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87:6015 The outflow of polar water through the Arctic Archipelago and the oceanographic conditions in Baffin Bay
OLR (1987)34 (I I)
A. PhysicalOceanography
by E. Bahar. Lab. de Telecommunications et d'Hyperfrequences, Univ. Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
A40. Area studies, surveys 87:6009 Butman, Bradford and R.C. Beardsley, 1987. Longterm observations on the southern flank of Georges Bank. Part I. A description of the seasonal cycle of currents, temperature, stratification, and wind stress. J. phys. Oceanogr., 17(3):367-384.
The mean flow at 45 and 75 m was southwestward at ~8.5 and 3.7 cm s ~, respectively. At 45 m the monthly along-bank flow ranged from 2 to 17 cm s t, and the average seasonal change was ~ 6 cm s t; strongest southwestward flow was in September and weakest flow in March. At 75 m there was no significant seasonal change in the monthly mean along-bank flow. USGS, Woods Hole, M A 02543, USA. 87:6010 Gordon, A.L. and W.B. Owens, 1987. Polar oceans. [Review.] Revs Geophys., 25(2):227-233.
Progress in studies of ocean circulation, water mass formation, and ocean-ice interaction in both the Southern Ocean and the Arctic region during the period 1983-86 is surveyed. This review places emphasis on U.S. publications, but other significant work is included. It is not meant to be a complete synthesis of polar oceanography of the last four years, but rather to provide an overview of progress. There are articles included in the reference list not cited in the text. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA. 87:6011 Molina, Rafael and F.L. Laatzen, 1986. [Hydrology of the region between the eastern Canary Islands, Morocco and the Madeira Islands. Campaign Norcanarias I.] Boln Inst. esp. Oceanogr., 3(3): 116. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. Espanol de Oceanogr., Centro Costero de Canarias, Carretera de San Andres, s/n. Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. 87:6012 Omstedt, Anders, 1987. Water cooling in the entrance of the Baltic Sea. Tellus, 39A(3):254-265.
Calculations are based upon a mathematical model which divides the entrance of the Baltic into four sub-basins: the Kattegat, the Belt Sea, Oresund and
913
the Arkona Basin. In each sub-basin, conservation equations for momentum, heat and salt in the vertical dimension are solved with vertical mean velocities based upon parameterized in- and outflows; turbulent exchange coefficients are calculated. Measured data demonstrate the importance of considering the exchange through the Baltic entrance when modelling autumn cooling. The mathematical model satisfactorily describes the exchange and general development of the cooling. Swedish Meteorol. and Hydrol. Inst., S-601 76 Norrkoping, Sweden. 87:6013 Pyatin, O.G., Yu.A. Rassadnikov, A.D. Nelezin and N.S. Vanin, 1986. Information support to research in the Kuroshio energy-active zone. Sov. Met. Hydrol. (a translation of Meteorologiya Gidrol.), 9:47-52.
This paper outlines a method for monitoring the ocean surface heat budget which uses all possible information on the Kuroshio energy-active zone; some practical results illustrating the possibilities of the method are presented. Orb) 87:6014 Reverdin, Gilles and Mich~le Fieux, 1987. Sections in the western Indian Ocean--variability in the temperature structure. Deep-Sea Res., 34(4A): 601-626. The seasonal cycle of the temperature structure is presented along two sections which cut the Great Whirl near 8°N, where variations of isotherm depths are concentrated between June and November. Between 5°N and 8°S variability is predominantly semi-annual, whereas farther south it is annual. The seasonal cycle of vertical displacements of isotherms for temperatures colder than 15°C is similar to the cycle obtained in the core of the thermocline, with a slight lag. Deviations from the mean seasonal cycle are generally coherent over 5 ° of latitude, smaller near the Equator, and not well correlated vertically, nor on long time scales. North of the Equator anomalies may be related to variations in strength of the southwest monsoon. In September and in November 1982, a year with a weak southwest monsoon, the intensity of the Great Whirl was weaker than normal. In 1983, the reverse occurred. LODYC, CNRS UA 1206, Univ. Paris VI, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France. 87:6015 Rudels, Bert, 1986. The outflow of polar water through the Arctic Archipelago and the oceanographic conditions in Baffin Bay. Polar Res., (n.s.)4(2): 161-180.
914
A. Physical Oceanography
The transports of mass, heat, and salt are estimated by two different approaches. First: A baroclinic, rotationaily controlled flow is assumed through the Arctic Archipelago and the Davis Strait, with all passages transporting at maximum capacity. Second: Mass, salt, and energy balances are considered for the upper 'cold core' in Baffin Bay. Mass transport in the first case decreases and in the second case increases with increasing salinity in the Beaufort Sea. It is possible to determine a salinity at which both approaches give the same mass transport. Outflow in the upper layers is estimated at 0.7.109 kg s-~ with a salinity of 32.9. The amount of water from the Polar Ocean entering the deeper (Atlantic) layer in Baffin Bay is more difficult to assess. Norwegian Polar Res. Inst., N-1330 Oslo Lufthavn, Norway. 87:6016 Wang, Weiqiang, Shanggao Huang, Deyu Gu and Jinzhu Song, 1986. Mixing characters of freshwater with seawater in the Jiulong Jiang Estuary, Fnjian. Taiwan Strait, 5(1):10-17. (In Chinese, English abstract.) Third Inst. of Oceanogr., SOA, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
A50. General hydrography (distribution of c o m m o n oceanic properties)
87:6017 Krasovskii, Yu.P., 1986. Asynchronous relationships between temperature anomalies of the North Atlantic and Arctic. Soy. Met. HydroL (a translation of Meteorologiya Gidrol.), 9:40-46. A model of interregional heat exchange is discussed which suggests the existence of regions between whose temperature anomalies exist strong asynchronous relationships with displacement of several years. Orb)
87:6018 Levitus, Sydney, 1987. A comparison of the annual cycle of two sea surface temperature climatologies of the World Ocean. J. phys. Oceanogr., 17(2): 197-214. One set of the climatological fields used consists of one-degree objectively analyzed monthly means based on ~ 1.5 million temperature soundings. The second climatology used is based on monthly objective analyses of a subset of 70 million historical merchant ship reports. The comparison examines the amplitude and phase of the first two harmonics of each set, as well as the percent variance contributed by each harmonic to the annual cycle. G F D Lab./NOAA, Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ 08542, USA.
OLR (1987) 34 ( I I)
87:6019 Piterbarg, L.I., 1987. Random generation of largescale ocean surface temperature anomalies. Dokl. Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR), 282(1-6):225-229. A mechanism of large scale anomaly (LSA) generation with general applicability and independence of geography is presented. Short-period atmospheric processes do not in themselves generate LSAs, but can significantly affect their evolution. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. Orb)
87:6020 Weisberg, R.H., J.H. Hickman, T.Y. Tang and T.J. Weingartner, 1987. Velocity and temperature observations during the Seasonal Response of the Equatorial Atlantic Experiment at 0 °, 28°W. J. geophys. Res., 92(C5):5061-5075. Continuous 2.7-year time series of upper ocean currents and temperature are presented. The thermocline underwent distinctive annual cycles in response to forcing by surface wind stress, and the core of the Equatorial Undercurrent tracked the thermocline. The vertical position of the thermocline and the undercurrent appear to be simply related, but the transport of the undercurrent did not show a replicating annual cycle, and speed at the undercurrent core remained relatively constant. Near surface flow averaged over the 2.7 years was not statistically different from zero, and a westward flowing South Equatorial Current was rarely established despite strong easterly wind stress in all 3 years. Cross-equatorial flow was also zero in the mean at this location. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of South Florida, 140 Seventh Ave., South St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
g7:6021 White, W.B. and Susumu Tabata, 1987. Interannual westward-propagating baroclinic long-wave activity on line P in the eastern midlatitude North Pacific. J. phys. Oceanogr., 17(3):385-396. For the period 1959-1981, quasi-zonal hydrographic sections have been made between the southern coast of Vancouver Island (49°N, 126°W) and Ocean Station (50°N, 145°W) every two months. Along this section (Line P) hydrographic-STD stations were repeated ~ 2 ° of longitude apart and at closer intervals near the coast. The Line P dataset has particular value in verifying the existence of interannual baroelinic long waves near 50ON. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
A. PhysicalOceanography
by E. Bahar. Lab. de Telecommunications et d'Hyperfrequences, Univ. Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
A40. Area studies, surveys 87:6009 Butman, Bradford and R.C. Beardsley, 1987. Longterm observations on the southern flank of Georges Bank. Part I. A description of the seasonal cycle of currents, temperature, stratification, and wind stress. J. phys. Oceanogr., 17(3):367-384.
The mean flow at 45 and 75 m was southwestward at ~8.5 and 3.7 cm s ~, respectively. At 45 m the monthly along-bank flow ranged from 2 to 17 cm s t, and the average seasonal change was ~ 6 cm s t; strongest southwestward flow was in September and weakest flow in March. At 75 m there was no significant seasonal change in the monthly mean along-bank flow. USGS, Woods Hole, M A 02543, USA. 87:6010 Gordon, A.L. and W.B. Owens, 1987. Polar oceans. [Review.] Revs Geophys., 25(2):227-233.
Progress in studies of ocean circulation, water mass formation, and ocean-ice interaction in both the Southern Ocean and the Arctic region during the period 1983-86 is surveyed. This review places emphasis on U.S. publications, but other significant work is included. It is not meant to be a complete synthesis of polar oceanography of the last four years, but rather to provide an overview of progress. There are articles included in the reference list not cited in the text. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA. 87:6011 Molina, Rafael and F.L. Laatzen, 1986. [Hydrology of the region between the eastern Canary Islands, Morocco and the Madeira Islands. Campaign Norcanarias I.] Boln Inst. esp. Oceanogr., 3(3): 116. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. Espanol de Oceanogr., Centro Costero de Canarias, Carretera de San Andres, s/n. Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. 87:6012 Omstedt, Anders, 1987. Water cooling in the entrance of the Baltic Sea. Tellus, 39A(3):254-265.
Calculations are based upon a mathematical model which divides the entrance of the Baltic into four sub-basins: the Kattegat, the Belt Sea, Oresund and
913
the Arkona Basin. In each sub-basin, conservation equations for momentum, heat and salt in the vertical dimension are solved with vertical mean velocities based upon parameterized in- and outflows; turbulent exchange coefficients are calculated. Measured data demonstrate the importance of considering the exchange through the Baltic entrance when modelling autumn cooling. The mathematical model satisfactorily describes the exchange and general development of the cooling. Swedish Meteorol. and Hydrol. Inst., S-601 76 Norrkoping, Sweden. 87:6013 Pyatin, O.G., Yu.A. Rassadnikov, A.D. Nelezin and N.S. Vanin, 1986. Information support to research in the Kuroshio energy-active zone. Sov. Met. Hydrol. (a translation of Meteorologiya Gidrol.), 9:47-52.
This paper outlines a method for monitoring the ocean surface heat budget which uses all possible information on the Kuroshio energy-active zone; some practical results illustrating the possibilities of the method are presented. Orb) 87:6014 Reverdin, Gilles and Mich~le Fieux, 1987. Sections in the western Indian Ocean--variability in the temperature structure. Deep-Sea Res., 34(4A): 601-626. The seasonal cycle of the temperature structure is presented along two sections which cut the Great Whirl near 8°N, where variations of isotherm depths are concentrated between June and November. Between 5°N and 8°S variability is predominantly semi-annual, whereas farther south it is annual. The seasonal cycle of vertical displacements of isotherms for temperatures colder than 15°C is similar to the cycle obtained in the core of the thermocline, with a slight lag. Deviations from the mean seasonal cycle are generally coherent over 5 ° of latitude, smaller near the Equator, and not well correlated vertically, nor on long time scales. North of the Equator anomalies may be related to variations in strength of the southwest monsoon. In September and in November 1982, a year with a weak southwest monsoon, the intensity of the Great Whirl was weaker than normal. In 1983, the reverse occurred. LODYC, CNRS UA 1206, Univ. Paris VI, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France. 87:6015 Rudels, Bert, 1986. The outflow of polar water through the Arctic Archipelago and the oceanographic conditions in Baffin Bay. Polar Res., (n.s.)4(2): 161-180.
914
A. Physical Oceanography
The transports of mass, heat, and salt are estimated by two different approaches. First: A baroclinic, rotationaily controlled flow is assumed through the Arctic Archipelago and the Davis Strait, with all passages transporting at maximum capacity. Second: Mass, salt, and energy balances are considered for the upper 'cold core' in Baffin Bay. Mass transport in the first case decreases and in the second case increases with increasing salinity in the Beaufort Sea. It is possible to determine a salinity at which both approaches give the same mass transport. Outflow in the upper layers is estimated at 0.7.109 kg s-~ with a salinity of 32.9. The amount of water from the Polar Ocean entering the deeper (Atlantic) layer in Baffin Bay is more difficult to assess. Norwegian Polar Res. Inst., N-1330 Oslo Lufthavn, Norway. 87:6016 Wang, Weiqiang, Shanggao Huang, Deyu Gu and Jinzhu Song, 1986. Mixing characters of freshwater with seawater in the Jiulong Jiang Estuary, Fnjian. Taiwan Strait, 5(1):10-17. (In Chinese, English abstract.) Third Inst. of Oceanogr., SOA, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
A50. General hydrography (distribution of c o m m o n oceanic properties)
87:6017 Krasovskii, Yu.P., 1986. Asynchronous relationships between temperature anomalies of the North Atlantic and Arctic. Soy. Met. HydroL (a translation of Meteorologiya Gidrol.), 9:40-46. A model of interregional heat exchange is discussed which suggests the existence of regions between whose temperature anomalies exist strong asynchronous relationships with displacement of several years. Orb)
87:6018 Levitus, Sydney, 1987. A comparison of the annual cycle of two sea surface temperature climatologies of the World Ocean. J. phys. Oceanogr., 17(2): 197-214. One set of the climatological fields used consists of one-degree objectively analyzed monthly means based on ~ 1.5 million temperature soundings. The second climatology used is based on monthly objective analyses of a subset of 70 million historical merchant ship reports. The comparison examines the amplitude and phase of the first two harmonics of each set, as well as the percent variance contributed by each harmonic to the annual cycle. G F D Lab./NOAA, Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ 08542, USA.
OLR (1987) 34 ( I I)
87:6019 Piterbarg, L.I., 1987. Random generation of largescale ocean surface temperature anomalies. Dokl. Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR), 282(1-6):225-229. A mechanism of large scale anomaly (LSA) generation with general applicability and independence of geography is presented. Short-period atmospheric processes do not in themselves generate LSAs, but can significantly affect their evolution. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. Orb)
87:6020 Weisberg, R.H., J.H. Hickman, T.Y. Tang and T.J. Weingartner, 1987. Velocity and temperature observations during the Seasonal Response of the Equatorial Atlantic Experiment at 0 °, 28°W. J. geophys. Res., 92(C5):5061-5075. Continuous 2.7-year time series of upper ocean currents and temperature are presented. The thermocline underwent distinctive annual cycles in response to forcing by surface wind stress, and the core of the Equatorial Undercurrent tracked the thermocline. The vertical position of the thermocline and the undercurrent appear to be simply related, but the transport of the undercurrent did not show a replicating annual cycle, and speed at the undercurrent core remained relatively constant. Near surface flow averaged over the 2.7 years was not statistically different from zero, and a westward flowing South Equatorial Current was rarely established despite strong easterly wind stress in all 3 years. Cross-equatorial flow was also zero in the mean at this location. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of South Florida, 140 Seventh Ave., South St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
g7:6021 White, W.B. and Susumu Tabata, 1987. Interannual westward-propagating baroclinic long-wave activity on line P in the eastern midlatitude North Pacific. J. phys. Oceanogr., 17(3):385-396. For the period 1959-1981, quasi-zonal hydrographic sections have been made between the southern coast of Vancouver Island (49°N, 126°W) and Ocean Station (50°N, 145°W) every two months. Along this section (Line P) hydrographic-STD stations were repeated ~ 2 ° of longitude apart and at closer intervals near the coast. The Line P dataset has particular value in verifying the existence of interannual baroelinic long waves near 50ON. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.