- Email: [email protected]
A Preliminary Report on the Influence of Sulfaquinoxaline on Adrenal Physiology in the Domestic Fowl1
779
SOUND AND GROWTH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Appreciation is expressed to Melvin Hamre, Allen Manthei, Jerry Maggs, and Erwin Sauter for assistance in conducting the work; and to Major F. Crawford, USAF, for helpful suggestions in the conduct of this work.
Peterson, A. P. G., and L. L. Beranek, 1954. Handbook of noise measurement. General Radio Company, Cambridge 39, Mass. Stadelman, W. J., and I. L. Kosin, 1955. Air Force Technical Report on Contract No. AF 33(616) 2552, Wright Air Development Center, WrightPatterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
K E I T H I. B R O W N 2
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma (Received for publication November 19, 1957)
A
T PRESENT, many drugs are put • into poultry feeds. For many of these drugs inadequate information is available as to their effect on the physiology of the fowl. It has been observed during the past three or four years that broilers, laying hens, and market turkeys exhibit certain symptoms which can not be associated with known pathogenic diseases or nutritional deficiencies. In some respects, the symptoms of birds suffering from such diseases as hemorrhagic syndrome, cage fatigue, and fatty liver are similar to those exhibited by animals which are being subjected to stress. Since Selye (1937) elucidated the concept of stress and the General Adaptation Syndrome which results from nonspecific stress, great interest has been shown in pituitary-adrenal physiology as it is affected by stress factors. A great deal of 1
Published with the approval of the Director, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. 2 Present address: Keith I. Brown, Department of Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio.
time and attention has been given to studies of the influence of pharmacologic agents on pituitary-adrenal physiology in mammals; however, little research has been done to date in the domestic fowl. The primary objective of the experiment from which these data were obtained was to reproduce the hemorrhagic syndrome in the laboratory. Sulfaquinoxaline, one of the agents used, has been shown by Thorpe et al. (1947), Delaplane and Milliff (1948), Sadek et al. (1955), Newberne and Buck (1956) to have a number of toxic side effects. At the levels of 0.125% or above, these include degeneration of liver cells and of kidney tubules, proliferation of bile duct epithelium, signs of depressed thyroid activity and a decrease of lymphoid islands in the bone marrow. These lesions are similar to those in animals being subjected to stress. Sulfaquinoxaline is, therefore, considered to be a potential stressor. This paper then, is a partial evaluation of the stressing capacity of sulfaquinoxaline.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Dalhousie University on June 22, 2015
A Preliminary Report on the Influence of Sulfaquinoxaline on Adrenal Physiology in the Domestic Fowl1
780
K. I. BROWN PROCEDURE
adrenal glands from all groups fed sulfaquinoxaline, and only those fed sulfaquinoxaline, contained significantly lower glucocorticoid activity than the birds fed standard ration alone. For that reason only data from birds fed sulfaquinoxaline are presented here (Table 1). Brown et al. (1958) have presented evidence to show that the adrenals of stressed chickens secrete a predominance of mineralocorticoids or glucocorticoids depending upon the physiological requirements of the animal. Further studies are necessary to determine if sulfaquinoxaline has caused a shift from secretion of glucocorticoids to mineralocorticoids or a decreased total synthesis and/or increased release of corticoids from the adrenal glands of these birds. SUMMARY
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Sulfaquinoxaline (0.0125%) fed continuously in the ration of broiler strain New Hampshire chicks for eight weeks decreased the amount of glucocorticoids in the birds' adrenals.
No group exhibited significant differences in adrenal weights when compared to the birds fed standard ration alone. The
Brown, K. I., D. J. Brown and R. K. Meyer, 1958. The effect of surgical trauma, adrenal corticoids
TABLE 1.-
REFERENCES
-Effect of sulfaquinoxaline on adrenal weights, and glucocorticoid content in broiler chickens
Treatment
Standard ration Standard ration, sulfaquinoxaline Standard ration, Co-liver, virus, sulfaquinoxaline Standard ration, virus, sulfaquinoxaline Standard ration, Co-liver, fungus, sulfaquinoxaline Standard ration, fungus, sulfaquinoxaline Standard ration, fungus, virus, sulfaquinoxaline
No. birds
Body weiight (gms.)i
Adrenal weights (mg./kg.)
Cortison e equiv./ 100 mg. adrenal (micro grams)
M+
S.E.
M±
S.E.
M+
S.E.
12 13
1,445.3 1,468.8
40.8 54.3
106.3 104.7
4.8 3.4
14.4 5.9
2.76 1.7*
12
1,505.7
61.4
99.8
5.5
8.1
1.7*
13
1,466.7
61.4
108.6
4.8
2.4
1.3*
10
1,525.4
54.7
112.1
3.9
3.6
1.1*
13
1,493.2
45.3
100.2
5.9
3.1
2.1*
11
1,498.1
52.0
109.2
6.3
1.6
0.5*
P = .05, when compared to birds fed standard ration alone by the t test (Snedecor, 1956).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Dalhousie University on June 22, 2015
Sixteen pens of fifteen one day old New Hampshire, Oklahoma broiler strain cockerels were fed a standard ration (Experiment Station Ration 52). The four variables used were as follows: 1. three percent Co-liver fed continuously in the ration. 2. standard ration cultured with fungi (Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., and Penicillia sp.) 3. avian encephalomyelitis virus injected intracranially at one day of age. 4. sulfaquinoxaline (0.0125%) fed continuously in the ration. A factorial design was used. All surviving birds were autopsied at eight weeks of age. The body and adrenal weights were recorded and the adrenals from twelve of the sixteen pens were assayed for glucocorticoid activity by the liver glycogen deposition method of Chart et al. (1955).
SULFAQUINOXALINE AND ADRENAL PHYSIOLOGY and ACTH on electrolytes, water balance, and gluconeogenesis in male chickens. Am. J. Physiol. 192: 43-50. Chart, J. J., E. G. Shipley and R. K. Meyer, 1955. Biological method for the determination of glucocorticoid activity of crystalline compounds and urine extracts. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 90: 127-133. Delaplane, J. P., and J. H. Milliff, 1948. The micropathology of sulfaquinoxaline poisoning in chicks. Am. J. Vet. Res. 9: 92-96. Newberne, P. M., and W. B. Buck, 1956. Studies on drug toxicity in chicks. 2. The influence of vari-
781
ous levels of sulfaquinoxaline on growth and development of chicks. Poultry Sci. 35: 1259-1264. Sadek, S. E., E. L. Hanson and J. O. Alberts, 1955. Suspected drug-induced anemias in the chicken. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 127: 201-203. Selye, H., 1957. Studies on adaptation. Endocrinol. 21: 169-184. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods, Fifth Edition, The Iowa State College Press, Page 91. Thorpe, W. T., S. Gordeuk, P. J. Glanz and M. Learned, 1947. The chemotherapy of cecal coccidiosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 8: 196-203.
W. D. BATEN 2 AND E. W. HENDERSON 3 Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Michigan (Received for publication November 27, 1957)
I
N THE poultry industry there are at least two objectives in the evaluation of hatching data. The commercial hatcheryman is concerned with the percentage of chicks hatched from a given number of eggs set in his incubators. This may be satisfactory as a business index but poultry research workers must recognize that not even a hen can hatch an infertile egg. It is customary in poultry research, therefore, to define hatchability as the percentage of chicks hatched from a given number of fertile eggs of some specific category. 1 Journal Article No. 2168 from the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 2 Agricultural Experiment Station Statistician and Professor of Statistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 3 Assistant Professor of Poultry Husbandry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michig-n.
PERCENTAGE STATISTICS MAY BE MISLEADING
Experienced poultry research workers recognize that the lumping of large numbers of unpedigreed eggs into genetically vague or loose categories such as "strains," "breeds," "treatments," etc. and the analysis of mass percentage data alone may result in false conclusions. Consideration must be given to biological sources of variation and to statistical methods which will not obscure the sources. STATISTICAL METHODS DICTATED BY BIOLOGY OF THE HEN Many poultrymen believe that the "vitality" of chick embryos (i.e. their ability to grow within eggs and to hatch from them) is determined primarily by genes from two sources viz. the dam and the sire. The dam has a logical natural
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Dalhousie University on June 22, 2015
Methods of Weighting Hatching Data in Statistical Analysis1
SOUND AND GROWTH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Appreciation is expressed to Melvin Hamre, Allen Manthei, Jerry Maggs, and Erwin Sauter for assistance in conducting the work; and to Major F. Crawford, USAF, for helpful suggestions in the conduct of this work.
Peterson, A. P. G., and L. L. Beranek, 1954. Handbook of noise measurement. General Radio Company, Cambridge 39, Mass. Stadelman, W. J., and I. L. Kosin, 1955. Air Force Technical Report on Contract No. AF 33(616) 2552, Wright Air Development Center, WrightPatterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
K E I T H I. B R O W N 2
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma (Received for publication November 19, 1957)
A
T PRESENT, many drugs are put • into poultry feeds. For many of these drugs inadequate information is available as to their effect on the physiology of the fowl. It has been observed during the past three or four years that broilers, laying hens, and market turkeys exhibit certain symptoms which can not be associated with known pathogenic diseases or nutritional deficiencies. In some respects, the symptoms of birds suffering from such diseases as hemorrhagic syndrome, cage fatigue, and fatty liver are similar to those exhibited by animals which are being subjected to stress. Since Selye (1937) elucidated the concept of stress and the General Adaptation Syndrome which results from nonspecific stress, great interest has been shown in pituitary-adrenal physiology as it is affected by stress factors. A great deal of 1
Published with the approval of the Director, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. 2 Present address: Keith I. Brown, Department of Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio.
time and attention has been given to studies of the influence of pharmacologic agents on pituitary-adrenal physiology in mammals; however, little research has been done to date in the domestic fowl. The primary objective of the experiment from which these data were obtained was to reproduce the hemorrhagic syndrome in the laboratory. Sulfaquinoxaline, one of the agents used, has been shown by Thorpe et al. (1947), Delaplane and Milliff (1948), Sadek et al. (1955), Newberne and Buck (1956) to have a number of toxic side effects. At the levels of 0.125% or above, these include degeneration of liver cells and of kidney tubules, proliferation of bile duct epithelium, signs of depressed thyroid activity and a decrease of lymphoid islands in the bone marrow. These lesions are similar to those in animals being subjected to stress. Sulfaquinoxaline is, therefore, considered to be a potential stressor. This paper then, is a partial evaluation of the stressing capacity of sulfaquinoxaline.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Dalhousie University on June 22, 2015
A Preliminary Report on the Influence of Sulfaquinoxaline on Adrenal Physiology in the Domestic Fowl1
780
K. I. BROWN PROCEDURE
adrenal glands from all groups fed sulfaquinoxaline, and only those fed sulfaquinoxaline, contained significantly lower glucocorticoid activity than the birds fed standard ration alone. For that reason only data from birds fed sulfaquinoxaline are presented here (Table 1). Brown et al. (1958) have presented evidence to show that the adrenals of stressed chickens secrete a predominance of mineralocorticoids or glucocorticoids depending upon the physiological requirements of the animal. Further studies are necessary to determine if sulfaquinoxaline has caused a shift from secretion of glucocorticoids to mineralocorticoids or a decreased total synthesis and/or increased release of corticoids from the adrenal glands of these birds. SUMMARY
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Sulfaquinoxaline (0.0125%) fed continuously in the ration of broiler strain New Hampshire chicks for eight weeks decreased the amount of glucocorticoids in the birds' adrenals.
No group exhibited significant differences in adrenal weights when compared to the birds fed standard ration alone. The
Brown, K. I., D. J. Brown and R. K. Meyer, 1958. The effect of surgical trauma, adrenal corticoids
TABLE 1.-
REFERENCES
-Effect of sulfaquinoxaline on adrenal weights, and glucocorticoid content in broiler chickens
Treatment
Standard ration Standard ration, sulfaquinoxaline Standard ration, Co-liver, virus, sulfaquinoxaline Standard ration, virus, sulfaquinoxaline Standard ration, Co-liver, fungus, sulfaquinoxaline Standard ration, fungus, sulfaquinoxaline Standard ration, fungus, virus, sulfaquinoxaline
No. birds
Body weiight (gms.)i
Adrenal weights (mg./kg.)
Cortison e equiv./ 100 mg. adrenal (micro grams)
M+
S.E.
M±
S.E.
M+
S.E.
12 13
1,445.3 1,468.8
40.8 54.3
106.3 104.7
4.8 3.4
14.4 5.9
2.76 1.7*
12
1,505.7
61.4
99.8
5.5
8.1
1.7*
13
1,466.7
61.4
108.6
4.8
2.4
1.3*
10
1,525.4
54.7
112.1
3.9
3.6
1.1*
13
1,493.2
45.3
100.2
5.9
3.1
2.1*
11
1,498.1
52.0
109.2
6.3
1.6
0.5*
P = .05, when compared to birds fed standard ration alone by the t test (Snedecor, 1956).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Dalhousie University on June 22, 2015
Sixteen pens of fifteen one day old New Hampshire, Oklahoma broiler strain cockerels were fed a standard ration (Experiment Station Ration 52). The four variables used were as follows: 1. three percent Co-liver fed continuously in the ration. 2. standard ration cultured with fungi (Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., and Penicillia sp.) 3. avian encephalomyelitis virus injected intracranially at one day of age. 4. sulfaquinoxaline (0.0125%) fed continuously in the ration. A factorial design was used. All surviving birds were autopsied at eight weeks of age. The body and adrenal weights were recorded and the adrenals from twelve of the sixteen pens were assayed for glucocorticoid activity by the liver glycogen deposition method of Chart et al. (1955).
SULFAQUINOXALINE AND ADRENAL PHYSIOLOGY and ACTH on electrolytes, water balance, and gluconeogenesis in male chickens. Am. J. Physiol. 192: 43-50. Chart, J. J., E. G. Shipley and R. K. Meyer, 1955. Biological method for the determination of glucocorticoid activity of crystalline compounds and urine extracts. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 90: 127-133. Delaplane, J. P., and J. H. Milliff, 1948. The micropathology of sulfaquinoxaline poisoning in chicks. Am. J. Vet. Res. 9: 92-96. Newberne, P. M., and W. B. Buck, 1956. Studies on drug toxicity in chicks. 2. The influence of vari-
781
ous levels of sulfaquinoxaline on growth and development of chicks. Poultry Sci. 35: 1259-1264. Sadek, S. E., E. L. Hanson and J. O. Alberts, 1955. Suspected drug-induced anemias in the chicken. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 127: 201-203. Selye, H., 1957. Studies on adaptation. Endocrinol. 21: 169-184. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods, Fifth Edition, The Iowa State College Press, Page 91. Thorpe, W. T., S. Gordeuk, P. J. Glanz and M. Learned, 1947. The chemotherapy of cecal coccidiosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 8: 196-203.
W. D. BATEN 2 AND E. W. HENDERSON 3 Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Michigan (Received for publication November 27, 1957)
I
N THE poultry industry there are at least two objectives in the evaluation of hatching data. The commercial hatcheryman is concerned with the percentage of chicks hatched from a given number of eggs set in his incubators. This may be satisfactory as a business index but poultry research workers must recognize that not even a hen can hatch an infertile egg. It is customary in poultry research, therefore, to define hatchability as the percentage of chicks hatched from a given number of fertile eggs of some specific category. 1 Journal Article No. 2168 from the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 2 Agricultural Experiment Station Statistician and Professor of Statistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 3 Assistant Professor of Poultry Husbandry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michig-n.
PERCENTAGE STATISTICS MAY BE MISLEADING
Experienced poultry research workers recognize that the lumping of large numbers of unpedigreed eggs into genetically vague or loose categories such as "strains," "breeds," "treatments," etc. and the analysis of mass percentage data alone may result in false conclusions. Consideration must be given to biological sources of variation and to statistical methods which will not obscure the sources. STATISTICAL METHODS DICTATED BY BIOLOGY OF THE HEN Many poultrymen believe that the "vitality" of chick embryos (i.e. their ability to grow within eggs and to hatch from them) is determined primarily by genes from two sources viz. the dam and the sire. The dam has a logical natural
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Dalhousie University on June 22, 2015
Methods of Weighting Hatching Data in Statistical Analysis1