- Email: [email protected]
A universal high performance ball-milling device and its application in mechanical alloying (MA)
M E C H A N I C A L ALLOYING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A T O M I C D I S O R D E R IN I N T E R M E T A L L I C C O M P O U N D S BY MECHANICAL A T T R I T I O N L.M.Di et al. Matemals Science and Enginee~ngA, Vol A134, 1991, 1323-1325. The d e g r a d a t i o n of t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g t r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e of Nb3Sn a n d CoGa alloys d u r i n g m e c h a n i c a l alloying h a s been used to m o n i t o r t h e atomic disordering process. The Nb3Sn e x h i b i t e d a n t i - s i t e d i s o r d e r a n d t h e CoGa t r i p l e d e f e c t disorder. These d e d u c t i o n were confirmed by m e a s u r e m e n t s of lattice p a r a m e t e r s with respect to milling time.
FORMATION OF A SUPERSATURATED SOLID SOLUTION IN COPPER-SILVER ALLOYS BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING I~Venishi et al, ( O s a k a University, Jap a n . ) M a t e r / a l s Science and Engineering A, Vol A134, 1991, 1342-1345.
NICKEL-MOLYBDENUM NANOCRYSTALS
APPLICATION O F SURFACE ACTIVE ADDITIVES IN MECHANICAL ALLOYING
rials Science andEngineering A, Vol A134, 1991, 1361-1367.
A.P.Radinski et a l . ( A u s t r a l i a n N a t i o n a l University, Canberra, A u s t r a l i a . ) M a t e r i a l s
e x a m i n e d by e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y a n d microstructures and particle size d i s t r i b u t i o n s investigated as a function of
Science and Engineering A, Vol A134, 1991, 1346-1349.
P R O D U C E D BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING ( M A ) AND BALL MILLING
The effects of s u f a c t a n t s o n MA of m e t a l and metal/metalloid mixtures were investigated a n d found to be significant. E x t e n d e d solubilities, f o r m a t i o n of reactive n a n o s t r u c t u r e s a n d particle size a n d s h a p e modifications were discussed. Decreased c o n t a m i n a t i o n w i t h m i l l i n g cell a n d milling body materials was reported. Reference was m a d e to TiC a n d Co-Fe-Si-B soft magnetic materials,
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF MECHANICAL ALLOYING ( M A ) C.H. Lee et al. Nagoya University, Ja-
pan.Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol 134, 1991, 1334-1337. The effect of process t e m p e r a t u r e on MA a n d grinding of Ni-Zr, Cu-Ta a n d Fe2 was investigated. The a m o r p h i z a t i o n of Ni-Zr, for which t h e h e a t of mixing is negative, increases w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e For Cu-Ta t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e effect is observed w h e n t h e grain size is below 100 p m a n d this is a t t r i b u t e d to t h e positive h e a t of mixing, The Fe2B did not a m o r p h i s e n o r was t h e r e any significant t e m p e r a t u r e effect on MA_
A M O R P H I Z A T I O N IN IRON-METALLOID SYSTEMS BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING
(MA) T.Ogasawara et al.
MA is described. The Fe-Si alloys did not a m o r p h i z e t h e s t r u c t u r e s r e m a i n i n g bodycentred cubic. Fe-B, FeC a n d Fe-P alloys all amorphized. The MA Fe-C powder was h o t pressed and the resultant structure c o n t a i n e d fine carbides a n d e x h i b i t e d a high h o t Vicker's h a r d n e s s above 400 at 5O0OC.
54 MPR April 1992
A UNIVERSAL H I G H P E R F O R M A N C E BALL-MILLING DEVICE AND ITS APPLICATION IN MECHANICAL ALLOYING (MA) A~Calka, A.P.Radinski, (Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.) Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol A134, 1991, 1350-1353. The design a n d m o d e of o p e r a t i o n of a milling device, in w h i c h ball m o v e m e n t s are controlled by anexternally applied magnetic field, are described. E x a m p l e s of t h e applications of t h e mill to MA of Ni-Zr, Mg-Zn, intermetallic c o m p o u n d s a n d A1 alloys are given. It is suggested t h a t a d i f f e r e n t o p e r a t i n g m o d e m a y give a different route for t h e solid s t a t e reactions d u r i n g MA. C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F STRAIN AND PLASTIC D E F O R M A T I O N TO A M O R P H I Z A T I O N REACTIONS IN NICKEL-ZIRCONIUM D U R I N G MECHANICAL ALLOYING ( M A )
( T o h o k u University,
Japan.) Materials Science and EngineeringA, Vol A134, 1991, 1338-1341. An investigation into t h e b e h a v i o u r of Fe-20 to 25at%C, Fe-30 to 40%B, Fe-25%P a n d Fe-Si alloys w i t h up to 3Oat% Si d u r i n g
HIGH R E S O L U T I O N E L E C T R O N
MA w a s s h o w n to produce a s u p e r s a t u r a t e d solid s o l u t i o n in Cu-Ag alloys irrespective of c o m p o s i t i o n . This decomposed into Cu a n d Ag on a n n e a l i n g with a r e s u l t a n t r e d u c t i o n in electrical resistivity.
NANOCRYSTALLINEALLOYS
M.Oehring, R.Bormann. Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol A134, 1991, 13301333. Nanocrystalline alloys w i t h grain sizes 10 to 15 n m were p r e p a r e d by MA of Ti-Si elemental p o w d e r m i x t u r e s a n d m i x t u r e s of Nb3A1 a n d N D 2 A 1 compounds. The results were discussed in t e r m s of t h e r m o d y n a m i c s of nanocrystalls a n d a m o r p h o u s phases.
410 t h e r e was s t r u c t u r a l recovery a n d recrystallisation. At h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s t h e a m o r p h o u s p h a s e recrystallised. The strain energy a n d h e a t s of mixing a n d recrystallisation have been calculated.
R.Schulz et al,
( I n s t i t u t e de Recherche
C a n a d a . ) Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol A134,
M I C R O S C O P E STUDY O F MECHANICALLY ALLOYED ( M A )
M.L.Trudeau, R.Schulz et al. ( I n s t i t u t de Recherche d'Hydro-Quebec, C a n a d a . ) M a t e -
Ni-15 a n d 40at%Mo MA powders were
m i l l i n g t i m e . A s t u d y of c r y s t a l l i n e interfaces and grain boundaries is presented. E F F E C T O F BALL TO POWDER W E I G H T RATIO ON A M O R P H I Z A T I O N O F TANTALUM A L U M I N I D E BY BALL MILLING M.S.E1-Eskandarny et al. (Tohoku University, J a p a n . ) J. Less Common Metals, Vo! 169, No 2, 1991, 235-244. Ball milling was u s e d to s t u d y t h e a m o r p h i z a t i o n of TaA1. It was found t h a t as t h e ball to powder weight ratio increases t h e a m o r p h i z a t i o n rate increased sharply b u t t h a t t h e c o n t a m i n a t i o n , by Fe from t h e milling tools, also increased. C o m p l e t e a m o r p h i z a t i o n was a t t a i n e d with ball to p o w d e r weight ratios between 36:1 a n d 108:1. E F F E C T S O F BALL MILLING ON ANTIMONY AND ANTIMONY ALLOY POWDERS A.Tonejc e t al. ( U n i v e r s i t y of Zagreb, Azgreb, Yugoslavia.) Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol A134, 1991, 13721375. An investigation of mechanical alloying (MA), by ball milling in air, of Sb a n d Sb-Ga powders is described. Excessive o x i d a t i o n of t h e Sb was r e p o r t e d a n d t h e e x t e n t ofthis was u s e d to e s t i m a t e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a t t a i n e d d u r i n g p r o c e s s i n g . T h e Sb12at%GA at first p r o d u c e s a n a m o r p h o u s ocide which recrystallised on further milling.
d'Hydro-Quebec,
1991, 1354-1360. X-ray d i f f r a c t i o n h a s b e e n u s e d to m e a s u r e s t r a i n s in Ni a n d Zr crystallites in powders w h i c h h a d been MA. In Zr t h e s t r a i n i n c r e a s e s u p t o t h e o n s e t of amorphization and then declines. Differential s c a n n i n g calorimetry (DSC) was used to assess t h e t h e r m a l stability of t h e p o w d e r s a f t e r MA~ A t 315°C h e a t induced a m o r p h i z a t i o n occurred a n d at
F O R M A T I O N O F METASTABLE P H A S E IN BALL MILLED C O P P E R - T U N G S T E N POWDERS E.Gaffet et al. (CNRS, France.) Materials Vol A134, 1991, 1380-1384. The use of a wide range of physical t e c h n i q u e s to study t h e mechanical alloying ( M A ) o f C u - W p o w d e r m i x t u r e s is described. Cu a n d W are immiscible in t h e
Science and Engineering A,
A T O M I C D I S O R D E R IN I N T E R M E T A L L I C C O M P O U N D S BY MECHANICAL A T T R I T I O N L.M.Di et al. Matemals Science and Enginee~ngA, Vol A134, 1991, 1323-1325. The d e g r a d a t i o n of t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g t r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e of Nb3Sn a n d CoGa alloys d u r i n g m e c h a n i c a l alloying h a s been used to m o n i t o r t h e atomic disordering process. The Nb3Sn e x h i b i t e d a n t i - s i t e d i s o r d e r a n d t h e CoGa t r i p l e d e f e c t disorder. These d e d u c t i o n were confirmed by m e a s u r e m e n t s of lattice p a r a m e t e r s with respect to milling time.
FORMATION OF A SUPERSATURATED SOLID SOLUTION IN COPPER-SILVER ALLOYS BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING I~Venishi et al, ( O s a k a University, Jap a n . ) M a t e r / a l s Science and Engineering A, Vol A134, 1991, 1342-1345.
NICKEL-MOLYBDENUM NANOCRYSTALS
APPLICATION O F SURFACE ACTIVE ADDITIVES IN MECHANICAL ALLOYING
rials Science andEngineering A, Vol A134, 1991, 1361-1367.
A.P.Radinski et a l . ( A u s t r a l i a n N a t i o n a l University, Canberra, A u s t r a l i a . ) M a t e r i a l s
e x a m i n e d by e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y a n d microstructures and particle size d i s t r i b u t i o n s investigated as a function of
Science and Engineering A, Vol A134, 1991, 1346-1349.
P R O D U C E D BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING ( M A ) AND BALL MILLING
The effects of s u f a c t a n t s o n MA of m e t a l and metal/metalloid mixtures were investigated a n d found to be significant. E x t e n d e d solubilities, f o r m a t i o n of reactive n a n o s t r u c t u r e s a n d particle size a n d s h a p e modifications were discussed. Decreased c o n t a m i n a t i o n w i t h m i l l i n g cell a n d milling body materials was reported. Reference was m a d e to TiC a n d Co-Fe-Si-B soft magnetic materials,
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF MECHANICAL ALLOYING ( M A ) C.H. Lee et al. Nagoya University, Ja-
pan.Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol 134, 1991, 1334-1337. The effect of process t e m p e r a t u r e on MA a n d grinding of Ni-Zr, Cu-Ta a n d Fe2 was investigated. The a m o r p h i z a t i o n of Ni-Zr, for which t h e h e a t of mixing is negative, increases w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e For Cu-Ta t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e effect is observed w h e n t h e grain size is below 100 p m a n d this is a t t r i b u t e d to t h e positive h e a t of mixing, The Fe2B did not a m o r p h i s e n o r was t h e r e any significant t e m p e r a t u r e effect on MA_
A M O R P H I Z A T I O N IN IRON-METALLOID SYSTEMS BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING
(MA) T.Ogasawara et al.
MA is described. The Fe-Si alloys did not a m o r p h i z e t h e s t r u c t u r e s r e m a i n i n g bodycentred cubic. Fe-B, FeC a n d Fe-P alloys all amorphized. The MA Fe-C powder was h o t pressed and the resultant structure c o n t a i n e d fine carbides a n d e x h i b i t e d a high h o t Vicker's h a r d n e s s above 400 at 5O0OC.
54 MPR April 1992
A UNIVERSAL H I G H P E R F O R M A N C E BALL-MILLING DEVICE AND ITS APPLICATION IN MECHANICAL ALLOYING (MA) A~Calka, A.P.Radinski, (Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.) Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol A134, 1991, 1350-1353. The design a n d m o d e of o p e r a t i o n of a milling device, in w h i c h ball m o v e m e n t s are controlled by anexternally applied magnetic field, are described. E x a m p l e s of t h e applications of t h e mill to MA of Ni-Zr, Mg-Zn, intermetallic c o m p o u n d s a n d A1 alloys are given. It is suggested t h a t a d i f f e r e n t o p e r a t i n g m o d e m a y give a different route for t h e solid s t a t e reactions d u r i n g MA. C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F STRAIN AND PLASTIC D E F O R M A T I O N TO A M O R P H I Z A T I O N REACTIONS IN NICKEL-ZIRCONIUM D U R I N G MECHANICAL ALLOYING ( M A )
( T o h o k u University,
Japan.) Materials Science and EngineeringA, Vol A134, 1991, 1338-1341. An investigation into t h e b e h a v i o u r of Fe-20 to 25at%C, Fe-30 to 40%B, Fe-25%P a n d Fe-Si alloys w i t h up to 3Oat% Si d u r i n g
HIGH R E S O L U T I O N E L E C T R O N
MA w a s s h o w n to produce a s u p e r s a t u r a t e d solid s o l u t i o n in Cu-Ag alloys irrespective of c o m p o s i t i o n . This decomposed into Cu a n d Ag on a n n e a l i n g with a r e s u l t a n t r e d u c t i o n in electrical resistivity.
NANOCRYSTALLINEALLOYS
M.Oehring, R.Bormann. Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol A134, 1991, 13301333. Nanocrystalline alloys w i t h grain sizes 10 to 15 n m were p r e p a r e d by MA of Ti-Si elemental p o w d e r m i x t u r e s a n d m i x t u r e s of Nb3A1 a n d N D 2 A 1 compounds. The results were discussed in t e r m s of t h e r m o d y n a m i c s of nanocrystalls a n d a m o r p h o u s phases.
410 t h e r e was s t r u c t u r a l recovery a n d recrystallisation. At h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s t h e a m o r p h o u s p h a s e recrystallised. The strain energy a n d h e a t s of mixing a n d recrystallisation have been calculated.
R.Schulz et al,
( I n s t i t u t e de Recherche
C a n a d a . ) Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol A134,
M I C R O S C O P E STUDY O F MECHANICALLY ALLOYED ( M A )
M.L.Trudeau, R.Schulz et al. ( I n s t i t u t de Recherche d'Hydro-Quebec, C a n a d a . ) M a t e -
Ni-15 a n d 40at%Mo MA powders were
m i l l i n g t i m e . A s t u d y of c r y s t a l l i n e interfaces and grain boundaries is presented. E F F E C T O F BALL TO POWDER W E I G H T RATIO ON A M O R P H I Z A T I O N O F TANTALUM A L U M I N I D E BY BALL MILLING M.S.E1-Eskandarny et al. (Tohoku University, J a p a n . ) J. Less Common Metals, Vo! 169, No 2, 1991, 235-244. Ball milling was u s e d to s t u d y t h e a m o r p h i z a t i o n of TaA1. It was found t h a t as t h e ball to powder weight ratio increases t h e a m o r p h i z a t i o n rate increased sharply b u t t h a t t h e c o n t a m i n a t i o n , by Fe from t h e milling tools, also increased. C o m p l e t e a m o r p h i z a t i o n was a t t a i n e d with ball to p o w d e r weight ratios between 36:1 a n d 108:1. E F F E C T S O F BALL MILLING ON ANTIMONY AND ANTIMONY ALLOY POWDERS A.Tonejc e t al. ( U n i v e r s i t y of Zagreb, Azgreb, Yugoslavia.) Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol A134, 1991, 13721375. An investigation of mechanical alloying (MA), by ball milling in air, of Sb a n d Sb-Ga powders is described. Excessive o x i d a t i o n of t h e Sb was r e p o r t e d a n d t h e e x t e n t ofthis was u s e d to e s t i m a t e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a t t a i n e d d u r i n g p r o c e s s i n g . T h e Sb12at%GA at first p r o d u c e s a n a m o r p h o u s ocide which recrystallised on further milling.
d'Hydro-Quebec,
1991, 1354-1360. X-ray d i f f r a c t i o n h a s b e e n u s e d to m e a s u r e s t r a i n s in Ni a n d Zr crystallites in powders w h i c h h a d been MA. In Zr t h e s t r a i n i n c r e a s e s u p t o t h e o n s e t of amorphization and then declines. Differential s c a n n i n g calorimetry (DSC) was used to assess t h e t h e r m a l stability of t h e p o w d e r s a f t e r MA~ A t 315°C h e a t induced a m o r p h i z a t i o n occurred a n d at
F O R M A T I O N O F METASTABLE P H A S E IN BALL MILLED C O P P E R - T U N G S T E N POWDERS E.Gaffet et al. (CNRS, France.) Materials Vol A134, 1991, 1380-1384. The use of a wide range of physical t e c h n i q u e s to study t h e mechanical alloying ( M A ) o f C u - W p o w d e r m i x t u r e s is described. Cu a n d W are immiscible in t h e
Science and Engineering A,