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688 Toxicological profile of hydrofluoropolyethers
Poster Session P35. Environmental pollutants 2-ethylhexanol (n=7). The concentration causing a 50% loss in cell viability and metabolic activity was calculated to be in the range between 300 and 500 µg/l. These concentrations have been detected in patients on hemodialysis and others exposed to DEHP. The individual metabolite testing of 2-ethylhexanol and 4-heptanone (n=3) resulted in similar values. A significant higher sensitivity of one of the two cell strains was not observed. It has to be emphasized that even the highest concentrations tested did not cause death of the cell population, but reduced the proliferative (mitotic) activity of the cells in a dose-dependent manner. 688
Malinverno 2 ,
Schmit 3 ,
Ilaria Giuseppe Bruno Mario Visca 1 . 1 Solvay Solexis S.p.A., R&D Centre, Viale 2 Lombardia, 20, 20021 Bollate, Italy, Solvay S.A., European Public Affaire, Rue du Prince Albert 33, B-1050 Bruxelles Belgium; 3 Solvay S.A. (NOH), DCRT/HSE, Rue de Ransbeek, 310, B-1120 Bruxelles, Belgium Hydrofluoropolyethers (HFPE) are a family of linear oligomeric fluorinated fluid comprising difluoromethoxy and tetrafluoroethoxy repeating units, containing two isolated hydrogen atoms in OCF2 H end groups. These fluids have been designed as low environmental impact substitutes of perfluorocarbons for a number of applications, including heat transfer, solvency and fire suppression. Several toxicological studies have been carried out, including acute and long term toxicity. For the long term studies the inhalation route has been selected due to the low boiling temperatures and high vapor pressures of these materials. Acute toxicity tests have been performed on males and females Sprague DawleyCrl:CD (SD) BR rats through oral, demal and inhalation routes. No deaths have been recorded even at the highest concentrations during the treatment period. Oral LD50 > 5000 mg/kg and dermal LD50 > 2000 mg/kg have been determined. Inhalation LC50 was found > 26411 ppm, the highest tested dose. At this level, reversible lethargy and anesthetic effect were observed. No macroscopic and histopatological abnormalities were observed and the lung to body weight ratio was within normal limits. Repeated dose inhalation was carried out for 5, 14, 28 and 90 days. On 90 day exposure study, embryo-foetal developmental effects have also been studied. The longer studies have been performed at 1000, 3300 and 10000 ppm (6h/day, 5 to 6 days/week). Both for 28 and 90 day exposure, NOAEL at 10000 ppm, NOEL at 1000 ppm were determined. The major effects were increment in urinary fluorides, increase in liver weight and centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy. These effects have been considered to be treatment related but not of pathological evidence. The increment in enzymes activity for the metabolism system, are typically reversibile on cessation of treatment, but sometimes this may take more than one month in rodent species. In the same way centrilobular hypertrophy disappear after treatment indicating that this effect is a typical adaptative response to the exposure of the test material and not an indication of toxicity. NOAEL for both maternal exposure and ambryo-foetal development was 10000 ppm. 689
The highest concentration of the (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) was found in Muchawka river and was about 0.0026 µg/l. The estimated concentrations of the phenoxy herbicide residues in the studied surface waters were much lower than values accepted by World Health Organization. 690
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN FRESHWATER FISH FROM THE ZAGREB AREA AS INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Jasna Bošnir, Dinko Puntari´c. Zagreb Public Health Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF HYDROFLUOROPOLYETHERS
Colombo 1 ,
s185
GC-MS ANALYSIS OF PHENOXY HERBICIDE RESIDUES FROM SURFACE WATERS
R. Krzyzanowski, B. Leszczynski, E. Sygieniewicz. Department of Biochemistry, University of Podlasie, Siedlce, Poland Seasonal variations of phenoxy herbicide residues in surface waters of Eastern Poland were determined. The samples were collected from five sites of three local rivers: Helenka, Muchawka and Liwiec. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) that involves the partitioning of the analytes between the sample matrix and a stationary phase which is coated on a fused silica fiber, and desorption of trapped analytes into the analytical instrument was applied for extraction of the phenoxy herbicide residues. SPME extracts were separated by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Obtained results showed traces of (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid (MCPA) in the studied surface waters from May to July.
Aim: To determine the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in freshwater fish from the Zagreb area. To assess the possible variation in PCB levels in the fish from the Sava river, the main recipient of sewage and wastewater in the Republic of Croatia, in comparison with other fishing sites, as well as between two fish families living there. Material and methods: A total of 216 freshwater fish samples from 5 sites were examined: Sava river upstream from Zagreb, Sava river at Zagreb, Sava river downstream from Zagreb, Jarun Lake, and 5 ’ecologic’ fishponds from the Zagreb surroundings. Total PCB were determined by the method of gas chromatography with a detection limit of 5 µg/kg. Results: The mean total PCB level in all fish samples was 18.63 (range 0.054–66.40) µg/kg and did not exceed the allowed level of 2000 µg/kg in any of the fish samples. According to fishing site, the highest PCB levels were found in the fish from the Jarun Lake connected with the Sava river by underground waters (38.45 µg/kg), followed by the fish from the Sava river downstream from Zagreb (33.73 µg/kg) and from ’ecologic’ fishponds with no water connection with the Sava river (20.20 µg/kg). The fish of the family Ictaluridae contained several times lower total PCB levels (mean 5.59 µg/kg, range 0.054–22.41 µg/kg) than the fish of the family Cyprinidae (mean 19.54 µg/kg, range 0.054–66.40 µg/kg). Conlusions: Although the Sava river at Zagreb is the main recipient of sewage and wastewater in the Republic of Croatia, the levels of PCB were within the allowed limits in all groups of freshwater fish samples. Study results suggest the fish of the family Cyprinidae to be a good indicator of environmental pollution with PCB, because highest PCB levels were measured in the fish from the Sava river downstream from Zagreb, the location characterized by highest sewage and wastewater outlet from the Zagreb area, and only slightly lower PCB levels were found in the fish from the Jarun Lake that is connected with the Sava river by underground waters and has only one water exchange per year. 691
HAIR LEAD CONTENT OF HORSES AROUND SHIRAZ OIL AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
M. Pourjafar, K. Badiei. School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, IRAN. Fax: 0098–381–4424412 Lead is one of the oldest metals known to man. Industrial pollution is one of the important sources of lead. Hair lead levels are diagnostically useful for lead pollution around oil and petrochemical industries. Hair samples (19 in Spring, 19 in Summer, 19 in Autumn and 19 in Winter) were obtained from horses in a radius of one to ten kilometers of Shiraz oil and petrochemical industries. Hair samples (21 in each season) which were obtained far away from these industries and not close to main roads served as control samples. Hair samples were subsequently digested and analyzed for their lead content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Overally, results revealed that the mean hair lead content of horses (5.27±1.7 ppm) around Shiraz oil industries (within radius of 1.5 Kilometers) were significantly higher than mean hair lead content of horses (3.12±1.4 ppm) around Shiraz petrochemical industries (p<0.05). Mean hair lead content of control cases throughout the year was 2.1±0.6 PPM Which was significantly lower than mean hair lead content of horses around oil and petrochemical industries (p<0.05). These levels show that lead pollution around Shiraz oil industries can be a serious problem and must be considered in future.
Malinverno 2 ,
Schmit 3 ,
Ilaria Giuseppe Bruno Mario Visca 1 . 1 Solvay Solexis S.p.A., R&D Centre, Viale 2 Lombardia, 20, 20021 Bollate, Italy, Solvay S.A., European Public Affaire, Rue du Prince Albert 33, B-1050 Bruxelles Belgium; 3 Solvay S.A. (NOH), DCRT/HSE, Rue de Ransbeek, 310, B-1120 Bruxelles, Belgium Hydrofluoropolyethers (HFPE) are a family of linear oligomeric fluorinated fluid comprising difluoromethoxy and tetrafluoroethoxy repeating units, containing two isolated hydrogen atoms in OCF2 H end groups. These fluids have been designed as low environmental impact substitutes of perfluorocarbons for a number of applications, including heat transfer, solvency and fire suppression. Several toxicological studies have been carried out, including acute and long term toxicity. For the long term studies the inhalation route has been selected due to the low boiling temperatures and high vapor pressures of these materials. Acute toxicity tests have been performed on males and females Sprague DawleyCrl:CD (SD) BR rats through oral, demal and inhalation routes. No deaths have been recorded even at the highest concentrations during the treatment period. Oral LD50 > 5000 mg/kg and dermal LD50 > 2000 mg/kg have been determined. Inhalation LC50 was found > 26411 ppm, the highest tested dose. At this level, reversible lethargy and anesthetic effect were observed. No macroscopic and histopatological abnormalities were observed and the lung to body weight ratio was within normal limits. Repeated dose inhalation was carried out for 5, 14, 28 and 90 days. On 90 day exposure study, embryo-foetal developmental effects have also been studied. The longer studies have been performed at 1000, 3300 and 10000 ppm (6h/day, 5 to 6 days/week). Both for 28 and 90 day exposure, NOAEL at 10000 ppm, NOEL at 1000 ppm were determined. The major effects were increment in urinary fluorides, increase in liver weight and centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy. These effects have been considered to be treatment related but not of pathological evidence. The increment in enzymes activity for the metabolism system, are typically reversibile on cessation of treatment, but sometimes this may take more than one month in rodent species. In the same way centrilobular hypertrophy disappear after treatment indicating that this effect is a typical adaptative response to the exposure of the test material and not an indication of toxicity. NOAEL for both maternal exposure and ambryo-foetal development was 10000 ppm. 689
The highest concentration of the (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) was found in Muchawka river and was about 0.0026 µg/l. The estimated concentrations of the phenoxy herbicide residues in the studied surface waters were much lower than values accepted by World Health Organization. 690
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN FRESHWATER FISH FROM THE ZAGREB AREA AS INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Jasna Bošnir, Dinko Puntari´c. Zagreb Public Health Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF HYDROFLUOROPOLYETHERS
Colombo 1 ,
s185
GC-MS ANALYSIS OF PHENOXY HERBICIDE RESIDUES FROM SURFACE WATERS
R. Krzyzanowski, B. Leszczynski, E. Sygieniewicz. Department of Biochemistry, University of Podlasie, Siedlce, Poland Seasonal variations of phenoxy herbicide residues in surface waters of Eastern Poland were determined. The samples were collected from five sites of three local rivers: Helenka, Muchawka and Liwiec. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) that involves the partitioning of the analytes between the sample matrix and a stationary phase which is coated on a fused silica fiber, and desorption of trapped analytes into the analytical instrument was applied for extraction of the phenoxy herbicide residues. SPME extracts were separated by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Obtained results showed traces of (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid (MCPA) in the studied surface waters from May to July.
Aim: To determine the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in freshwater fish from the Zagreb area. To assess the possible variation in PCB levels in the fish from the Sava river, the main recipient of sewage and wastewater in the Republic of Croatia, in comparison with other fishing sites, as well as between two fish families living there. Material and methods: A total of 216 freshwater fish samples from 5 sites were examined: Sava river upstream from Zagreb, Sava river at Zagreb, Sava river downstream from Zagreb, Jarun Lake, and 5 ’ecologic’ fishponds from the Zagreb surroundings. Total PCB were determined by the method of gas chromatography with a detection limit of 5 µg/kg. Results: The mean total PCB level in all fish samples was 18.63 (range 0.054–66.40) µg/kg and did not exceed the allowed level of 2000 µg/kg in any of the fish samples. According to fishing site, the highest PCB levels were found in the fish from the Jarun Lake connected with the Sava river by underground waters (38.45 µg/kg), followed by the fish from the Sava river downstream from Zagreb (33.73 µg/kg) and from ’ecologic’ fishponds with no water connection with the Sava river (20.20 µg/kg). The fish of the family Ictaluridae contained several times lower total PCB levels (mean 5.59 µg/kg, range 0.054–22.41 µg/kg) than the fish of the family Cyprinidae (mean 19.54 µg/kg, range 0.054–66.40 µg/kg). Conlusions: Although the Sava river at Zagreb is the main recipient of sewage and wastewater in the Republic of Croatia, the levels of PCB were within the allowed limits in all groups of freshwater fish samples. Study results suggest the fish of the family Cyprinidae to be a good indicator of environmental pollution with PCB, because highest PCB levels were measured in the fish from the Sava river downstream from Zagreb, the location characterized by highest sewage and wastewater outlet from the Zagreb area, and only slightly lower PCB levels were found in the fish from the Jarun Lake that is connected with the Sava river by underground waters and has only one water exchange per year. 691
HAIR LEAD CONTENT OF HORSES AROUND SHIRAZ OIL AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
M. Pourjafar, K. Badiei. School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, IRAN. Fax: 0098–381–4424412 Lead is one of the oldest metals known to man. Industrial pollution is one of the important sources of lead. Hair lead levels are diagnostically useful for lead pollution around oil and petrochemical industries. Hair samples (19 in Spring, 19 in Summer, 19 in Autumn and 19 in Winter) were obtained from horses in a radius of one to ten kilometers of Shiraz oil and petrochemical industries. Hair samples (21 in each season) which were obtained far away from these industries and not close to main roads served as control samples. Hair samples were subsequently digested and analyzed for their lead content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Overally, results revealed that the mean hair lead content of horses (5.27±1.7 ppm) around Shiraz oil industries (within radius of 1.5 Kilometers) were significantly higher than mean hair lead content of horses (3.12±1.4 ppm) around Shiraz petrochemical industries (p<0.05). Mean hair lead content of control cases throughout the year was 2.1±0.6 PPM Which was significantly lower than mean hair lead content of horses around oil and petrochemical industries (p<0.05). These levels show that lead pollution around Shiraz oil industries can be a serious problem and must be considered in future.