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2011 Keyword Index
Journal of Surgical Research 165, 358–360 (2011) doi:10.1016/S0022-4804(10)01882-2
2011 KEYWORD INDEX A Administrative data 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 16.1, 16.3, 16.7, 17.1, 17.3, 17.6, 33.7, 33.9, 34.10, 34.3, 34.7, 47.1, 47.2, 47.4, 49.15, 49.7, 50.8 Aneurysms 28.10, 46.1, 46.2, 46.3, 59.1, 59.2, 59.3, 59.4, 59.5, 59.6, 59.7, 59.8, 59.9 Aneurysms/dissection 1.13, 31.9, 48.16, 48.17, 48.18 Angiogenesis 6.1, 6.2, 6.4, 14.8, 21.2, 23.5, 28.4, 28.5, 28.6, 28.7, 29.2, 29.3, 38.10, 38.4 Angioplasty 13.15, 13.4, 46.10, 46.9, 59.11, 59.12, 59.13, 60.19 Apoptosis 1.3, 7.1, 7.12, 7.19, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.9, 10.6, 13.10, 15.1, 21.7, 25.4, 30.7, 39.1, 39.3, 39.5, 39.9, 41.3, 41.8, 46.2, 46.7 Artificial intelligence 4.12, 4.14 Atherosclerosis 13.1, 13.14, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 13.8, 13.9, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 29.10, 46.2, 46.4, 46.5, 46.6, 46.8, 59.14, 59.15, 59.16, 60.14, 60.20, 60.4, 60.5, 60.7
B Bariatrics 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 37.3, 52.12, 52.6 Burn 12.1, 12.2, 12.6, 12.7, 44.5, 44.6, 57.1, 57.8, 57.9
C Cancer 14.10, 42.10, 42.1, 42.2, 42.3, 42.9, 56.2, 56.3, 56.4 Cardiac physiology 1.10, 1.17, 14.5, 15.6, 15.7, 30.10, 32.1, 32.2, 32.3, 32.6, 32.9, 48.11 Cardiac rhythm 1.1, 48.11 Cardiomyopathy/congestive heart failure 1.11, 1.12, 15.6, 15.7, 32.10 Cardiopulmonary bypass 1.13, 1.16, 15.8, 32.4, 32.9, 48.5 Cell cycle 6.13, 7.1, 7.2, 7.7, 7.8, 53.19 Cell signaling/signal transduction 1.11, 1.4, 1.5, 1.8, 7.1, 7.10, 7.11, 7.12, 7.13, 7.14, 7.15, 7.16, 7.17, 7.18, 7.20, 7.3, 7.4, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 10.1, 10.16, 10.20, 10.2, 10.4, 10.6, 12.3, 12.8, 13.11, 13.12, 13.13, 13.14, 13.8, 13.9, 15.9, 21.1, 21.3, 21.6, 23.1, 23.2, 23.3, 23.4, 25.1, 25.5, 25.7, 26.1, 26.9, 28.1, 28.2, 28.6, 29.2, 30.2, 30.7, 30.8, 31.7, 31.9, 32.10, 32.5, 36.3, 36.5, 36.9, 37.1, 38.2, 38.5, 38.6, 39.10, 39.9, 40.1, 41.9, 44.1, 44.10, 44.2, 44.5, 45.3, 45.4, 48.18, 48.9, 52.1, 52.4, 59.10, 59.11, 59.12, 59.13, 59.14, 59.15, 59.16, 59.17, 60.12, 60.19, 60.20, 60.2, 60.3, 60.5, 60.9 Cellular transplant 10.13, 25.4 Cerebrovascular 60.17 Clinical 5.1, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.17, 5.2, 5.7, 20.2, 20.3, 20.8, 52.11, 52.13, 52.14, 52.15, 52.16, 52.17, 52.18, 52.19, 52.8, 52.9 Clinical: breast 8.1, 8.10, 8.11, 8.12, 8.13, 8.14, 8.15, 8.16, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 21.10, 21.2, 21.5, 21.7, 21.8, 21.9, 22.1, 53.19 Clinical: colon and small bowel 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 8.1, 22.5, 40.10, 40.3, 40.4, 40.5, 40.7, 40.8, 53.3, 53.6, 53.7, 53.8, 54.15, 54.16, 54.17, 54.19, 55.19 Clinical: endocrine 6.13, 21.6, 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, 30.2, 30.4, 39.1, 39.10, 39.5, 39.6, 39.8, 54.1, 54.2, 54.3, 54.4, 54.5, 54.6, 55.18 Clinical: foregut 7.17, 38.1, 38.2, 54.18, 55.13, 55.14, 55.15, 55.16 Clinical: head and neck 54.1, 54.13, 54.7
0022-4804/$36.00 Ó 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Clinical: hepato-pancreatico-biliary 6.1, 6.8, 6.9, 7.18, 7.19, 7.5, 22.10, 22.7, 22.9, 23.10, 23.2, 23.7, 23.9, 31.1, 39.7, 40.9, 41.1, 41.3, 41.9, 53.1, 53.4, 55.10, 55.1, 55.11, 55.12, 55.2, 55.3, 55.4, 55.5, 55.6, 55.7, 55.8, 55.9 Clinical: melanoma/soft tissue 6.16, 8.17, 38.4, 53.9, 54.10, 54.11, 54.8, 54.9 Clinical: outcomes 2.8, 6.20, 6.8, 6.9, 8.13, 8.14, 8.17, 8.18, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 21.10, 22.3, 22.5, 22.6, 22.7, 22.9, 38.1, 39.2, 40.4, 40.5, 40.7, 40.8, 40.9, 54.10, 54.12, 54.14, 54.16, 54.17, 54.18, 54.19, 54.7, 55.1, 55.13, 55.14, 55.15, 55.16, 55.17, 55.19, 55.2, 55.3, 55.4, 55.5, 55.6, 55.7, 55.9 Clinical: thoracic 38.3, 54.13, 54.14, 55.16, 55.8 Colon 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.15, 5.17, 5.8, 20.1, 20.2, 36.9, 37.4, 37.5, 52.19, 56.14 Competency assessment 3.13, 3.17, 3.6, 3.9, 18.3, 18.9, 35.2, 35.4, 35.5, 35.8, 51.1, 51.11 Computational biology 4.1 Congenital heart disease 1.1, 1.2 Continuing education 18.2, 18.5, 51.10 Cost effectiveness 16.1, 16.2, 17.2, 47.5, 49.1, 49.16, 50.1, 50.2, 50.3 Critical care 11.1, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.9, 12.13, 24.10, 26.10, 26.4, 27.1, 27.2, 27.4, 27.6, 31.3, 42.4, 44.8, 45.1, 45.2, 45.5, 56.1, 57.10, 57.14, 57.2, 58.1, 58.11, 58.2, 58.3, 58.4, 58.5, 58.7 Curriculum development 3.17, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.8, 18.10, 18.3, 18.7, 35.2, 35.7, 35.8, 51.1, 51.3, 51.4, 51.6, 51.8 Cytokines/growth factors 12.10, 12.12, 12.8, 12.9, 20.4, 26.1, 26.6, 31.7, 36.10, 36.1, 36.7, 37.10, 37.9, 43.5, 44.1, 44.9, 58.8 Cytokines/immunobiology and therapy 6.10, 6.5, 6.8, 21.1, 21.3, 22.8, 23.5, 23.6, 38.7, 38.8, 41.4, 41.7, 53.5
D Decision analysis 2.10, 2.11, 16.1, 16.2, 16.5, 17.9, 33.4, 34.4, 34.8, 47.5, 49.1, 49.2, 49.3, 50.1, 50.10, 50.4, 50.9, 52.10 Delivery systems 4.7, 4.8, 14.11, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4 Development/organogenesis 9.19, 9.2, 9.4, 9.8, 24.5, 24.8, 31.2, 42.2, 42.3, 42.8, 56.12, 56.13, 56.5, 56.6, 56.7, 56.9 Diagnostics 2.12, 2.15, 2.5, 4.11, 4.12, 5.1, 5.7, 5.9, 6.11, 6.3, 6.6, 8.1, 8.15, 8.18, 8.19, 9.1, 9.6, 9.9, 11.12, 11.7, 11.8, 13.1, 13.17, 13.2, 13.3, 16.2, 19.5, 20.8, 21.9, 22.4, 22.6, 23.9, 26.3, 27.5, 27.7, 30.4, 33.7, 34.5, 34.8, 39.4, 39.6, 40.10, 48.12, 48.3, 48.4, 49.1, 50.15, 52.10, 54.2, 56.8, 57.1, 57.11, 57.3, 58.1, 60.18 Donor management 10.10, 14.1, 25.4
E Endothelial cell dysfunction 46.6, 59.18, 60.11, 60.4, 60.5, 60.6, 60.8, 60.9 Endovascular 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 28.6, 28.7, 46.1, 46.5, 59.1, 59.15, 59.17, 59.2, 60.15 Enteral nutrition 52.7
358
2011 KEYWORD INDEX Ethics 17.9 Evaluation 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.18, 3.6, 18.2, 18.4, 35.1, 35.4, 35.5, 35.7, 51.11, 51.2, 51.5 Expanded criteria donors 25.10, 30.3 Extracellular matrix 6.11, 53.2
359
45.4, 45.5, 45.6, 45.7, 45.8, 45.9, 46.7, 48.10, 49.18, 52.1, 57.12, 60.1, 60.11, 60.14, 60.18, 60.7
K Kidney transplantation 10.14, 25.5
F Fetal 24.6, 56.12, 56.17, 56.5, 56.7 Foregut 5.3, 5.9, 52.18
G Gaming technology 4.15 Gene/cell therapies 1.11, 1.3, 5.4, 6.12, 10.13, 13.18, 20.3, 23.10, 24.2, 24.9, 25.8, 28.3, 28.7, 28.8, 29.3, 29.7, 38.10, 38.6, 39.3, 41.5, 41.6, 41.7, 52.2 Genetics/genomics 6.13, 6.14, 6.17, 6.18, 6.19, 6.3, 6.6, 6.7, 6.9, 7.5, 7.7, 14.4, 21.4, 22.10, 22.2, 23.10, 38.8, 39.4, 39.5, 39.6, 39.7, 40.3, 52.2, 52.3, 53.10, 53.11, 53.12, 53.3, 53.6, 53.9 Genomics 12.9, 37.2, 42.3
H Health care disparities 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 2.6, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 17.6, 33.3 Health economics/policies 2.3, 16.10, 16.7, 16.8, 17.5, 47.1, 50.2, 56.8 Heart transplantation 10.3, 25.2 Hemodialysis/access 29.1 Hemorrhage/resucitation 11.10, 11.11, 11.9, 12.11, 12.16, 26.3, 26.8, 43.1, 43.2, 43.3, 43.4, 43.5, 43.6, 43.7, 44.3, 44.4, 44.9, 57.4, 57.5, 58.9 Hepatico-pancreatico-biliary 5.10, 5.11, 5.9, 20.10, 20.8, 20.9, 30.9, 36.2, 36.3, 36.4, 37.1, 52.13, 52.14, 52.15, 52.16 Hypoxia 14.8, 28.4, 28.5
I Imaging 8.15, 22.1, 22.6, 23.9, 31.1, 38.9, 40.6, 53.4, 55.9 Immunity 12.1, 26.2, 26.7, 26.8, 45.6, 58.8 Immunology/immune mechanisms 10.1, 10.10, 10.11, 10.16, 10.18, 10.19, 10.20, 10.4, 25.1, 25.9, 30.8 Immunosuppression 10.17, 25.2 Infection 11.3, 26.10, 26.2, 57.7 Inflammation 5.8, 9.13, 9.18, 13.11, 13.15, 13.16, 14.7, 24.1, 24.5, 28.3, 28.4, 28.5, 29.10, 30.6, 30.9, 36.3, 36.4, 36.5, 36.6, 36.7, 36.8, 42.6, 46.6, 50.16, 50.17, 52.17, 52.5, 56.14, 56.15, 56.18, 59.14, 59.16, 59.8, 60.12, 60.16, 60.17 Inflammatory bowel disease 5.16, 9.14, 9.16, 20.3, 36.6, 52.9 Informatics 4.10, 4.8, 4.9, 19.3, 19.9 Instruments 4.13, 4.5, 4.6, 19.10 Intestinal inflammation/NEC 9.11, 9.13, 9.16, 9.17, 9.18, 9.19, 9.20, 42.4, 42.6, 42.7, 56.10, 56.11 Intestine transplantation 10.12 Intimal hyperplasia/remodelling 13.10, 13.11, 13.12, 13.13, 13.15, 13.16, 13.17, 13.18, 13.6, 13.8, 13.9, 28.1, 28.8, 28.9, 29.10, 29.4, 29.5, 29.6, 29.7, 29.8, 29.9, 46.10, 46.9, 59.10, 59.11, 59.12, 59.13, 59.17, 60.10, 60.12, 60.19, 60.20, 60.2, 60.3, 60.9 Ischemia/coronary artery disease 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 14.5, 15.4, 15.5, 30.10, 32.10, 32.1, 32.2, 32.3, 32.4, 32.5, 32.6, 32.7, 32.8, 48.12 Ischemia/reperfusion 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 11.8, 12.1, 12.11, 12.17, 12.18, 12.19, 12.20, 13.5, 13.6, 14.1, 25.5, 25.6, 25.7, 28.2, 36.2, 36.8, 37.7, 43.1, 44.10, 45.10, 45.2, 45.3,
L Liver transplantation 2.7, 2.9, 10.10, 10.11, 10.5, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 25.10, 25.3, 25.6, 25.8, 25.9, 30.3, 31.5, 49.18, 49.19, 50.19 Living donors 25.3, 50.19 Lung transplantation 14.1, 48.10
M Mathematical modeling 4.12, 4.14, 19.9 Medical student education/training 3.12, 3.13, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 18.3, 35.2, 35.3, 51.12, 51.6 Meta-analysis 2.10, 33.5 Metabolism 44.5, 45.3 Minimally invasive 9.10, 9.12, 9.7, 42.1, 42.4 Minimally invasive surgery 48.1, 48.6 Motility 5.17, 9.3, 9.5, 9.6, 42.5 Multivisceral transplantation 10.12 Myocardial inflammation 1.7, 15.8, 30.10, 32.4, 32.6, 32.7, 32.9, 48.5
N Nanotechnology 19.4, 19.5 Natural orifice therapy 4.17 Nutrition 9.1, 9.18, 9.19, 9.3
O Organ allocation 25.10, 30.3 Organ/tissue injury 11.1, 11.12, 11.13, 11.14, 11.2, 12.17, 14.2, 26.3, 26.4, 26.5, 27.2, 27.8, 31.3, 43.1, 43.8, 44.4, 44.6, 44.7, 45.10, 45.4, 45.6, 45.7, 57.11, 57.12, 57.13, 57.6, 57.8 Other 1.1, 1.12, 1.17, 1.2, 1.7, 1.8, 2.5, 2.7, 2.8, 3.11, 3.16, 3.5, 4.1, 4.16, 4.3, 4.8, 4.9, 5.16, 5.4, 5.7, 6.11, 6.15, 7.3, 7.6, 7.8, 8.13, 8.16, 8.18, 8.19, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.9, 9.10, 9.1, 9.15, 9.2, 9.3, 9.7, 9.8, 10.11, 10.14, 10.19, 11.10, 11.15, 11.16, 11.17, 11.18, 11.2, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 12.17, 13.12, 13.17, 13.18, 14.11, 14.12, 14.3, 14.5, 14.6, 14.9, 15.6, 15.9, 17.10, 18.6, 19.1, 19.9, 20.1, 21.4, 21.7, 22.2, 23.6, 23.7, 24.8, 25.1, 25.3, 25.6, 26.5, 27.1, 27.3, 30.8, 31.10, 31.11, 31.4, 31.5, 31.8, 32.5, 32.8, 33.10, 34.5, 34.9, 36.5, 36.7, 37.1, 37.3, 37.8, 38.7, 40.6, 41.1, 41.2, 41.8, 42.5, 44.3, 45.8, 46.8, 48.1, 48.12, 48.15, 48.16, 48.2, 48.5, 48.6, 49.14, 50.11, 50.13, 50.14, 50.16, 50.17, 50.18, 51.13, 51.7, 52.13, 52.14, 52.16, 52.18, 52.19, 52.5, 53.10, 53.13, 53.14, 55.1, 55.12, 55.17, 55.2, 56.13, 56.4, 57.10, 57.2, 57.3, 58.12, 58.2, 59.4, 59.8, 60.11, 60.13, 60.17, 60.18
P Patient safety 2.4, 16.3, 16.5, 16.6, 16.8, 16.9, 17.10, 30.5, 33.3, 34.1, 47.4, 49.12, 49.14, 50.5, 50.6 Percutaneous surgery 4.13, 4.4 Perioperative care 2.13, 2.14, 2.2, 16.6, 17.8, 33.1, 33.2, 34.1, 34.2, 49.12, 49.3, 49.4, 49.5, 49.6, 50.1, 50.11, 50.12, 50.3, 50.5, 50.6, 50.7, 52.10 Professional/career development 3.18, 3.3, 3.7, 3.8, 18.2, 18.5, 35.1, 51.10, 51.12, 51.4, 51.6 Prognostic factors/surgical predictors 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.15, 2.17, 2.5, 16.3, 16.4, 16.7, 17.7, 17.8, 33.2, 33.3, 33.6, 33.8, 33.9, 34.10, 34.2,
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2011 KEYWORD INDEX
34.4, 34.6, 34.8, 47.2, 47.3, 49.10, 49.11, 49.15, 49.17, 49.2, 49.4, 49.6, 49.7, 49.8, 49.9, 50.10, 50.12, 50.4, 50.8, 50.9 Prospective trials 33.1, 49.12, 49.13
Small bowel 5.16, 14.7, 20.5, 20.6, 20.7, 36.1, 37.10, 37.7, 37.9, 52.6, 52.7 Systems biology 4.10, 19.7
T Q
Recipient selection 2.7, 2.9, 10.14, 31.5 Rectum 5.12, 20.2, 37.4, 52.5 Regeneration 9.4, 20.4, 24.10, 24.2, 24.3, 24.6, 24.7, 24.8, 24.9, 31.7, 37.9, 56.10, 56.11, 56.17, 56.6 Regeneration/wound healing 12.18, 12.3, 12.6, 12.8, 45.10 Regenerative medicine 10.2 Registry data 2.6, 16.10, 16.4, 16.6, 16.8, 16.9, 17.7, 30.5, 33.10, 33.7, 34.7, 49.17, 50.13, 50.14 Rejection 10.12, 25.2 Resident education/training 3.10, 3.1, 3.11, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 3.2, 3.6, 3.7, 3.9, 18.10, 18.1, 18.4, 18.5, 18.6, 18.7, 18.8, 18.9, 35.10, 35.3, 35.4, 35.5, 35.6, 35.7, 35.8, 35.9, 51.13, 51.3, 51.4, 51.5, 51.9 Risk adjustment 2.12, 16.4, 17.1, 17.8, 33.8, 33.9, 47.3, 49.17, 49.2, 49.3, 49.8 Robotics 4.13, 4.14, 4.16
Targeted therapies/regional drug delivery 6.16, 6.2, 7.10, 7.11, 7.19, 7.2, 7.6, 7.9, 21.5, 23.3, 30.2, 30.7, 31.1, 38.3, 38.4, 38.6, 38.8, 38.9, 39.10, 39.3, 39.9, 40.1, 40.6, 41.1, 41.10, 41.2, 41.4, 41.6, 41.7, 41.9, 53.19, 53.5, 53.7 Thoracic 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 48.1, 48.11, 48.13, 48.14, 48.15, 48.16, 48.2, 48.3, 48.6, 48.7, 48.8, 48.9 Thrombosis 13.7, 60.2, 60.3 Tissue engineering 4.1, 4.2, 14.11, 19.2, 19.3, 19.6, 19.7, 19.8, 31.10 Tolerance 10.18, 25.9 TPN 14.7, 52.11 Transplantation 1.12, 15.7, 15.8 Trauma 11.1, 11.10, 11.11, 11.12, 11.13, 11.14, 11.15, 11.16, 11.17, 11.18, 11.19, 11.2, 11.20, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 12.10, 12.13, 12.14, 12.15, 12.16, 12.2, 26.5, 26.8, 26.9, 27.10, 27.3, 27.5, 27.6, 27.7, 27.8, 27.9, 43.2, 43.6, 43.7, 43.8, 44.2, 44.4, 44.9, 45.1, 57.10, 57.11, 57.13, 57.14, 57.2, 57.3, 57.4, 57.5, 57.6, 57.9, 58.10, 58.11, 58.12, 58.13, 58.14, 58.3, 58.6, 58.7, 58.8, 58.9 Triage 27.10, 27.5, 57.6, 58.11, 58.12, 58.13 Tumor invasion/metastases 2.8, 6.2, 7.12, 7.13, 7.20, 8.16, 8.19, 8.8, 8.9, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4, 21.5, 21.9, 23.3, 23.4, 23.6, 23.7, 23.8, 31.6, 38.3, 38.5, 38.9, 39.2, 39.8, 40.2, 40.4, 40.9, 41.4, 41.5, 53.1, 53.10, 53.11, 53.12, 53.13, 53.14, 53.15, 53.16, 53.17, 53.18, 53.2, 53.3, 53.5, 53.6, 53.7, 53.8, 53.9, 54.14, 54.18, 55.12, 55.15, 55.18, 55.19, 55.3
S
V
Sepsis/inflammatory response 5.13, 5.14, 5.8, 11.19, 12.10, 12.12, 12.13, 12.14, 12.15, 12.2, 12.9, 26.1, 26.2, 26.4, 26.6, 26.7, 27.2, 31.3, 36.10, 36.8, 36.9, 37.7, 43.5, 44.2, 44.6, 44.7, 45.1, 45.2, 45.5, 47.4, 56.14, 57.1, 57.13, 57.7, 58.6 Shock 11.11, 12.11, 12.14, 12.16, 26.6, 43.2, 43.6, 43.7, 44.1, 44.7, 57.12, 57.4, 57.5, 58.1, 58.10, 58.6, 58.9 Short gut 20.4, 20.5, 20.6, 20.7, 36.1, 37.10, 37.6, 52.11, 52.7 Short gut/intestinal failure 9.16, 9.6, 24.9, 31.2, 42.5, 56.10, 56.11, 56.12 Simulation 4.15, 19.10
Valvular heart disease 1.17, 1.8, 1.9, 15.9 Virtual reality/simulation 3.13, 3.9, 18.10, 18.7, 18.8, 18.9, 35.3, 51.11, 51.9
Quality of care 2.16, 2.2, 2.4, 16.10, 16.5, 16.9, 17.2, 17.3, 17.5, 17.6, 17.9, 30.5, 33.10, 33.8, 34.10, 34.2, 34.7, 47.1, 49.14, 49.15, 49.16, 49.4, 49.7, 50.10, 50.11, 50.12, 50.5, 56.8 Quality of life 2.17, 33.1, 34.3, 47.5, 49.16
R
W Work hours 3.10, 3.15, 3.16, 3.2, 3.7, 18.1 Wound healing 9.7, 12.18, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 24.1, 24.10, 24.2, 24.3, 24.4, 24.5, 24.6, 26.10, 26.7, 30.1, 30.6, 43.10, 43.8, 43.9, 44.10, 50.17, 56.15, 56.16, 56.17, 56.18, 56.19, 56.6, 57.9
2011 KEYWORD INDEX A Administrative data 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 16.1, 16.3, 16.7, 17.1, 17.3, 17.6, 33.7, 33.9, 34.10, 34.3, 34.7, 47.1, 47.2, 47.4, 49.15, 49.7, 50.8 Aneurysms 28.10, 46.1, 46.2, 46.3, 59.1, 59.2, 59.3, 59.4, 59.5, 59.6, 59.7, 59.8, 59.9 Aneurysms/dissection 1.13, 31.9, 48.16, 48.17, 48.18 Angiogenesis 6.1, 6.2, 6.4, 14.8, 21.2, 23.5, 28.4, 28.5, 28.6, 28.7, 29.2, 29.3, 38.10, 38.4 Angioplasty 13.15, 13.4, 46.10, 46.9, 59.11, 59.12, 59.13, 60.19 Apoptosis 1.3, 7.1, 7.12, 7.19, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.9, 10.6, 13.10, 15.1, 21.7, 25.4, 30.7, 39.1, 39.3, 39.5, 39.9, 41.3, 41.8, 46.2, 46.7 Artificial intelligence 4.12, 4.14 Atherosclerosis 13.1, 13.14, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 13.8, 13.9, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 29.10, 46.2, 46.4, 46.5, 46.6, 46.8, 59.14, 59.15, 59.16, 60.14, 60.20, 60.4, 60.5, 60.7
B Bariatrics 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 37.3, 52.12, 52.6 Burn 12.1, 12.2, 12.6, 12.7, 44.5, 44.6, 57.1, 57.8, 57.9
C Cancer 14.10, 42.10, 42.1, 42.2, 42.3, 42.9, 56.2, 56.3, 56.4 Cardiac physiology 1.10, 1.17, 14.5, 15.6, 15.7, 30.10, 32.1, 32.2, 32.3, 32.6, 32.9, 48.11 Cardiac rhythm 1.1, 48.11 Cardiomyopathy/congestive heart failure 1.11, 1.12, 15.6, 15.7, 32.10 Cardiopulmonary bypass 1.13, 1.16, 15.8, 32.4, 32.9, 48.5 Cell cycle 6.13, 7.1, 7.2, 7.7, 7.8, 53.19 Cell signaling/signal transduction 1.11, 1.4, 1.5, 1.8, 7.1, 7.10, 7.11, 7.12, 7.13, 7.14, 7.15, 7.16, 7.17, 7.18, 7.20, 7.3, 7.4, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 10.1, 10.16, 10.20, 10.2, 10.4, 10.6, 12.3, 12.8, 13.11, 13.12, 13.13, 13.14, 13.8, 13.9, 15.9, 21.1, 21.3, 21.6, 23.1, 23.2, 23.3, 23.4, 25.1, 25.5, 25.7, 26.1, 26.9, 28.1, 28.2, 28.6, 29.2, 30.2, 30.7, 30.8, 31.7, 31.9, 32.10, 32.5, 36.3, 36.5, 36.9, 37.1, 38.2, 38.5, 38.6, 39.10, 39.9, 40.1, 41.9, 44.1, 44.10, 44.2, 44.5, 45.3, 45.4, 48.18, 48.9, 52.1, 52.4, 59.10, 59.11, 59.12, 59.13, 59.14, 59.15, 59.16, 59.17, 60.12, 60.19, 60.20, 60.2, 60.3, 60.5, 60.9 Cellular transplant 10.13, 25.4 Cerebrovascular 60.17 Clinical 5.1, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.17, 5.2, 5.7, 20.2, 20.3, 20.8, 52.11, 52.13, 52.14, 52.15, 52.16, 52.17, 52.18, 52.19, 52.8, 52.9 Clinical: breast 8.1, 8.10, 8.11, 8.12, 8.13, 8.14, 8.15, 8.16, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 21.10, 21.2, 21.5, 21.7, 21.8, 21.9, 22.1, 53.19 Clinical: colon and small bowel 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 8.1, 22.5, 40.10, 40.3, 40.4, 40.5, 40.7, 40.8, 53.3, 53.6, 53.7, 53.8, 54.15, 54.16, 54.17, 54.19, 55.19 Clinical: endocrine 6.13, 21.6, 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, 30.2, 30.4, 39.1, 39.10, 39.5, 39.6, 39.8, 54.1, 54.2, 54.3, 54.4, 54.5, 54.6, 55.18 Clinical: foregut 7.17, 38.1, 38.2, 54.18, 55.13, 55.14, 55.15, 55.16 Clinical: head and neck 54.1, 54.13, 54.7
0022-4804/$36.00 Ó 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Clinical: hepato-pancreatico-biliary 6.1, 6.8, 6.9, 7.18, 7.19, 7.5, 22.10, 22.7, 22.9, 23.10, 23.2, 23.7, 23.9, 31.1, 39.7, 40.9, 41.1, 41.3, 41.9, 53.1, 53.4, 55.10, 55.1, 55.11, 55.12, 55.2, 55.3, 55.4, 55.5, 55.6, 55.7, 55.8, 55.9 Clinical: melanoma/soft tissue 6.16, 8.17, 38.4, 53.9, 54.10, 54.11, 54.8, 54.9 Clinical: outcomes 2.8, 6.20, 6.8, 6.9, 8.13, 8.14, 8.17, 8.18, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 21.10, 22.3, 22.5, 22.6, 22.7, 22.9, 38.1, 39.2, 40.4, 40.5, 40.7, 40.8, 40.9, 54.10, 54.12, 54.14, 54.16, 54.17, 54.18, 54.19, 54.7, 55.1, 55.13, 55.14, 55.15, 55.16, 55.17, 55.19, 55.2, 55.3, 55.4, 55.5, 55.6, 55.7, 55.9 Clinical: thoracic 38.3, 54.13, 54.14, 55.16, 55.8 Colon 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.15, 5.17, 5.8, 20.1, 20.2, 36.9, 37.4, 37.5, 52.19, 56.14 Competency assessment 3.13, 3.17, 3.6, 3.9, 18.3, 18.9, 35.2, 35.4, 35.5, 35.8, 51.1, 51.11 Computational biology 4.1 Congenital heart disease 1.1, 1.2 Continuing education 18.2, 18.5, 51.10 Cost effectiveness 16.1, 16.2, 17.2, 47.5, 49.1, 49.16, 50.1, 50.2, 50.3 Critical care 11.1, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.9, 12.13, 24.10, 26.10, 26.4, 27.1, 27.2, 27.4, 27.6, 31.3, 42.4, 44.8, 45.1, 45.2, 45.5, 56.1, 57.10, 57.14, 57.2, 58.1, 58.11, 58.2, 58.3, 58.4, 58.5, 58.7 Curriculum development 3.17, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.8, 18.10, 18.3, 18.7, 35.2, 35.7, 35.8, 51.1, 51.3, 51.4, 51.6, 51.8 Cytokines/growth factors 12.10, 12.12, 12.8, 12.9, 20.4, 26.1, 26.6, 31.7, 36.10, 36.1, 36.7, 37.10, 37.9, 43.5, 44.1, 44.9, 58.8 Cytokines/immunobiology and therapy 6.10, 6.5, 6.8, 21.1, 21.3, 22.8, 23.5, 23.6, 38.7, 38.8, 41.4, 41.7, 53.5
D Decision analysis 2.10, 2.11, 16.1, 16.2, 16.5, 17.9, 33.4, 34.4, 34.8, 47.5, 49.1, 49.2, 49.3, 50.1, 50.10, 50.4, 50.9, 52.10 Delivery systems 4.7, 4.8, 14.11, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4 Development/organogenesis 9.19, 9.2, 9.4, 9.8, 24.5, 24.8, 31.2, 42.2, 42.3, 42.8, 56.12, 56.13, 56.5, 56.6, 56.7, 56.9 Diagnostics 2.12, 2.15, 2.5, 4.11, 4.12, 5.1, 5.7, 5.9, 6.11, 6.3, 6.6, 8.1, 8.15, 8.18, 8.19, 9.1, 9.6, 9.9, 11.12, 11.7, 11.8, 13.1, 13.17, 13.2, 13.3, 16.2, 19.5, 20.8, 21.9, 22.4, 22.6, 23.9, 26.3, 27.5, 27.7, 30.4, 33.7, 34.5, 34.8, 39.4, 39.6, 40.10, 48.12, 48.3, 48.4, 49.1, 50.15, 52.10, 54.2, 56.8, 57.1, 57.11, 57.3, 58.1, 60.18 Donor management 10.10, 14.1, 25.4
E Endothelial cell dysfunction 46.6, 59.18, 60.11, 60.4, 60.5, 60.6, 60.8, 60.9 Endovascular 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 28.6, 28.7, 46.1, 46.5, 59.1, 59.15, 59.17, 59.2, 60.15 Enteral nutrition 52.7
358
2011 KEYWORD INDEX Ethics 17.9 Evaluation 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.18, 3.6, 18.2, 18.4, 35.1, 35.4, 35.5, 35.7, 51.11, 51.2, 51.5 Expanded criteria donors 25.10, 30.3 Extracellular matrix 6.11, 53.2
359
45.4, 45.5, 45.6, 45.7, 45.8, 45.9, 46.7, 48.10, 49.18, 52.1, 57.12, 60.1, 60.11, 60.14, 60.18, 60.7
K Kidney transplantation 10.14, 25.5
F Fetal 24.6, 56.12, 56.17, 56.5, 56.7 Foregut 5.3, 5.9, 52.18
G Gaming technology 4.15 Gene/cell therapies 1.11, 1.3, 5.4, 6.12, 10.13, 13.18, 20.3, 23.10, 24.2, 24.9, 25.8, 28.3, 28.7, 28.8, 29.3, 29.7, 38.10, 38.6, 39.3, 41.5, 41.6, 41.7, 52.2 Genetics/genomics 6.13, 6.14, 6.17, 6.18, 6.19, 6.3, 6.6, 6.7, 6.9, 7.5, 7.7, 14.4, 21.4, 22.10, 22.2, 23.10, 38.8, 39.4, 39.5, 39.6, 39.7, 40.3, 52.2, 52.3, 53.10, 53.11, 53.12, 53.3, 53.6, 53.9 Genomics 12.9, 37.2, 42.3
H Health care disparities 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 2.6, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 17.6, 33.3 Health economics/policies 2.3, 16.10, 16.7, 16.8, 17.5, 47.1, 50.2, 56.8 Heart transplantation 10.3, 25.2 Hemodialysis/access 29.1 Hemorrhage/resucitation 11.10, 11.11, 11.9, 12.11, 12.16, 26.3, 26.8, 43.1, 43.2, 43.3, 43.4, 43.5, 43.6, 43.7, 44.3, 44.4, 44.9, 57.4, 57.5, 58.9 Hepatico-pancreatico-biliary 5.10, 5.11, 5.9, 20.10, 20.8, 20.9, 30.9, 36.2, 36.3, 36.4, 37.1, 52.13, 52.14, 52.15, 52.16 Hypoxia 14.8, 28.4, 28.5
I Imaging 8.15, 22.1, 22.6, 23.9, 31.1, 38.9, 40.6, 53.4, 55.9 Immunity 12.1, 26.2, 26.7, 26.8, 45.6, 58.8 Immunology/immune mechanisms 10.1, 10.10, 10.11, 10.16, 10.18, 10.19, 10.20, 10.4, 25.1, 25.9, 30.8 Immunosuppression 10.17, 25.2 Infection 11.3, 26.10, 26.2, 57.7 Inflammation 5.8, 9.13, 9.18, 13.11, 13.15, 13.16, 14.7, 24.1, 24.5, 28.3, 28.4, 28.5, 29.10, 30.6, 30.9, 36.3, 36.4, 36.5, 36.6, 36.7, 36.8, 42.6, 46.6, 50.16, 50.17, 52.17, 52.5, 56.14, 56.15, 56.18, 59.14, 59.16, 59.8, 60.12, 60.16, 60.17 Inflammatory bowel disease 5.16, 9.14, 9.16, 20.3, 36.6, 52.9 Informatics 4.10, 4.8, 4.9, 19.3, 19.9 Instruments 4.13, 4.5, 4.6, 19.10 Intestinal inflammation/NEC 9.11, 9.13, 9.16, 9.17, 9.18, 9.19, 9.20, 42.4, 42.6, 42.7, 56.10, 56.11 Intestine transplantation 10.12 Intimal hyperplasia/remodelling 13.10, 13.11, 13.12, 13.13, 13.15, 13.16, 13.17, 13.18, 13.6, 13.8, 13.9, 28.1, 28.8, 28.9, 29.10, 29.4, 29.5, 29.6, 29.7, 29.8, 29.9, 46.10, 46.9, 59.10, 59.11, 59.12, 59.13, 59.17, 60.10, 60.12, 60.19, 60.20, 60.2, 60.3, 60.9 Ischemia/coronary artery disease 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 14.5, 15.4, 15.5, 30.10, 32.10, 32.1, 32.2, 32.3, 32.4, 32.5, 32.6, 32.7, 32.8, 48.12 Ischemia/reperfusion 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 11.8, 12.1, 12.11, 12.17, 12.18, 12.19, 12.20, 13.5, 13.6, 14.1, 25.5, 25.6, 25.7, 28.2, 36.2, 36.8, 37.7, 43.1, 44.10, 45.10, 45.2, 45.3,
L Liver transplantation 2.7, 2.9, 10.10, 10.11, 10.5, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 25.10, 25.3, 25.6, 25.8, 25.9, 30.3, 31.5, 49.18, 49.19, 50.19 Living donors 25.3, 50.19 Lung transplantation 14.1, 48.10
M Mathematical modeling 4.12, 4.14, 19.9 Medical student education/training 3.12, 3.13, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 18.3, 35.2, 35.3, 51.12, 51.6 Meta-analysis 2.10, 33.5 Metabolism 44.5, 45.3 Minimally invasive 9.10, 9.12, 9.7, 42.1, 42.4 Minimally invasive surgery 48.1, 48.6 Motility 5.17, 9.3, 9.5, 9.6, 42.5 Multivisceral transplantation 10.12 Myocardial inflammation 1.7, 15.8, 30.10, 32.4, 32.6, 32.7, 32.9, 48.5
N Nanotechnology 19.4, 19.5 Natural orifice therapy 4.17 Nutrition 9.1, 9.18, 9.19, 9.3
O Organ allocation 25.10, 30.3 Organ/tissue injury 11.1, 11.12, 11.13, 11.14, 11.2, 12.17, 14.2, 26.3, 26.4, 26.5, 27.2, 27.8, 31.3, 43.1, 43.8, 44.4, 44.6, 44.7, 45.10, 45.4, 45.6, 45.7, 57.11, 57.12, 57.13, 57.6, 57.8 Other 1.1, 1.12, 1.17, 1.2, 1.7, 1.8, 2.5, 2.7, 2.8, 3.11, 3.16, 3.5, 4.1, 4.16, 4.3, 4.8, 4.9, 5.16, 5.4, 5.7, 6.11, 6.15, 7.3, 7.6, 7.8, 8.13, 8.16, 8.18, 8.19, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.9, 9.10, 9.1, 9.15, 9.2, 9.3, 9.7, 9.8, 10.11, 10.14, 10.19, 11.10, 11.15, 11.16, 11.17, 11.18, 11.2, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 12.17, 13.12, 13.17, 13.18, 14.11, 14.12, 14.3, 14.5, 14.6, 14.9, 15.6, 15.9, 17.10, 18.6, 19.1, 19.9, 20.1, 21.4, 21.7, 22.2, 23.6, 23.7, 24.8, 25.1, 25.3, 25.6, 26.5, 27.1, 27.3, 30.8, 31.10, 31.11, 31.4, 31.5, 31.8, 32.5, 32.8, 33.10, 34.5, 34.9, 36.5, 36.7, 37.1, 37.3, 37.8, 38.7, 40.6, 41.1, 41.2, 41.8, 42.5, 44.3, 45.8, 46.8, 48.1, 48.12, 48.15, 48.16, 48.2, 48.5, 48.6, 49.14, 50.11, 50.13, 50.14, 50.16, 50.17, 50.18, 51.13, 51.7, 52.13, 52.14, 52.16, 52.18, 52.19, 52.5, 53.10, 53.13, 53.14, 55.1, 55.12, 55.17, 55.2, 56.13, 56.4, 57.10, 57.2, 57.3, 58.12, 58.2, 59.4, 59.8, 60.11, 60.13, 60.17, 60.18
P Patient safety 2.4, 16.3, 16.5, 16.6, 16.8, 16.9, 17.10, 30.5, 33.3, 34.1, 47.4, 49.12, 49.14, 50.5, 50.6 Percutaneous surgery 4.13, 4.4 Perioperative care 2.13, 2.14, 2.2, 16.6, 17.8, 33.1, 33.2, 34.1, 34.2, 49.12, 49.3, 49.4, 49.5, 49.6, 50.1, 50.11, 50.12, 50.3, 50.5, 50.6, 50.7, 52.10 Professional/career development 3.18, 3.3, 3.7, 3.8, 18.2, 18.5, 35.1, 51.10, 51.12, 51.4, 51.6 Prognostic factors/surgical predictors 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.15, 2.17, 2.5, 16.3, 16.4, 16.7, 17.7, 17.8, 33.2, 33.3, 33.6, 33.8, 33.9, 34.10, 34.2,
360
2011 KEYWORD INDEX
34.4, 34.6, 34.8, 47.2, 47.3, 49.10, 49.11, 49.15, 49.17, 49.2, 49.4, 49.6, 49.7, 49.8, 49.9, 50.10, 50.12, 50.4, 50.8, 50.9 Prospective trials 33.1, 49.12, 49.13
Small bowel 5.16, 14.7, 20.5, 20.6, 20.7, 36.1, 37.10, 37.7, 37.9, 52.6, 52.7 Systems biology 4.10, 19.7
T Q
Recipient selection 2.7, 2.9, 10.14, 31.5 Rectum 5.12, 20.2, 37.4, 52.5 Regeneration 9.4, 20.4, 24.10, 24.2, 24.3, 24.6, 24.7, 24.8, 24.9, 31.7, 37.9, 56.10, 56.11, 56.17, 56.6 Regeneration/wound healing 12.18, 12.3, 12.6, 12.8, 45.10 Regenerative medicine 10.2 Registry data 2.6, 16.10, 16.4, 16.6, 16.8, 16.9, 17.7, 30.5, 33.10, 33.7, 34.7, 49.17, 50.13, 50.14 Rejection 10.12, 25.2 Resident education/training 3.10, 3.1, 3.11, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 3.2, 3.6, 3.7, 3.9, 18.10, 18.1, 18.4, 18.5, 18.6, 18.7, 18.8, 18.9, 35.10, 35.3, 35.4, 35.5, 35.6, 35.7, 35.8, 35.9, 51.13, 51.3, 51.4, 51.5, 51.9 Risk adjustment 2.12, 16.4, 17.1, 17.8, 33.8, 33.9, 47.3, 49.17, 49.2, 49.3, 49.8 Robotics 4.13, 4.14, 4.16
Targeted therapies/regional drug delivery 6.16, 6.2, 7.10, 7.11, 7.19, 7.2, 7.6, 7.9, 21.5, 23.3, 30.2, 30.7, 31.1, 38.3, 38.4, 38.6, 38.8, 38.9, 39.10, 39.3, 39.9, 40.1, 40.6, 41.1, 41.10, 41.2, 41.4, 41.6, 41.7, 41.9, 53.19, 53.5, 53.7 Thoracic 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 48.1, 48.11, 48.13, 48.14, 48.15, 48.16, 48.2, 48.3, 48.6, 48.7, 48.8, 48.9 Thrombosis 13.7, 60.2, 60.3 Tissue engineering 4.1, 4.2, 14.11, 19.2, 19.3, 19.6, 19.7, 19.8, 31.10 Tolerance 10.18, 25.9 TPN 14.7, 52.11 Transplantation 1.12, 15.7, 15.8 Trauma 11.1, 11.10, 11.11, 11.12, 11.13, 11.14, 11.15, 11.16, 11.17, 11.18, 11.19, 11.2, 11.20, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 12.10, 12.13, 12.14, 12.15, 12.16, 12.2, 26.5, 26.8, 26.9, 27.10, 27.3, 27.5, 27.6, 27.7, 27.8, 27.9, 43.2, 43.6, 43.7, 43.8, 44.2, 44.4, 44.9, 45.1, 57.10, 57.11, 57.13, 57.14, 57.2, 57.3, 57.4, 57.5, 57.6, 57.9, 58.10, 58.11, 58.12, 58.13, 58.14, 58.3, 58.6, 58.7, 58.8, 58.9 Triage 27.10, 27.5, 57.6, 58.11, 58.12, 58.13 Tumor invasion/metastases 2.8, 6.2, 7.12, 7.13, 7.20, 8.16, 8.19, 8.8, 8.9, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4, 21.5, 21.9, 23.3, 23.4, 23.6, 23.7, 23.8, 31.6, 38.3, 38.5, 38.9, 39.2, 39.8, 40.2, 40.4, 40.9, 41.4, 41.5, 53.1, 53.10, 53.11, 53.12, 53.13, 53.14, 53.15, 53.16, 53.17, 53.18, 53.2, 53.3, 53.5, 53.6, 53.7, 53.8, 53.9, 54.14, 54.18, 55.12, 55.15, 55.18, 55.19, 55.3
S
V
Sepsis/inflammatory response 5.13, 5.14, 5.8, 11.19, 12.10, 12.12, 12.13, 12.14, 12.15, 12.2, 12.9, 26.1, 26.2, 26.4, 26.6, 26.7, 27.2, 31.3, 36.10, 36.8, 36.9, 37.7, 43.5, 44.2, 44.6, 44.7, 45.1, 45.2, 45.5, 47.4, 56.14, 57.1, 57.13, 57.7, 58.6 Shock 11.11, 12.11, 12.14, 12.16, 26.6, 43.2, 43.6, 43.7, 44.1, 44.7, 57.12, 57.4, 57.5, 58.1, 58.10, 58.6, 58.9 Short gut 20.4, 20.5, 20.6, 20.7, 36.1, 37.10, 37.6, 52.11, 52.7 Short gut/intestinal failure 9.16, 9.6, 24.9, 31.2, 42.5, 56.10, 56.11, 56.12 Simulation 4.15, 19.10
Valvular heart disease 1.17, 1.8, 1.9, 15.9 Virtual reality/simulation 3.13, 3.9, 18.10, 18.7, 18.8, 18.9, 35.3, 51.11, 51.9
Quality of care 2.16, 2.2, 2.4, 16.10, 16.5, 16.9, 17.2, 17.3, 17.5, 17.6, 17.9, 30.5, 33.10, 33.8, 34.10, 34.2, 34.7, 47.1, 49.14, 49.15, 49.16, 49.4, 49.7, 50.10, 50.11, 50.12, 50.5, 56.8 Quality of life 2.17, 33.1, 34.3, 47.5, 49.16
R
W Work hours 3.10, 3.15, 3.16, 3.2, 3.7, 18.1 Wound healing 9.7, 12.18, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 24.1, 24.10, 24.2, 24.3, 24.4, 24.5, 24.6, 26.10, 26.7, 30.1, 30.6, 43.10, 43.8, 43.9, 44.10, 50.17, 56.15, 56.16, 56.17, 56.18, 56.19, 56.6, 57.9