- Email: [email protected]
A design tool for colour displays
measurements taken. The present paper reviews the currently available sources and provides (by estimation) a data set which is sufficiently comprehensive and accurate for general application in workspace design. The method of estimation employed required a knowledge of the mean and standard deviation of stature in the target population. Statistical parameters of other body dimensions were obtained by scaling these down according to ratios previously determined for other reference populations. A previous study had indicated the magnitude of the errors to be anticipated in this procedure. Anthropometric tables are provided for the adult male and female populations of Great Britain (aged 1 6 - 6 4 years). Percentile values are given for 50 body dimensions. 15.1.19 (85011) Covington, S.A. Ergonomic requirements for building components and associated operating devices. Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Aylesbury, Bucks, Current Paper No CPI/82, 1982, 22 pp. This paper presents information on the functional strength of selected groups of people, for application in specifying ergonomic performance requirements for building components and associated operating devices. The data were determined from tests specifically relating to the operation of windows and doors, and performance requirements for the operation of these components are developed. However, the information is relevant to the development of ergonomic performance requirements for other associated products. 15.1.20 (85016) Hafez, H.A., e t al
Development of a human Atlas of Strengths. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, 2 5 - 2 9 October 1982, Edited by Richard E. Edwards, 1982, pp 5 7 5 - 5 7 9 . In spite of the technical progress achieved during this century, human muscular energy is still required to perform many tasks. In order to assess these tasks, operator strength must be considered. This paper describes the procedures used to establish an Atlas of Strengths for this purpose. One sample was drawn from each of the male and female populations. Each sample consisted of 25 college students whose static and dynamic maximal strengths at five body joints were assessed. Measurements were taken using Cybex II Isokinetic apparatus at three different speeds: 0 rev/min
(static), 5 rev/min, and 25 rev/min. At each speed, torque exertions began at different starting positions and covered a specific range of motion for dynamic measurements. Sagittal plane measurements were taken and measurements in other planes of motion at angles away from the sagittal plane were taken for some of the joints. The main results of this study are discussed. 15.1.21 (85018) Letbetter, D.G. Design criteria for safer manual lifting by men and women. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, 2 5 - 2 9 October 1982, Edited by Richard E. Edwards, 1982, pp 5 0 3 507.
configuration to test the efficacy of the system. During the testing, varied simulated emergency conditions were given to shifts of trained operators in a high-fidelity computer-controlled simulator at the VEPCO Training Centre in Surry, Virginia. A multic~hannel audio recorder and a video camera system were used to record operator responses during the simulation. Seven scenarios containing realistic multi-event plant abnormalities were used. Included in the evaluation are operator briefings and debriefings, pilot runs, and before and after (ASPDS - ESF) installation emergency scenario trials. The data for all events are presently undergoing analysis; a final report will be available upon completion of this analysis project.
Simplified design criteria are provided for two-handed, manual lifting by standing men and women, without selective assignment of personnel to specific materials handling tasks. Based on a 1981 NIOSH report, application of these criteria requires no knowledge of human anatomy, anthropometry, biomechanics, psychophysics, muscle fatigue, cardiovascular capacity, or metabolic endurance. A person who can read and use simple graphs can quickly determine the maximum weight of a lifted object. The information needed is the horizontal grasp distance and the initial grasp height and lift distance of the object, plus the frequency and duration of lifting.
15.1.23 (85037) Carter, R.C. A design tool for colour displays. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, 2 5 - 2 9 October 1982, Edited by Richard E. Edwards, 1982, p 589.
Visual displays
15.1.24 (85040) McCarthy, R.L., e t al Warnings on consumer products: Objective criteria for their use. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, 2 5 - 2 9 October 1982, Edited by Richard E. Edwards, 1982, pp 9 8 - 1 0 2 .
15.1.22 (85034) Kershner, R.L., et al
An evaluation of nuclear power plant operator performance using a safety parameter display system. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, 2 5 - 2 9 October 1982, Edited by Richard E. Edwards, 1982, pp 7 8 9 - 7 9 3 . An applied experimental project is presently underway to evaluate the Analog Safety Parameter Display System (ASPDS) and the Engineered Safety Features (ESF) developed by Virginia Electric and Power Company (VEPCO). These systems and displays were designed in response to US Nuclear Regulatory Commission guidelines to aid reactor operators in the efficient performance of their duties. Advanced Resource Development (ARD) Corporation, in conjunction with VEPCO, compared human performance during real-time control room operations with and without the ASPDS-ESF
The colours that are used to code information on a display can be chosen so that the information can be located rapidly. However, it is not easy to choose the best colours without the aid of a method. In this paper a method for choosing high-contrast display colours is discussed, refinements and variations of the method are suggested, and possible uses are mentioned.
Consumer product warnings, often placards, buzzers, etc, are information displays that attempt to influence user behaviour through the information presented. A review and background of warnings is presented. Assumptions underlying their employment and the lack of scientific validation of their effectiveness are discussed. Quantitative criteria are proposed for the use of warnings based on risk analysis. Examples of such analysis are presented. The limited information processing capability of man dictates that warnings be reserved for significant risks in the context of the products use, environment, and risks from other products. Contraindications for use of warnings are discussed.
Applied Ergonomics March 1984
69
Development of a human Atlas of Strengths. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, 2 5 - 2 9 October 1982, Edited by Richard E. Edwards, 1982, pp 5 7 5 - 5 7 9 . In spite of the technical progress achieved during this century, human muscular energy is still required to perform many tasks. In order to assess these tasks, operator strength must be considered. This paper describes the procedures used to establish an Atlas of Strengths for this purpose. One sample was drawn from each of the male and female populations. Each sample consisted of 25 college students whose static and dynamic maximal strengths at five body joints were assessed. Measurements were taken using Cybex II Isokinetic apparatus at three different speeds: 0 rev/min
(static), 5 rev/min, and 25 rev/min. At each speed, torque exertions began at different starting positions and covered a specific range of motion for dynamic measurements. Sagittal plane measurements were taken and measurements in other planes of motion at angles away from the sagittal plane were taken for some of the joints. The main results of this study are discussed. 15.1.21 (85018) Letbetter, D.G. Design criteria for safer manual lifting by men and women. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, 2 5 - 2 9 October 1982, Edited by Richard E. Edwards, 1982, pp 5 0 3 507.
configuration to test the efficacy of the system. During the testing, varied simulated emergency conditions were given to shifts of trained operators in a high-fidelity computer-controlled simulator at the VEPCO Training Centre in Surry, Virginia. A multic~hannel audio recorder and a video camera system were used to record operator responses during the simulation. Seven scenarios containing realistic multi-event plant abnormalities were used. Included in the evaluation are operator briefings and debriefings, pilot runs, and before and after (ASPDS - ESF) installation emergency scenario trials. The data for all events are presently undergoing analysis; a final report will be available upon completion of this analysis project.
Simplified design criteria are provided for two-handed, manual lifting by standing men and women, without selective assignment of personnel to specific materials handling tasks. Based on a 1981 NIOSH report, application of these criteria requires no knowledge of human anatomy, anthropometry, biomechanics, psychophysics, muscle fatigue, cardiovascular capacity, or metabolic endurance. A person who can read and use simple graphs can quickly determine the maximum weight of a lifted object. The information needed is the horizontal grasp distance and the initial grasp height and lift distance of the object, plus the frequency and duration of lifting.
15.1.23 (85037) Carter, R.C. A design tool for colour displays. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, 2 5 - 2 9 October 1982, Edited by Richard E. Edwards, 1982, p 589.
Visual displays
15.1.24 (85040) McCarthy, R.L., e t al Warnings on consumer products: Objective criteria for their use. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, 2 5 - 2 9 October 1982, Edited by Richard E. Edwards, 1982, pp 9 8 - 1 0 2 .
15.1.22 (85034) Kershner, R.L., et al
An evaluation of nuclear power plant operator performance using a safety parameter display system. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, 2 5 - 2 9 October 1982, Edited by Richard E. Edwards, 1982, pp 7 8 9 - 7 9 3 . An applied experimental project is presently underway to evaluate the Analog Safety Parameter Display System (ASPDS) and the Engineered Safety Features (ESF) developed by Virginia Electric and Power Company (VEPCO). These systems and displays were designed in response to US Nuclear Regulatory Commission guidelines to aid reactor operators in the efficient performance of their duties. Advanced Resource Development (ARD) Corporation, in conjunction with VEPCO, compared human performance during real-time control room operations with and without the ASPDS-ESF
The colours that are used to code information on a display can be chosen so that the information can be located rapidly. However, it is not easy to choose the best colours without the aid of a method. In this paper a method for choosing high-contrast display colours is discussed, refinements and variations of the method are suggested, and possible uses are mentioned.
Consumer product warnings, often placards, buzzers, etc, are information displays that attempt to influence user behaviour through the information presented. A review and background of warnings is presented. Assumptions underlying their employment and the lack of scientific validation of their effectiveness are discussed. Quantitative criteria are proposed for the use of warnings based on risk analysis. Examples of such analysis are presented. The limited information processing capability of man dictates that warnings be reserved for significant risks in the context of the products use, environment, and risks from other products. Contraindications for use of warnings are discussed.
Applied Ergonomics March 1984
69