res., 1997, 21, (l4), 1321-1330. A numerical map is used in the proposed statistical method to evaluate urban energy needs. This map aims to extend to the universe of the evaluation obtained from a probability stratified simple random sampling design with the optimum allocation of sample buildings to the strata. The strata considered refers to age of buildings. We checked two correlations over the real surveyed sample buildings and the numeric map sample buildings. The correlations are utilized to evaluate the energy needs of the urban universe of building. The proposed method can he useful for the territorial energy programming using energy needs maps of the urban settlements, as a tool for rational use and save of energy.
97105232 residential
Structural modelling sector: 1. Development
of energy of structural
demand models
in the
Michalik, G. et al. Energy, 1997, 22, (lo), 937-947. The development of structural models for energy consumption in the residential sector is reported. Customers were segmented into four main categories with six sub-groups within each category. A survey of over 100 customers provided data on the 17 appliances considered, which are grouped into three main categories. The models provide energy-use patterns for each category of customers for selected customer samples or for a chosen area. Energy patterns are simulated in IS min time intervals, These show total demand and provide information on the structure of energy consumption in simulations for demand-management programmes, long-term forecasting and customer identification.
97105233 Structural modelling of energy demand in the residential sector: 2. The use of linguistic variables to include uncertainty of customers’ behaviour Michalik, G. et al. Energy, 1997, 22, (IO), 949-958. A new concept of modelling energy-using hehaviour of residential customers by the use of linguistic variables and a fuzzy logic approach. Trapezoidaland delta-shaped fuzzy filters were applied to transfer uncertainties of customer declarations expressed in linguistic variables into parameters of structural models. This approach involves individual treatment of each customer. In surveys of energy consumption, precise description of appliance uses is practically impossible. Thus, fuzzy models are appropriate. The method is especially useful for small- and mid-size samples of customers who are connected to the same supply feeder or living in a chosen area.
97105234 Sugar beets material in the ecobalance
and energy. of production
An agricultural raw and energy cycles
Valentin, P. Zuckerindusrrie, 1997, 122, (7) 497-505. (In German) The energy and ecobalance in sugar beet manufacture is addressed. The energy provision and developments of the energy economy of the sugar industry proceed in balance with the dynamic requirements of environmental protection to safeguard the atmosphere. The use of various fuels such as brown coal, fuel oil, biomass, etc. is discussed. A comparison is made between the energy efficiency of a German and an Ukrainian sugar manufacturer, showing that the efficiency of the Ukrainian in relation to the German plant is 33%.
97105235
On the sustainability
of future energy
systems
Ludwig, B. Energy Convers. Mgmr, 1997, 38, (15-17) 1765-1776. In order to provide a global energy supply system, new solutions to problems such as limited fossil fuels resources and climate change, pollution and population growth are necessary. One of the most important questions is. which primary energy carriers can and should he used. To ensure a sustainable supply, unintentional impacts and interactions have to be considered. Therefore, full examinations with regard to technology assessment (TA) have to be made. The problem of such sustainable feasibility studies is characterized by the aggregation of many criteria of different character to achieve a one-dimensional expression for evaluation. Uncertain knowledge resists a description with classical mathematics rendering its consideration problematic. A fuzzy logic based assessment method for use as a decision tool is presented. It allows the usage of aggregated indicators to consider any impact on arbitrary features. The
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November
1997
453