A survey on endoparasites and ectoparasites in domestic dogs and cats in Vladivostok, Russia 2014

    A survey On endoparasites and ectoparasites In domestic dogs and cats In Vladivostok, Russia 2014 T.V. Moskvina, L.V. Zheleznova PII: DOI: Reference:

S2405-9390(15)30016-2 doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.02.005 VPRSR 6

To appear in: Received date: Revised date: Accepted date:

11 November 2015 5 February 2016 19 February 2016

Please cite this article as: Moskvina, T.V., Zheleznova, L.V., A survey On endoparasites and ectoparasites In domestic dogs and cats In Vladivostok, Russia 2014, (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.02.005

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT A Survey On Endoparasites And Ectoparasites In Domestic Dogs And Cats In Vladivostok, Russia 2014

T

Moskvina T. V., Zheleznova L. V.

IP

School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University

SC R

Vladivostok, 8 Suhanova str.

phone. (423)2433472; e-mail: [email protected]

NU

Moskvina Tatyana Vladimirovna is a postgraduate student; e-mail: [email protected] Zheleznova Ludmila Valeryevna holds a PhD in biological sciences, and is an assistant professor ;

MA

e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The present survey aims to establish the prevalence of ecto- and endoparasitic

D

infestations in dogs and cats in Vladivostok city in 2014. Between December 2013 and

TE

December 2014, 157 dogs (68 females and 89 males) and 80 cats (29 females and 51

CE P

males) were included in a study conducted in the School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University and veterinarian hospitals in Vladivostok. For each animal, ectoparasites and Demodex spp. were identified with the help of cerumen and epidermis

AC

samples microscopy. Endoparasites were identified through standard coproscopical examinations of fresh faecal samples using the sedimentation-flotation methods. Endoparasites, including gastro-intestinal helminths and protozoans, were identified in 51 % of the cats, Toxascaris leonina being the most commonly diagnosed (7.8%). As for ectoparasites in the cats, Otodectes cynotis only was identified (75%). Endoparasites were identified in 26.8 % of the dogs, the most common endoparasite diagnosed being Ancylostoma caninum (10.3 %). Dogs in the age groups 13 to 36 months and cats over 3 years of age showed significantly higher infection rates – 33.3% and 46.6 %, respectively. In 97 dog faecal samples examined, only one type of parasite was found. In 51 cat fecal samples examined, only one type of endoparasite was found in 50 cats (94.7%) and 1

1

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT sample (5.3%) contained 2 different endoparasites. As for canine ectoparasitism, Otodectes cynotis (Acari: Psoroptidae Conoor, 1984) (29.4 %), and Сheyletiella yasguri (Acari:Cheyletidae Leach, 1815) (2.1 %) were identified. Prevalence of Demodex canis

T

(Acari: Demodicidae Nicolet, 1855) amounted to 6.25 %.

IP

Conclusions: This survey demonstrates that parasitism is far from being rare among

SC R

Vladivostok’s cats and dogs populations.

Key words: prevalence, ectoparasites, endoparasites, cat, dog

MA

NU

1. Introduction

Dogs and cats are by far the most common household animals worldwide, including Russia. In Russia, 60 % household owners keep a cat or a dog (Intesco Research Group, 2013). In

TE

D

Vladivostok, the dog population has been estimated at 60, 000. No data on the size of the cat population is available. Domestic animals cohabitating with humans can be responsible for

CE P

spreading a wide spectrum of zoonotic diseases. Moreover, parasites damage other domestic animal’s health. Intestinal parasites can cause anorexia, diarrhea, anemia and intestinal disorders,

AC

with the greatest mortality in young and immunocompromised animals (Neves et al., 2014). Parasite communities and prevalence of parasites can vary due to the season of the year, climate, geographical region, veterinary care quality and frequency, and animals’ living conditions (stray/household) (Mircean et al., 2010). The aim of our study is to investigate prevalence of ecto- and endoparasites in cats and dogs in Vladivostok.

2. Materials and methods

Materials, including faecal samples, skin scrapings and cerumen samples, were taken from household dogs and cats in Vladivostok. Materials were analyzed in veterinary clinics in Vladivostok and in the parasitology laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal 2

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT University, Vladivostok. The research was conducted from December 2013 to December 2014. The total number of the animals investigated amounted to 237- 156 dogs (68 females and 89 males) aged from 1.5 months to 12.5 years old and 80 cats (29 females and 51 males) aged from

T

1 month to 18 years old (Tables 1, 2). All of the animals had been kept in apartments or detached

IP

houses in Vladivostok. Faecal samples for detecting protozoan parasites, helminthes, helminthes’

SC R

eggs and cestode proglottids were taken from animals with gastrointestinal disorders symptoms as well as from healthy animals brought in for veterinary preventive checkups. Cerumen samples

NU

were taken for otodectosis identification from animals suffering from otitis; cats were the most common patients. Skin scrapings were taken from animals with skin lesions symptoms; include

MA

alopecia, pruritus and hyperemia.

D

2.1 Characterization of researched locality

TE

Vladivostok is the largest city in the Far Eastern Region (43°06′20 ″ N, 131°52′24 ″ E), and

CE P

capital of Primorskiy region. It is situated on the coast of Sea of Japan, an area characterized by a monsoonal climate, with cold and snowy winters and warm and rainy summers. The average maximum and minimum temperatures over 2009 to 2014 were -23.9 °C and 30 °C respectively.

AC

Humidity levels for Vladivostok are 57-60 % per year. Average amount of snowfall in the winter is 47 cm. The Vladivostok population is approximately 600000. 2.2 Faecal examination

Most samples were sent to the laboratory and were examined on the same day; some samples were stored before examination at 6 Cº for 2-3 days. Every faecal sample was examined using Fulleborn’s method (Połozowski et al, 2006, Vjatkina, 2015) and for flatworm’s eggs identification using a sedimentation method (Kaufmann, 1996). Fulleborn’s method uses saturated NaCl solution (400 g NaCl per 1 l water). Fecal samples of 3-5 g were placed in 10 ml glass jar with a saturated NaCl solution and mixed thoroughly using a glass rod, samples were

3

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT stored in salt solution for 30-40 min. Then surfaced helminthes eggs and protozoan cysts were collected using a copper loop and placed on the slide with some drop of glycerol added.

T

2.3 Ectoparasites and Demodex mites’ examination

IP

Common diagnostic methods used to detect ectoparasites including Notoedris cati, Сheyletiella

SC R

yasguri. and Demodex mites are based on microscopic analysis of skin scrapings. A modified deep skin scraping technique was used: the scrapings were performed on the boundary of healthy

NU

and affected areas avoiding capillary bleeding. For lightening, the skin scrapings were placed on the slide with some drops of 10 % NaOH solution added and placed into an incubator at 25 °C

MA

for 40 min. Fleas and ticks were detected with the help of a fine-toothed comb. Otoscopic evaluation was used for Otodectes cynotis identification. Cerumen samples were collected and

D

microscopic examinations were performed.

TE

2.4 Statistical analyses

CE P

The prevalence was calculated for each parasite. Correlation between parasitism and sex and

AC

between parasitism and age was made using the Pearson chi-squared test with Yates correction

    2

r

c

2

( Oij Eij  0.5) Eij

i 1 j 1

, i being line number, j – column number, Oij – the

actual number of observations in a cell ij, Eij – the expected number of observations in a cell ij For samples, where the quantitative value of at least the 1st criterion was less than 5, we used Fisher exact test:

~  2

F

~  2

~ being sampling distribution , 2

4

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3. Results

3.1 Faecal samples examination results

T

Faecal samples from 97 household dogs and 54 cats were examined for endoparasitic

IP

infestations. The faecal examination showed that 26 dogs (26.8 %) and 20 cats (51.2 %) were

SC R

positive for parasitic infestation. Helminthes were found in 19 dogs’ faecal samples (19.5 %) which included Taenia sp., Dipylidium caninum and 3 species of nematodes, the most common

NU

being Ancylostoma caninum (10.3 %) (Table 3). High infestation rates of A. caninum depend on environmental conditions. A. caninum larvae development is favored by a wet and warm

MA

climate(Croese, 1995).Helminthes were also found in 13 cats’ faecal samples, which included D. caninum, Hymenolepis diminuta, Toxascaris leonina and Uncinaria stenocephala. The most

D

common parasite found was T. leonina (Table 3). Cystoisospora spp. were found in 7 dogs’

TE

faecal samples and 7 cats’ faecal samples; (Table 3). In 97 faecal samples from dogs only one

CE P

type of parasites was found. In 51 faecal samples from cats examined 94.7 % contained only one type of parasites, and 5.3 % contained two different species (Table 3).

AC

3.2 Correlation between age/sex and intestinal parasitism No correlation between age and parasitic infestation in cats and dogs was found (p>0.05). Intestinal parasites were found in dogs aged between 2 months and 7 years and in cats aged between 1 month and 17 years. Prevalence in dogs aged 13 – 36 months was 33.3%, in dogs under 1 year of age it was 23.5 %, and in dogs over 3 years old it equaled 22 %. Prevalence in cats over 3 years of age was 46.6 %, in cats aged 13-36 months was 42.8 %, and in cats under 1 year of age it amounted to 27.2 % . No correlation between sex and gastrointestinal parasitism in cats and dogs was found (p>0.05). Sex distribution in infested animals was different: among dogs there were 17 infested males

5

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT (29.8 %) and 8 females (20 %), among cats there were 11 infested males (35.5 %) and 8 females (40 %). 3.3 Skin scrapings and cerumen samples examination results

T

Demodex canis was identified in 6.25 % of the dogs (Fig. 4). Ectoparasites were reported in 5

IP

dogs (29.4 %), ear mites Otodectes cynotis included, Cheyletiella yasguri was found in 1 female

SC R

dog (2.1 %) (Table 4).

Only ear mites Otodectes cynotis were found in cats, the infestation rate being 75 % (Table 4,

NU

Fig. 5).

MA

3.4 Correlation between age/sex and O. cynotis infestation rates Correlation was not found between Otodectes cynotis infestation and animal’s age for either cats

D

or dogs (p>0.05). Otodectes cynotis were found in 9 cats under 1 year of age (100 %), in 5 cats

TE

13-36 months (75 %) and in 3 cats over 3 years of age (42.8 %); 44.4% of dogs under 1 year

CE P

were infested by ear mites; and in 1 case otodectosis were found in dogs over 1 year of age. There is no correlation between sex and otodectosis in cats or dogs (p>0.05). Sex distribution in infested animals was different: 3 infested males (37.5%) as compared to 2 females (22.2 %)

AC

among the dogs, among cats, there were 14 infested males (77.7 %) and 4 females (22.2 %).

3.4 Seasonal dynamics of parasitism in Vladivostok Seasonal dynamics analysis showed that gastrointestinal parasites infestation in dogs appeared throughout the year, except for February. The largest number of infested dogs was noted in October. In winter, the number of infested dogs decreased, while in spring and summer gastrointestinal parasitism among dogs was more frequent. Among cats, gastrointestinal parasites infestations were dissimilar during the year. The largest number of infested cats appeared in December and May, whereas in April and September infested cats were not found (Fig.1).

6

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Acariasis in 9 dogs – including demodecosis, cheyletiellosis and otodectosis - were found. Cats were infested by ear mites Otodectes cynotis, the largest number of infested cats was registered

T

in November and January, while in July and September infested cats were not found (Fig. 2).

SC R

IP

4. Discussion

In the present survey we used Fulleborn’s method for endoparasiteidentification in faecal

NU

samples. It is a good method for detection gastrointestinal helminthes and protozoan parasites, but it has a low sensitivity in case of Trichuris vulpis infestation in dogs and for larvae detection

MA

(Połozowski et al, 2006). However this method is simple and has good sensitivity for Toxocara, Ancylostoma and Cestoda eggs detection and is frequency used in Russia (Vjatkina, 2015). The

D

present data do not considerably differ from other Russian investigators’ studies on

TE

endoparasites in domestic cats and dogs using flotation methods with saturated NaCl solution (Fulleborn’s method and its modification). However, such worldwide cats’ and dogs’ parasites as

CE P

Toxocara cati (syn. T. mystax (Sprent, 1956) и Trichuris vulpis Froelich, 1789, Giardia spp. и Toxoplasma gondii Nicolle & Manceaux, 1908, which were found in other Russian cities, were

AC

not registered in Vladivostok (Table 5, Fig. 3). In the present study, helminthes and protozoan parasite infestations were frequently found in animals over 1 year of age, although in other reports gastrointestinal parasites were frequently registered in animals under 1 year old. Toxocara canis can be transmitted transplacentally and infection decreases significantly as the animal grows older (Becker et all, 2012; Neves et all, 2014). Contrary to this, only 1 puppy infected by T. canis was found in Vladivostok. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites found in this survey is smaller than in Russia’s central regions. Prevalence of Dipylidium caninum in cats amounted to 29.6 % in Ivanovo and 26.4 % in Voronezh. In dogs, prevalence of D. caninum was 60.3 % in Ivanovo and 19.1 % in Voronezh. In dogs, prevalence of T. canis was 37.2 % in Ivanovo and 33.3 % in Voronezh and

7

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 33.4% in Moscow (Menyaylova, Gaponov, 2011), whereas in Vladivostok it was 1.03%. In comparing Cystoisospora spp. infestation rates in dogs from Moscow to those from Vladivostok, the higher prevalence of Cystoisospora spp. in Moscow was 85.7 % (Zubov, 2008), with a lower

T

prevalence of 9.3% also described (Kurnosova, 2013) , while the present study shows 7.2 %

IP

(Kurnosova, 2013). Besides, the prevalence of Cystoisospora spp. in cats in Moscow in 2009

SC R

was 3.74% (Kurnosova, 2013), when in Vladivostok it was higher (13.7%) (Table 6, Fig. 3).

NU

5. Conclusions

MA

In the present study a low prevalence of endoparasites infections in owned domestic dogs and cats was indicated. This may be due to the fact that these animals receive regular veterinary care

D

and anthelmintic treatment. Two endoparasites species Toxocara canis and Ancilostoma caninum

TE

found in dogs have a zoonotic potential.

CE P

Two ectoparasites species were detected in dogs, and one species was found in cats. Ectoparasites and Demodex canis infestation rates were low in dogs. Otodectes cynotis infestation rates in cats were high, which can be eliminated with appropriate treatment and

AC

avoiding contacts with stray animals.

8

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT References

Aleksandrova, A.S., Safiullin, R.T., 2010. Parazitofauna melkih domashnih zhivotnyh v

T

uslovijah g. Zelenograda (Parasitic fauna of small domestic animals in conditions of the

IP

Zelenograd city). Teorija i praktika bor'by s parazitarnymi boleznjami. 11, 15-17 (in Russian,

SC R

with English abstract).

Becker, A.C., Rohen, M., Epe, C., Schnieder, T., 2012. Prevalence of endoparasites in stray and

NU

forested dogs and cats in Northern Germany. Parasitol. Res. 111, 849-857. Borcova, M.S., 2007. Parazitozy i mikstinvazii pishhevaritel'noj sistemy domashnih plotojadnyh

MA

zhivotnyh v uslovijah megapolisa (g. Novosibirska) i ego prigoroda. In: Dis. … kand. biol. nauk. (Parasitic diseases of the digestive system and miet infestation of domestic carnivores in a

D

metropolis (Novosibirsk ) and its suburbs. Dissertation of the candidate of biological sciences).

TE

Novosibirsk, 155 pp (in Russian).

CE P

Croese, J., 1995. Seasonal influence on human enteric infection by Ancylostoma caninum. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 53, 158-61.

AC

Intesco Research Group, 2013. Domashnie zhivotnye: otvetstvennost' v mode (Pets : responsibility in fashion ) (http://marketing.rbc.ru/articles/11/04/2013/562949986541952.shtml) (Pets:In Russian). Kaufmann, J. (Ed.), 1996. Parasitic Infections of Domestic nimals:

Diagnostic

anual.

Birkhäuser, Berlin, 423 pp.

Kozlov, D.P., 1965. Jekologo-faunisticheskoe izuchenie gel'mintov kanid (Mammalia: Canidae) Dal'nego Vostoka i rasshifrovka biologicheskogo cikla nematody Thezalia callipaeda (Railliet et Henry, 1910): vtoref. dis. … kand. biol. nauk. (Ecological - faunistic study of helminths Canidius ( Mammalia : Tsanidae ) from Far East and deciphering the biological cycle of the

9

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT nematode Thezalia tsallipaeda ( Railliet ET Henry, 1910 ). Abstract of the Dissertation of the candidate of biological sciences, Moskva, 18 pp (In Russian). Kryuchkova, E.N., Abalihin, B.G., Egorov, S.V., Sokolov, E. A., Balandina V.N., Egorov D.S.,

T

2014. Parazitozy domashnih hishhnikov gorodskih populjacij Ivanovskoj oblasti (Parasitiases of

SC R

41 – 44 (in Russian, with English abstract).

IP

carnivorous pets of Ivanovo Region''s urban populations). Vestnik KGU im. N.A. Nekrasova. 20,

Kurnosova, O.P., 2013. Vidovoj sostav i osobennosti rasprostranenija kishechnyh prostejshih u

NU

melkih domashnih zhivotnyh goroda Moskvy (Specific structure and features of distribution of intestinal Protozoa at pets in Moscow). Rossijskij parazitologicheskij zhurnal. 1, 9-15 (in

MA

Russian, with English abstract).

Neves, D., Lobo, L., Simoes, P.B., Cardoso, L., 2014. Frequency of intestinal parasites in pet

D

dogs from an urban area (Greater Oporto, northern Portugal). Vet. Parasitol. 200, 295-298.

TE

Menyaylova, I.S., Gaponov, S.P., 2011. Rezul'taty izuchenija parazitov plotojadnyh v g. Voronezhe. Jekologija urbanizirovannyh territorij. (Overview of the community structure typical

CE P

for parasites of Carnivores in Voronezh. 3, 35 – 38 (in Russian, with English abstract). Mircean, V., Titilincu, A., Vasile, C., 2010. Prevalence of endoparasites in household cat (Felis

AC

catus) populations from Transylvania (Romania) and association with risk factors. Vet. Parasitol. 171, 163-166.

Oshmarin, P.G., Oparin, P.G., 1950. Osnovnye glistnye bolezni sel'skohozjajstvennyh zhivotnyh Dal'nego Vostoka i mery bor'by s nimi. ( ajor helminth’s disease of farm animals of the Far East and their control measures). Primizdat, Vladivostok, 204 pp (in Russian). Połozowski, ., Zawadzki, W., Nowak,

., 2006. Comparison of two fecal flotation techniques

for diagnostic of internal parasites infections in swine and dogs. EJPAU 9; 39.

Tarasov, D.K., 2006. Chelovek i sobaka: odna iz problem Vladivostoka (Man and dog : one of the problems of Vladivostok). In: Tvorcheskaja molodezh' - potencial rossijskoj nauki. Tezisy IX nauchnoj konferencii shkol'nikov po estestvennym naukam. 94 – 95 (in Russian). 10

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Sprent, J.F.A., 1956. The life history and development of Toxocara cati (Schrank 1788) in the domestic cat. Parasitology. 46, 54-78 Vjatkina, P. (Ed.), 2015 Analizy. Polnyj medicinskij spravochnik. Litres, Moscow, 782 pp.

T

Zubov, A., 2008. Vozrastnaja dinamika zarazhennosti sobak kishechnymi parazitami v

IP

central’’noj zone Rossii (Age dynamics of infection of dogs by intestinal parasites in Central

AC

CE P

TE

D

MA

NU

SC R

region of Russia (In Russian with English abstract). Rossijskij parazitologicheskij zhurnal. 2,1-4

11

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Appendices Tables Table 1. Data of sex distribution of Animals Examined *

T

Cerumens examination for identifying O. cynotis

total female male 17 9 8 24 7 17

TE

D

MA

NU

SC R

IP

Skin scrapings examination for identifying ectoparasites and Demodex spp.mites total female male 48 22 26 5 2 3

CE P

dogs cats

Faecal examination for identifying gastrointestinal parasites total female male 97 40 57 51 20 31

AC

animal

12

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 2. Data of age distribution of Animals Examined * Skin scrapings examination for identifying ectoparasites and Demodex spp.mites 1-12 13-36 Older 1-12 13-36 Older months months then 36 months months then 36 months. months. 17 30 50 12 14 22 22 14 15 1 4

Cerumens examination for identifying O. cynotis

1-12 months

SC R

9 9

13-36 months 5 8

Older then 36 months. 3 7

CE P

TE

D

MA

NU

*faecal samples and skin scrapings were taken from 5 dogs

AC

dogs cats

IP

T

animal

Faecal examination for identifying gastrointestinal parasites

13

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 3. Coproscopically examination results Number of infested animals (n) Dogs (total number of dogs examined n= 97) Helminthes Ancylostoma caninum 10 Dipylidium caninum 2 Toxocara canis 1 Uncinaria stenocephala 4 Taenia sp. 2 Protozoa Cystoisospora rivolta 1 Cystoisospora sp. 6 Cats (total number of cats examined n=51) Helminthes Trematoda g.spp. 4 Dipylidium caninum 2 Hymenolepis diminuta 1 Toxascaris leonina 4 Uncinaria stenocephala 2 Protozoa Cystoisospora sp. 7

Prevalence %

10.3 2.1 1.03 4.1 2.1 1.03 6.2

7.8 3.9 1.9 7.8 3.9 13.7

AC

CE P

TE

D

MA

NU

SC R

IP

T

Parasite

14

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 4. Cerumen samples and skin scrapings examination results.

AC

CE P

TE

D

MA

NU

SC R

IP

T

Parasite Number of infested animals (n) Prevalence (%) Dogs (total number of cerumen samples examination n= 17, total number of skin scrapings examination n= 48) Demodex canis 3 6.25 Ectoparasites Otodectes cynotis 5 29.4 Сheyletiella yasguri 1 2.1 Cats (total number of cerumen samples examination n= 24, total number of skin scrapings examination n= 5) Ectoparasites Otodectes cynotis 18 75

15

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 5. Distribution of parasites in Cats and Dogs in Russia.

IP

T

Voronezh (Menyaylova, Gaponov, 2011) + + + + + + + + + + +

SC R

Zelenograd (Aleksandrova, Safiullin, 2010) + + + +

NU

Vladivostok (present study) Toxocara canis + Toxocara mystax Toxascaris leonina + Trichuris vulpis Ancylostoma caninum + Uncinaria stenocephala + Taenia sp. + Dipylidium caninum + Diphyllobothrium latum Mesocesdoides lineatus Cystoisospora + Giardia spp. Toxoplasma gondii -

Novosibirsk (Borcova, 2007) + + + + + + + + + -

AC

CE P

TE

D

MA

Parasite

16

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 6. Prevalence (%) of endoparasites in cats and dogs in Russia Vladivostok (present study)

Dipylidium caninum Toxocara canis

cats 3.9 dogs 2.1 1.03

Ivanovo Voronezh (Kryuchkova et (Menyaylova, al, 2014) Gaponov, 2011) 29.6 26.4 60.3 19.1 37.2 33.3

Uncinaria stenocephala Ancylostoma caninum Cystoisospora spp.

cats 3.9 dogs 4.1 10.3

1 19.2 5.1

cats 13.7

-

dogs 7.2

-

IP

T

Parasite

33.4(Zubov,2008) 27.25(Zubov,2008) -

10.7

3.74 (Kurnosova, 2013) 9.3 (Kurnosova, 2013); 85.7 (Zubov,2008)

SC R

0.98 19.8 -

6.38

AC

CE P

TE

D

MA

NU

Moscow

17

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Figure captions Fig. 1. Seasonal dynamics of gastrointestinal parasites prevalence Fig. 2. Seasonal dynamics of ectoparasites and Demodex mites prevalence

AC

CE P

TE

D

MA

NU

SC R

IP

T

Fig 3. Map with research localities presented in table 5 and 6

18

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Fig. 1.

5

T

4

dogs cats

IP

3

SC R

2 1 0

NU

jul aug sep oct nov dec

CE P

TE

D

MA

jan feb nar apr m ay jun

AC

number of infested animals

6

19

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Fig. 2.

4,5

T

3,5

IP

3

SC R

2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5

jul aug sep oct nov dec

MA

jan feb nar apr m ay jun

AC

CE P

TE

D

0

dogs cats

NU

number of infested animals

4

20

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

AC

CE P

TE

D

MA

NU

SC R

IP

T

Fig. 3.

21

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 1. Data of sex distribution of Animals Examined *

T

Cerumens examination for identifying O. cynotis

total female male 17 9 8 24 7 17

TE

D

MA

NU

SC R

IP

Skin scrapings examination for identifying ectoparasites and Demodex spp.mites total female male 48 22 26 5 2 3

CE P

dogs cats

Faecal examination for identifying gastrointestinal parasites total female male 97 40 57 51 20 31

AC

animal

22

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 2. Data of age distribution of Animals Examined * Skin scrapings examination for identifying ectoparasites and Demodex spp.mites 1-12 13-36 Older 1-12 13-36 Older months months then 36 months months then 36 months. months. 17 30 50 12 14 22 22 14 15 1 4

Cerumens examination for identifying O. cynotis

1-12 months

SC R

9 9

13-36 months 5 8

Older then 36 months. 3 7

CE P

TE

D

MA

NU

*faecal samples and skin scrapings were taken from 5 dogs

AC

dogs cats

IP

T

animal

Faecal examination for identifying gastrointestinal parasites

23

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 3. Coproscopically examination results Number of infested animals (n) Dogs (total number of dogs examined n= 97) Helminthes Ancylostoma caninum 10 Dipylidium caninum 2 Toxocara canis 1 Uncinaria stenocephala 4 Taenia sp. 2 Protozoa Cystoisospora rivolta 1 Cystoisospora sp. 6 Cats (total number of cats examined n=51) Helminthes Trematoda g.spp. 4 Dipylidium caninum 2 Hymenolepis diminuta 1 Toxascaris leonina 4 Uncinaria stenocephala 2 Protozoa Cystoisospora sp. 7

Prevalence %

10.3 2.1 1.03 4.1 2.1 1.03 6.2

7.8 3.9 1.9 7.8 3.9 13.7

AC

CE P

TE

D

MA

NU

SC R

IP

T

Parasite

24

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 4. Cerumen samples and skin scrapings examination results.

AC

CE P

TE

D

MA

NU

SC R

IP

T

Parasite Number of infested animals (n) Prevalence (%) Dogs (total number of cerumen samples examination n= 17, total number of skin scrapings examination n= 48) Demodex canis 3 6.25 Ectoparasites Otodectes cynotis 5 29.4 Сheyletiella yasguri 1 2.1 Cats (total number of cerumen samples examination n= 24, total number of skin scrapings examination n= 5) Ectoparasites Otodectes cynotis 18 75

25

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 5. Distribution of parasites in Cats and Dogs in Russia.

CE P

AC

IP

-

SC R

+

+

+

-

+

MA

+ +

+ -

+

+

NU

-

TE

Toxocara canis + Toxocara mystax + Toxascaris leonina + Trichuris vulpis + Ancylostoma caninum Uncinaria stenocephala + Taenia sp. + Dipylidium caninum + Diphyllobothrium latum + Mesocesdoides lineatus Cystoisospora + Giardia spp. Toxoplasma gondii -

Zelenograd Voronezh Novosibirsk (Aleksandrova, (Menyaylova, (Borcova, Safiullin, 2010) Gaponov, 2011) 2007) + +

T

Vladivostok (present study) +

D

Parasite

-

-

-

+

-

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

+

-

-

+

-

+

+

26

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 6. Prevalence (%) of endoparasites in cats and dogs in Russia Parasite

Vladivostok (present study)

Ivanovo Voronezh (Kryuchkova et (Menyaylova, al, 2014) Gaponov,

Moscow

29.6 60.3 37.2

26.4 19.1 33.3

Uncinaria stenocephala Ancylostoma caninum Cystoisospora spp.

cats 3.9 dogs 4.1 10.3

1 19.2 5.1

cats 13.7

-

dogs 7.2

-

IP

33.4(Zubov,2008)

0.98 19.8 -

27.25(Zubov,2008) -

10.7

3.74

(Kurnosova,

2013) 6.38

(Kurnosova, 2013); 85.7 (Zubov,2008) 9.3

AC

CE P

TE

D

MA

T

cats 3.9 dogs 2.1 1.03

NU

Dipylidium caninum Toxocara canis

SC R

2011)

27

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

AC

CE P

TE

D

MA

NU

SC R

IP

T

HIGHLIGHTS The first report about parasites communities in domestic cats and dogs in Vladivostok 9 different species and 3 not-definable parasites in cats’ and dogs’ faecal samples were found Ectoparasites and Demodex canis infestation rates were low in dogs. Otodectes cynotis infestation rates in cats were high

28