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776. Food-packaging chemicals and the chick embryo
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METHODS FOR ASSESSING TOXICITY
Comparison of the doses giving the highest values of percentage hatch with the Threshold Limit Values reveals a good correlation for 11/14 solvents namely acetone, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, iso-amyl alcohol, allyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate,benzene, toluene and styrene monomer. The remaining three solvents methanol, dimethylformamide and carbon tetrachloride, the latter two of which are very toxic, showed a low order of toxicity in the chick embryo. In the series of five saturated alcohols, toxicity increased with increasing molecular weight. Of these alcohols only n-butanol was teratogenic causing damage to the eyes, kidneys and nerves, n-Butyl acetate produced kidney damage and corneal lesions while allyl alcohol induced corneal capacity. It was concluded that data obtained with volatile solvents in the chick embryo can be used to advantage in contributing to art evaluation of the toxicity and teratogenicity of such solvents. [No consideration appears to have been given to pressure effects within the egg arising from the volatilization of these solvents. Attempts to correlate the vapour pressures of the 14 solvents with their toxicities to the chick embryo may prove fruitful.] 775. Pesticides and the chick embryo Marliac, J.-P. (1964). Toxicity and teratogenic effects of 12 pesticides in the chick embryo. Fedn Proc. Fedn Am. Socs exp. Biol. 23, 105.
Details of the chick embryo technique employed by McLaughlin and his colleagues of the FDA have beert described at great length (Cited in F.C.T. 1964, 2, 287). The same technique has been applied to investigate the toxic and teratogenic effects of the following 12 pesticides: organochlorine--DDT, lindane, methoxychlor, chlorbenside and ovex; organophosphorus---demeton, methyl demeton, dimethoate, malathion and parathion; the carbamate, carbaryl; and the organosulphur compound, captan. A general correlation was found between the maximum quantity of pesticide that will allow some chicks to hatch and the average acute oral toxicity in mammals. The carbamate and organophosphorus compounds were found to be extremely teratogenic but the organochlorine pesticides exercised little effect on embryonic development at the corresponding injection levels. For example I mg carbaryl or 0.1 mg parathion per egg induced malformed embryos while 5 mg lindane per egg was without effect. 776. Food-packaging chemicals and the chick embryo McLaughlin, J., Jr. & Scott, W. F. (1964). Toxicity of some food packaging chemicals measured by the chick embryo technique. Fedn Proc. Fedn Am. Socs exp. Biol. 23, 406.
Styrene monomer (SM), a major migrant from polysterene food-packaging materials, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na2EDTA) and other unspecified food-packaging chemicals have also been studied for toxic effects to the chick embryo. Injection of SM at levels of 2-3, 4-6 and 18 rag/egg evoked percentage hatches of 95, 40 and 0 respectively. Embryonic development and chick growth were unaffected at the lowest level. Na2EDTA at levels of 0.35, 1-7 and 3.4 rag/egg resulted in percentage hatches of 85, 50 and 40 respectively. At the highest level some of the embryos that failed to hatch exhibited amelia (absence of limbs) and phocomelia (absence of legs, feet attached directly to body). Also the feet of hatched chicks were 2 mm shorter than those of control chicks. Finally, slight bleaching of the down was observed.
METHODS FOR ASSESSING TOXICITY
Comparison of the doses giving the highest values of percentage hatch with the Threshold Limit Values reveals a good correlation for 11/14 solvents namely acetone, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, iso-amyl alcohol, allyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate,benzene, toluene and styrene monomer. The remaining three solvents methanol, dimethylformamide and carbon tetrachloride, the latter two of which are very toxic, showed a low order of toxicity in the chick embryo. In the series of five saturated alcohols, toxicity increased with increasing molecular weight. Of these alcohols only n-butanol was teratogenic causing damage to the eyes, kidneys and nerves, n-Butyl acetate produced kidney damage and corneal lesions while allyl alcohol induced corneal capacity. It was concluded that data obtained with volatile solvents in the chick embryo can be used to advantage in contributing to art evaluation of the toxicity and teratogenicity of such solvents. [No consideration appears to have been given to pressure effects within the egg arising from the volatilization of these solvents. Attempts to correlate the vapour pressures of the 14 solvents with their toxicities to the chick embryo may prove fruitful.] 775. Pesticides and the chick embryo Marliac, J.-P. (1964). Toxicity and teratogenic effects of 12 pesticides in the chick embryo. Fedn Proc. Fedn Am. Socs exp. Biol. 23, 105.
Details of the chick embryo technique employed by McLaughlin and his colleagues of the FDA have beert described at great length (Cited in F.C.T. 1964, 2, 287). The same technique has been applied to investigate the toxic and teratogenic effects of the following 12 pesticides: organochlorine--DDT, lindane, methoxychlor, chlorbenside and ovex; organophosphorus---demeton, methyl demeton, dimethoate, malathion and parathion; the carbamate, carbaryl; and the organosulphur compound, captan. A general correlation was found between the maximum quantity of pesticide that will allow some chicks to hatch and the average acute oral toxicity in mammals. The carbamate and organophosphorus compounds were found to be extremely teratogenic but the organochlorine pesticides exercised little effect on embryonic development at the corresponding injection levels. For example I mg carbaryl or 0.1 mg parathion per egg induced malformed embryos while 5 mg lindane per egg was without effect. 776. Food-packaging chemicals and the chick embryo McLaughlin, J., Jr. & Scott, W. F. (1964). Toxicity of some food packaging chemicals measured by the chick embryo technique. Fedn Proc. Fedn Am. Socs exp. Biol. 23, 406.
Styrene monomer (SM), a major migrant from polysterene food-packaging materials, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na2EDTA) and other unspecified food-packaging chemicals have also been studied for toxic effects to the chick embryo. Injection of SM at levels of 2-3, 4-6 and 18 rag/egg evoked percentage hatches of 95, 40 and 0 respectively. Embryonic development and chick growth were unaffected at the lowest level. Na2EDTA at levels of 0.35, 1-7 and 3.4 rag/egg resulted in percentage hatches of 85, 50 and 40 respectively. At the highest level some of the embryos that failed to hatch exhibited amelia (absence of limbs) and phocomelia (absence of legs, feet attached directly to body). Also the feet of hatched chicks were 2 mm shorter than those of control chicks. Finally, slight bleaching of the down was observed.