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Abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC containing granite waste
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC containing granite waste Abhishek Jain a,⇑, Rakesh Choudhary a, Rajesh Gupta a, Sandeep Chaudhary b a b
Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India Discipline of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 18 August 2019 Received in revised form 26 November 2019 Accepted 30 November 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Self-compacting concrete River sand Granite waste Abrasion resistance Sorptivity
a b s t r a c t This paper investigates the influence of granite waste (GW) on the abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC as a replacement of fine aggregate (or river sand). GW was incorporated to replace fine aggregate in the amount of 0–100% with an increment of 20%. Total of six SCC mixtures was designed by maintaining a constant powder content of 545 kg/m3 and water to powder ratio of 0.37. Slump flow, T500 time, V-funnel time, J-ring, and L-box tests were performed in the fresh state, while compressive strength, abrasion resistance and sorptivity tests were performed in the hardened state. Satisfactory workability properties of SCC mixtures were found on the incorporation of GW up to 80%, confirming to EFNARC standard. The compressive strength and abrasion resistance properties of SCC mixtures increased on the incorporation of up to 40% of GW and up to 60% of GW respectively. Also, better endurance capacity to the ingress of water was witnessed on the incorporation of up to 40% of GW. It was thus concluded that GW (up to 40%) could be prominently used in the production of SCC without compromising its hardened characteristics. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials and Manufacturing 2019.
1. Introduction Concrete is one of the primary material used in the construction sector and comprises mainly binder, aggregate, water, and admixture. In recent decades, the use of self-compacting concrete (SCC), one of the forms of concrete, has been increased in the construction industry because of its self-flowing nature without the need of vibration power. SCC technology can be termed as ‘‘smart concreting construction” which demands less energy, low operatives, and support in faster casting with lower maintenance. The economy, productivity, and effectiveness of construction have intensified by this technology [1]. However, the cost of SCC is comparatively higher than the conventional vibrated concrete due to the extensive requirement of paste, chemical admixture, and fine aggregate (sand) for the making of SCC. The excessive use of fine aggregate and paste also depleting the natural resources as well as affecting the ecosystem. Normally, aggregate takes up more than 70% amount out of all main constituents of the concrete matrix. In recent years, the requirement of aggregate has also been ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Jain).
increased in many countries because of the rapid construction. Therefore, the construction sector needs alternate materials for the saving of natural aggregates. On another side, considerable waste materials have also been producing because of both economic and industrial development. This untreated waste is disposed into an environment which causes serious health problems and also imbalanced ecosystem by contaminating the water, air, and land [2–4]. Granite waste (GW) is one of the types of solid waste of stone industries. It is produced during the polishing/sawing of granite stone. Many researchers have found the potential of this waste in the development of concrete. Vijayalakshmi et al. [5] studied the effect of GW as a partial replacement of river sand on the mechanical and durability properties of normally vibrated concrete (NVC) and reported that up to 15% GW can be used in NVC without compromising mechanical and durability properties. Ghannam et al. [6] studied the effect of GW as a partial replacement of river sand on the mechanical properties of NVC and found the positive effect of GW on the mechanical properties of NVC. Cordeiro et al. [7] studied the effect of GW as a volumetric replacement of river sand on the rheology and mechanical properties of NVC. They reported that though the use of GW negatively affected the rheology properties
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.318 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials and Manufacturing 2019.
Please cite this article as: A. Jain, R. Choudhary, R. Gupta et al., Abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC containing granite waste, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.318
2
A. Jain et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
of concrete mixes, the increase in superplasticizer (SP) dosages minimized the negative effect of GW on rheology properties. They also observed better mechanical properties of developed granite modified concrete. Mashaly et al. [8] evaluated physical, mechanical and durability properties of mortar and concrete by utilizing GW as a cement replacement. They reported that granite modified mortar and concrete mixes showed better durability properties up to the 20% GW content without compromising physical and mechanical properties. Several other researchers [9,10] also stated that GW could be prominently used in mortar and NVC as a replacement of either cement or river sand. Few of the researchers utilized GW in SCC as an additive or replacement of cement [11– 13]. Both Elyamany et al. [11] and Sadek et al. [13] studied mechanical and durability properties of SCC utilizing GW as a mineral additive and also compared the performance of GW with other industrial waste fillers. Karmegam et al. [12] studied fresh and mechanical properties of SCC containing GW as a cement replacement. They reported that utilization of GW reduced the workability properties, though mechanical properties enhanced on the replacement of up to 10% of cement by GW. Though there have been a number of investigational efforts concerning the potential of this waste as a natural aggregate in ordinary concrete, less work has been published concerning the use of this waste in SCC. This work has thus been carried out to study the effect of GW as an alternative to fine aggregate (or river sand) on the compressive strength, abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC. The development of SCC using waste material helps to protect the environment as well as provides more alternatives to natural resources. The use of GW will also benefit the construction industry by generating economical SCC.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Materials Ordinary Portland cement (43 grade), fine aggregate (river sand of maximum size 4.75 mm), coarse aggregate (maximum size 10 mm) and GW (maximum size 4.75 mm) were used for preparing all the SCC mixtures in this study. Details of all the materials are presented in Table 1. Microscopic images of fine aggregate and GW are shown in Fig. 1(a) and (b) respectively, which indicate that GW particles are rough and angular in nature. Sieve analysis of aggregates and GW are presented in Fig. 2, which indicates that GW particles are finer than the natural fine aggregate. The high
range water reducer based superplasticizer was used for attaining the slump flow in the range of 700 ± 30 mm. 2.2. Mixture and testing details Details of all SCC mixtures are presented in Table 2. Different workability tests such as slump flow, T500 time, V-funnel, J-ring, and L-box, in the fresh state of concrete mix, were performed for all the SCC mixtures as per the guidelines given in EFNARC standards [14]. Compressive strength and abrasion resistance test were performed, in the hardened state of concrete mix, on 100 mm size cubic samples as per the guidelines of IS 516 [15] and IS 1237 [16] respectively. Also, to evaluate the durability properties of hardened concrete, the sorptivity test was performed as per the guidelines of ASTM C 1585 [17]. This test measures the penetration of water through the action of capillary rise. The penetration of water was evaluated at different time intervals (up to 3 days) and results were reported in terms of sorptivity coefficient (mm/sec0.5). 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Fresh state properties The results of all fresh properties of granite modified SCC mixtures are presented in Table 3. Slump flow diameter was maintained in the range of 700 ± 30 mm by varying the SP dosages. T500 and V-funnel times indicate the filling ability and viscosity of the concrete matrix. For 20% GW content (i.e. GW20 mixture), both parameters were lower than GW0 mixture, which indicated the better filling ability of GW20 mixture. Whereas, for beyond 20% GW content, the values of T500 and V-funnel time increased with the increasing of GW content and were also higher than the GW0 mixture. This higher T500 and V-funnel time indicated that filling ability reduced with the increasing of GW content beyond 20% might be due to the higher water absorption characteristics of GW. The rough and angular morphology of GW particles might also be the reason for the reduction of filling ability. J-ring step height and L-box height ratio indicate the passing ability of the concrete matrix. For the satisfactory passing ability of a concrete mixture, the J-ring step height values should be less than 10 mm and L-box height ratio values should be higher than 0.80. In this study, all the developed granite modified concrete mixture (except GW100 mixture) satisfied passing ability criteria.
Table 1 Physical properties and elemental composition of raw materials. Physical properties
Cement
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
Granite waste
Consistency (%) Initial setting time (minute) Final setting time (minute) Specific gravity Water absorption (%) Fineness modulus Compressive strength (MPa) 7 days 28 days Elemental composition (%) Oxygen Silicon Aluminium Sodium Carbon Potassium Iron Magnesium Calcium
27 120 241 3.16 – –
– – – 2.64 1 2.50
– – – 2.71 0.40 5.99
– – – 2.57 4.49 1.40
34.5 45.8
– –
– –
– –
41.91 19.07 1.88 0.12 – 0.23 1.23 0.58 34.93
44.21 31.87 13.24 0.79 5.61 4.28 – – –
– – – – – – – – –
51.53 24.34 11.27 3.93 2.27 1.23 2.99 0.91 0.53
Please cite this article as: A. Jain, R. Choudhary, R. Gupta et al., Abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC containing granite waste, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.318
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Fig. 1. Scanning electron microscopic images of (a) fine aggregate (b) granite waste.
Fig. 2. Results of sieve analysis of aggregate and granite waste.
Table 2 Details of SCC mix proportions (Kg/m3). Mixture ID
Cement
Fine aggregate
Granite waste
Coarse aggregate
Water
SP dosage (%)
GW0 (control mix) GW20 GW40 GW60 GW80 GW100
546.79 546.79 546.79 546.79 546.79 546.79
845.26 676.21 507.16 338.10 169.05 0
0 169.05 338.10 507.16 676.21 845.26
796.54 796.54 796.54 796.54 796.54 796.54
202.31 202.31 202.31 202.31 202.31 202.31
1.35 1.15 1.35 1.80 2.2 2.7
Table 3 Results of fresh properties. Mixture ID
Slump flow (mm)
T500 time (Sec)
V-funnel time (sec)
J-ring step height (mm)
L-box height ratio
GW0 GW20 GW40 GW60 GW80 GW100
700 705 695 715 670 680
3.97 3.15 4.02 5.19 7.45 8.01
7.87 6.15 7.92 11.50 16.88 21.01
2.5 2 3 5.5 9 11.5
0.94 0.95 0.91 0.89 0.85 0.79
Please cite this article as: A. Jain, R. Choudhary, R. Gupta et al., Abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC containing granite waste, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.318
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A. Jain et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
The poor gradation of particles as well as the higher specific surface area of GW might be the reason behind the lower passing ability of GW100 mixture. Overall, satisfactory workability properties (i.e. filling and passing ability) of SCC mixtures were found on the incorporation of GW up to 80%, confirming to EFNARC standard. 3.2. Hardened state properties 3.2.1. Compressive strength The results of 7 days and 28 days compressive strength are shown in Fig. 3. It can be viewed from the figure that at both curing duration, the higher compressive strength was found on the partial replacement of river sand with 20% GW. Thereafter, systematic decrement of compressive strength was found for the higher replacement of river sand with GW. The lower compressive strength for higher GW content might be due to the poor gradation of particles. The increasing of GW content enhanced the requirement of binder content to bind all the aggregate phase because GW had a higher specific surface area than river sand and also binder content was kept uniform for all the mixes. The shortage of cement paste thus may also be the reason for the reduction of compressive strength. Furthermore, at both curing duration, the higher or comparable compressive strength was found on the partial replacement of up to 40% of river sand with GW. This higher compressive strength might be due to the filler effect of GW particles. The rough and angular morphology of GW particles as compared to the river sand particles might have effectively made bonding with cement paste and hence sustained the higher loading. This improved bonding of GW particle with cement paste may also be the reason for this higher strength. Moreover, the highest compressive strength was found for GW20 mixture might be due to the optimum packing of binder and aggregate. The lowest permeation characteristics (i.e. sorptivity characteristics in section 3.2.3) of GW20 mixture also confirms the better packing of binder and aggregate for GW20 mixture. However, the results of compressive strength indicated that the filler effect and superior bonding were effective up to the 40% GW content. Thereafter, opposing effect of GW on compressive strength was found for higher percentage level of GW. Similar outcomes were also observed by earlier researchers on the incorporation of GW in vibrated concrete [5,6]. 3.2.2. Abrasion resistance The results of abrasion resistance in terms of depth of wear are shown in Fig. 4. It can be viewed from the figure that the depth of wear decreased on the rise of the partial replacement of up to 40%
Fig. 3. Compressive strength of granite modified SCC.
Fig. 4. Abrasion resistance of granite modified SCC.
of river sand with GW, indicated the improvement of abrasion resistance. Thereafter, the systematic rise of the depth of wear was found for the higher replacement of river sand with GW. The lower resistance to abrasion for higher GW content might be due to the development of porous microstructure associated to the poor gradation of particles. The lower compressive strength for the higher replacement level of GW may also be a reason for lower abrasion resistance. However, SCC mixture containing up to 60% GW content showed higher abrasion resistance than the control mixture. The angular and rough morphology of GW particles might have effectively made bonding with cement paste resulting in lower separation of particles and hence improved abrasion resistance. Moreover, the improved surface characteristics of concrete might have provided the better abrasion resistance at higher percentage of GW content. The correlation between abrasion resistance (depth of wear) and compressive strength is presented in Fig. 5, which indicated that abrasion resistance strongly correlated with compressive strength (R2 = 0.81). Nevertheless, it can also be observed that the lowest depth of wear (or highest abrasion resistance) was found for GW40 mixture, whereas the highest compressive strength for GW20 mixture. The findings indicated that the abrasion resistance of concrete mixture highly depends on surface characteristics of the developed concrete mixture. The better abrasion resistance of granite modified vibrated concrete was also reported by earlier researchers [18,19]. 3.2.3. Sorptivity The results of sorptivity in terms of the sorptivity coefficient are shown in Fig. 6. Smaller sorptivity coefficient values result in better resistance to ingress of water. It can be viewed from the figure that
Fig. 5. Correlation between compressive strength and abrasion resistance (i.e. depth of wear).
Please cite this article as: A. Jain, R. Choudhary, R. Gupta et al., Abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC containing granite waste, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.318
A. Jain et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
5
Gupta: Supervision, Writing - review & editing. Sandeep Chaudhary: Supervision, Writing - review & editing. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the MRC, MNIT, Jaipur for providing the necessary support for material characterization. Fig. 6. Sorptivity coefficient of granite modified SCC.
the reduction in the sorptivity coefficient was found on the partial replacement of river sand with 20% GW. Thereafter, the systematic increment of the sorptivity coefficient was found for the higher replacement of river sand with GW, indicated the higher ingress of water. However, values of the sorptivity coefficient were found to be lower, for the replacement of up to 40% of river sand with GW, than GW0 mixture. The lower sorptivity coefficient values indicated the better endurance capacity of granite modified concrete mixture against the ingress of water. The rough morphology and greater specific surface area of GW particles than the river sand might have densified the microstructure of granite modified concrete mixture and ultimately led to the improved resistance against ingress of water. However, the lower resistance to ingress of water for higher GW content (GW greater than 40%) might be resulting from the poor gradation of particles [20]. A similar observation was reported by Mashaly et al. [8] for granite modified vibrated concrete. Sharma and Khan [21] studied the sorptivity characteristics of copper slag modified SCC concrete and observed that resistance to ingress of water reduced after the certain replacement level of copper slag with river sand. Furthermore, better resistance to ingress of water, up to 40% GW content, also supports the higher compressive strength (in the present case) for granite modified concrete mixture. 4. Conclusion Following conclusions can be given based on the outcomes: The replacement of up to 80% of river sand with GW can be satisfactorily used in SCC, confirming to EFNARC standard. The higher or comparable compressive strength was obtained on up to the replacement of 40% of river sand with GW as compared to the control mixture. The improvement in resistance to abrasion of SCC was found on up to the replacement of 60% of river sand with GW. The better endurance capacity to the ingress of water was witnessed on the incorporation of up to 40% of GW. GW (up to 40%) can be prominently used in the production of cost-effective SCC without compromising its compressive strength, abrasion resistance, and sorptivity characteristics. CRediT authorship contribution statement
References [1] R.B. Ardalan, A. Joshaghani, R.D. Hooton, Workability retention and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete incorporating pumice powder and silica fume, Constr. Build. Mater. 134 (2017) 116–122. [2] T. Gupta, S. Chaudhary, R.K. Sharma, Mechanical and durability properties of waste rubber fiber concrete with and without silica fume, J. Cleaner Prod. 112 (2016) 702–711. [3] S. Siddique, S. Shrivastava, S. Chaudhary, Durability properties of bone china ceramic fine aggregate concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 173 (2018) 323–331. [4] S. Siddique, S. Shrivastava, S. Chaudhary, T. Gupta, Strength and impact resistance properties of concrete containing fine bone china ceramic aggregate, Constr. Build. Mater. 169 (2018) 289–298. [5] M. Vijayalakshmi, A.S.S. Sekar, G. Ganesh prabhu, Strength and durability properties of concrete made with granite industry waste, Constr. Build. Mater. 46 (2013) 1–7. [6] S. Ghannam, H. Najm, R. Vasconez, Experimental study of concrete made with granite and iron powders as partial replacement of sand, Sustain. Mater. Technol. 9 (2016) 1–9. [7] G.C. Cordeiro, L.M.S.C. de Alvarenga, C.A.A. Rocha, Rheological and mechanical properties of concrete containing crushed granite fine aggregate, Constr. Build. Mater. 111 (2016) 766–773. [8] A.O. Mashaly, B.N. Shalaby, M.A. Rashwan, Performance of mortar and concrete incorporating granite sludge as cement replacement, Constr. Build. Mater. 169 (2018) 800–818. [9] A.E.M. Abd Elmoaty, Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of concrete modified with granite dust, Constr. Build. Mater. 47 (2013) 743–752. [10] I. Mármol, P. Ballester, S. Cerro, G. Monrós, J. Morales, L. Sánchez, Use of granite sludge wastes for the production of coloured cement-based mortars, Cem. Concr. Compos. 32 (8) (2010) 617–622. [11] H.E. Elyamany, A.E.M. Abd Elmoaty, B. Mohamed, Effect of filler types on physical, mechanical and microstructure of self compacting concrete and Flow-able concrete, Alexandria Eng. J. 53 (2) (2014) 295–307. [12] A. Karmegam, A. Kalidass, D. Ulaganathan, Utilization of granite sawing waste in self compacting concrete, Gradevinar 66 (11) (2014) 997–1006. [13] D.M. Sadek, M.M. El-Attar, H.A. Ali, Reusing of marble and granite powders in self-compacting concrete for sustainable development, J. Cleaner Prod. 121 (2016) 19–32. [14] S. EFNARC, Guidelines for self-compacting concrete. Association House, London, UK, 2002, vol. 32, p. 34. [15] BIS:516, Methods of tests for strength of concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India (1959). [16] BIS:1237, Specification for cement concrete flooring tiles, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India (2012). [17] ASTM:C1585, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2013). [18] S. Singh, R. Nagar, V. Agrawal, Feasibility as a potential substitute for natural sand: a comparative study between granite cutting waste and marble slurry, Procedia Environ. Sci. 35 (2016) 571–582. [19] S. Singh, R. Nagar, V. Agrawal, A. Rana, A. Tiwari, Sustainable utilization of granite cutting waste in high strength concrete, J. Cleaner Prod. 116 (2016) 223–235. [20] A. Jain, R. Gupta, S. Chaudhary, Performance of self-compacting concrete comprising granite cutting waste as fine aggregate, Constr. Build. Mater. 221 (2019) 539–552. [21] R. Sharma, R.A. Khan, Durability assessment of self compacting concrete incorporating copper slag as fine aggregates, Constr. Build. Mater. 155 (2017) 617–629.
Abhishek Jain: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Visualization. Rakesh Choudhary: Investigation. Rajesh
Please cite this article as: A. Jain, R. Choudhary, R. Gupta et al., Abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC containing granite waste, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.318
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC containing granite waste Abhishek Jain a,⇑, Rakesh Choudhary a, Rajesh Gupta a, Sandeep Chaudhary b a b
Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India Discipline of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 18 August 2019 Received in revised form 26 November 2019 Accepted 30 November 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Self-compacting concrete River sand Granite waste Abrasion resistance Sorptivity
a b s t r a c t This paper investigates the influence of granite waste (GW) on the abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC as a replacement of fine aggregate (or river sand). GW was incorporated to replace fine aggregate in the amount of 0–100% with an increment of 20%. Total of six SCC mixtures was designed by maintaining a constant powder content of 545 kg/m3 and water to powder ratio of 0.37. Slump flow, T500 time, V-funnel time, J-ring, and L-box tests were performed in the fresh state, while compressive strength, abrasion resistance and sorptivity tests were performed in the hardened state. Satisfactory workability properties of SCC mixtures were found on the incorporation of GW up to 80%, confirming to EFNARC standard. The compressive strength and abrasion resistance properties of SCC mixtures increased on the incorporation of up to 40% of GW and up to 60% of GW respectively. Also, better endurance capacity to the ingress of water was witnessed on the incorporation of up to 40% of GW. It was thus concluded that GW (up to 40%) could be prominently used in the production of SCC without compromising its hardened characteristics. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials and Manufacturing 2019.
1. Introduction Concrete is one of the primary material used in the construction sector and comprises mainly binder, aggregate, water, and admixture. In recent decades, the use of self-compacting concrete (SCC), one of the forms of concrete, has been increased in the construction industry because of its self-flowing nature without the need of vibration power. SCC technology can be termed as ‘‘smart concreting construction” which demands less energy, low operatives, and support in faster casting with lower maintenance. The economy, productivity, and effectiveness of construction have intensified by this technology [1]. However, the cost of SCC is comparatively higher than the conventional vibrated concrete due to the extensive requirement of paste, chemical admixture, and fine aggregate (sand) for the making of SCC. The excessive use of fine aggregate and paste also depleting the natural resources as well as affecting the ecosystem. Normally, aggregate takes up more than 70% amount out of all main constituents of the concrete matrix. In recent years, the requirement of aggregate has also been ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Jain).
increased in many countries because of the rapid construction. Therefore, the construction sector needs alternate materials for the saving of natural aggregates. On another side, considerable waste materials have also been producing because of both economic and industrial development. This untreated waste is disposed into an environment which causes serious health problems and also imbalanced ecosystem by contaminating the water, air, and land [2–4]. Granite waste (GW) is one of the types of solid waste of stone industries. It is produced during the polishing/sawing of granite stone. Many researchers have found the potential of this waste in the development of concrete. Vijayalakshmi et al. [5] studied the effect of GW as a partial replacement of river sand on the mechanical and durability properties of normally vibrated concrete (NVC) and reported that up to 15% GW can be used in NVC without compromising mechanical and durability properties. Ghannam et al. [6] studied the effect of GW as a partial replacement of river sand on the mechanical properties of NVC and found the positive effect of GW on the mechanical properties of NVC. Cordeiro et al. [7] studied the effect of GW as a volumetric replacement of river sand on the rheology and mechanical properties of NVC. They reported that though the use of GW negatively affected the rheology properties
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.318 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials and Manufacturing 2019.
Please cite this article as: A. Jain, R. Choudhary, R. Gupta et al., Abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC containing granite waste, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.318
2
A. Jain et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
of concrete mixes, the increase in superplasticizer (SP) dosages minimized the negative effect of GW on rheology properties. They also observed better mechanical properties of developed granite modified concrete. Mashaly et al. [8] evaluated physical, mechanical and durability properties of mortar and concrete by utilizing GW as a cement replacement. They reported that granite modified mortar and concrete mixes showed better durability properties up to the 20% GW content without compromising physical and mechanical properties. Several other researchers [9,10] also stated that GW could be prominently used in mortar and NVC as a replacement of either cement or river sand. Few of the researchers utilized GW in SCC as an additive or replacement of cement [11– 13]. Both Elyamany et al. [11] and Sadek et al. [13] studied mechanical and durability properties of SCC utilizing GW as a mineral additive and also compared the performance of GW with other industrial waste fillers. Karmegam et al. [12] studied fresh and mechanical properties of SCC containing GW as a cement replacement. They reported that utilization of GW reduced the workability properties, though mechanical properties enhanced on the replacement of up to 10% of cement by GW. Though there have been a number of investigational efforts concerning the potential of this waste as a natural aggregate in ordinary concrete, less work has been published concerning the use of this waste in SCC. This work has thus been carried out to study the effect of GW as an alternative to fine aggregate (or river sand) on the compressive strength, abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC. The development of SCC using waste material helps to protect the environment as well as provides more alternatives to natural resources. The use of GW will also benefit the construction industry by generating economical SCC.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Materials Ordinary Portland cement (43 grade), fine aggregate (river sand of maximum size 4.75 mm), coarse aggregate (maximum size 10 mm) and GW (maximum size 4.75 mm) were used for preparing all the SCC mixtures in this study. Details of all the materials are presented in Table 1. Microscopic images of fine aggregate and GW are shown in Fig. 1(a) and (b) respectively, which indicate that GW particles are rough and angular in nature. Sieve analysis of aggregates and GW are presented in Fig. 2, which indicates that GW particles are finer than the natural fine aggregate. The high
range water reducer based superplasticizer was used for attaining the slump flow in the range of 700 ± 30 mm. 2.2. Mixture and testing details Details of all SCC mixtures are presented in Table 2. Different workability tests such as slump flow, T500 time, V-funnel, J-ring, and L-box, in the fresh state of concrete mix, were performed for all the SCC mixtures as per the guidelines given in EFNARC standards [14]. Compressive strength and abrasion resistance test were performed, in the hardened state of concrete mix, on 100 mm size cubic samples as per the guidelines of IS 516 [15] and IS 1237 [16] respectively. Also, to evaluate the durability properties of hardened concrete, the sorptivity test was performed as per the guidelines of ASTM C 1585 [17]. This test measures the penetration of water through the action of capillary rise. The penetration of water was evaluated at different time intervals (up to 3 days) and results were reported in terms of sorptivity coefficient (mm/sec0.5). 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Fresh state properties The results of all fresh properties of granite modified SCC mixtures are presented in Table 3. Slump flow diameter was maintained in the range of 700 ± 30 mm by varying the SP dosages. T500 and V-funnel times indicate the filling ability and viscosity of the concrete matrix. For 20% GW content (i.e. GW20 mixture), both parameters were lower than GW0 mixture, which indicated the better filling ability of GW20 mixture. Whereas, for beyond 20% GW content, the values of T500 and V-funnel time increased with the increasing of GW content and were also higher than the GW0 mixture. This higher T500 and V-funnel time indicated that filling ability reduced with the increasing of GW content beyond 20% might be due to the higher water absorption characteristics of GW. The rough and angular morphology of GW particles might also be the reason for the reduction of filling ability. J-ring step height and L-box height ratio indicate the passing ability of the concrete matrix. For the satisfactory passing ability of a concrete mixture, the J-ring step height values should be less than 10 mm and L-box height ratio values should be higher than 0.80. In this study, all the developed granite modified concrete mixture (except GW100 mixture) satisfied passing ability criteria.
Table 1 Physical properties and elemental composition of raw materials. Physical properties
Cement
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
Granite waste
Consistency (%) Initial setting time (minute) Final setting time (minute) Specific gravity Water absorption (%) Fineness modulus Compressive strength (MPa) 7 days 28 days Elemental composition (%) Oxygen Silicon Aluminium Sodium Carbon Potassium Iron Magnesium Calcium
27 120 241 3.16 – –
– – – 2.64 1 2.50
– – – 2.71 0.40 5.99
– – – 2.57 4.49 1.40
34.5 45.8
– –
– –
– –
41.91 19.07 1.88 0.12 – 0.23 1.23 0.58 34.93
44.21 31.87 13.24 0.79 5.61 4.28 – – –
– – – – – – – – –
51.53 24.34 11.27 3.93 2.27 1.23 2.99 0.91 0.53
Please cite this article as: A. Jain, R. Choudhary, R. Gupta et al., Abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC containing granite waste, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.318
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Fig. 1. Scanning electron microscopic images of (a) fine aggregate (b) granite waste.
Fig. 2. Results of sieve analysis of aggregate and granite waste.
Table 2 Details of SCC mix proportions (Kg/m3). Mixture ID
Cement
Fine aggregate
Granite waste
Coarse aggregate
Water
SP dosage (%)
GW0 (control mix) GW20 GW40 GW60 GW80 GW100
546.79 546.79 546.79 546.79 546.79 546.79
845.26 676.21 507.16 338.10 169.05 0
0 169.05 338.10 507.16 676.21 845.26
796.54 796.54 796.54 796.54 796.54 796.54
202.31 202.31 202.31 202.31 202.31 202.31
1.35 1.15 1.35 1.80 2.2 2.7
Table 3 Results of fresh properties. Mixture ID
Slump flow (mm)
T500 time (Sec)
V-funnel time (sec)
J-ring step height (mm)
L-box height ratio
GW0 GW20 GW40 GW60 GW80 GW100
700 705 695 715 670 680
3.97 3.15 4.02 5.19 7.45 8.01
7.87 6.15 7.92 11.50 16.88 21.01
2.5 2 3 5.5 9 11.5
0.94 0.95 0.91 0.89 0.85 0.79
Please cite this article as: A. Jain, R. Choudhary, R. Gupta et al., Abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC containing granite waste, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.318
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The poor gradation of particles as well as the higher specific surface area of GW might be the reason behind the lower passing ability of GW100 mixture. Overall, satisfactory workability properties (i.e. filling and passing ability) of SCC mixtures were found on the incorporation of GW up to 80%, confirming to EFNARC standard. 3.2. Hardened state properties 3.2.1. Compressive strength The results of 7 days and 28 days compressive strength are shown in Fig. 3. It can be viewed from the figure that at both curing duration, the higher compressive strength was found on the partial replacement of river sand with 20% GW. Thereafter, systematic decrement of compressive strength was found for the higher replacement of river sand with GW. The lower compressive strength for higher GW content might be due to the poor gradation of particles. The increasing of GW content enhanced the requirement of binder content to bind all the aggregate phase because GW had a higher specific surface area than river sand and also binder content was kept uniform for all the mixes. The shortage of cement paste thus may also be the reason for the reduction of compressive strength. Furthermore, at both curing duration, the higher or comparable compressive strength was found on the partial replacement of up to 40% of river sand with GW. This higher compressive strength might be due to the filler effect of GW particles. The rough and angular morphology of GW particles as compared to the river sand particles might have effectively made bonding with cement paste and hence sustained the higher loading. This improved bonding of GW particle with cement paste may also be the reason for this higher strength. Moreover, the highest compressive strength was found for GW20 mixture might be due to the optimum packing of binder and aggregate. The lowest permeation characteristics (i.e. sorptivity characteristics in section 3.2.3) of GW20 mixture also confirms the better packing of binder and aggregate for GW20 mixture. However, the results of compressive strength indicated that the filler effect and superior bonding were effective up to the 40% GW content. Thereafter, opposing effect of GW on compressive strength was found for higher percentage level of GW. Similar outcomes were also observed by earlier researchers on the incorporation of GW in vibrated concrete [5,6]. 3.2.2. Abrasion resistance The results of abrasion resistance in terms of depth of wear are shown in Fig. 4. It can be viewed from the figure that the depth of wear decreased on the rise of the partial replacement of up to 40%
Fig. 3. Compressive strength of granite modified SCC.
Fig. 4. Abrasion resistance of granite modified SCC.
of river sand with GW, indicated the improvement of abrasion resistance. Thereafter, the systematic rise of the depth of wear was found for the higher replacement of river sand with GW. The lower resistance to abrasion for higher GW content might be due to the development of porous microstructure associated to the poor gradation of particles. The lower compressive strength for the higher replacement level of GW may also be a reason for lower abrasion resistance. However, SCC mixture containing up to 60% GW content showed higher abrasion resistance than the control mixture. The angular and rough morphology of GW particles might have effectively made bonding with cement paste resulting in lower separation of particles and hence improved abrasion resistance. Moreover, the improved surface characteristics of concrete might have provided the better abrasion resistance at higher percentage of GW content. The correlation between abrasion resistance (depth of wear) and compressive strength is presented in Fig. 5, which indicated that abrasion resistance strongly correlated with compressive strength (R2 = 0.81). Nevertheless, it can also be observed that the lowest depth of wear (or highest abrasion resistance) was found for GW40 mixture, whereas the highest compressive strength for GW20 mixture. The findings indicated that the abrasion resistance of concrete mixture highly depends on surface characteristics of the developed concrete mixture. The better abrasion resistance of granite modified vibrated concrete was also reported by earlier researchers [18,19]. 3.2.3. Sorptivity The results of sorptivity in terms of the sorptivity coefficient are shown in Fig. 6. Smaller sorptivity coefficient values result in better resistance to ingress of water. It can be viewed from the figure that
Fig. 5. Correlation between compressive strength and abrasion resistance (i.e. depth of wear).
Please cite this article as: A. Jain, R. Choudhary, R. Gupta et al., Abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC containing granite waste, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.318
A. Jain et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Gupta: Supervision, Writing - review & editing. Sandeep Chaudhary: Supervision, Writing - review & editing. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the MRC, MNIT, Jaipur for providing the necessary support for material characterization. Fig. 6. Sorptivity coefficient of granite modified SCC.
the reduction in the sorptivity coefficient was found on the partial replacement of river sand with 20% GW. Thereafter, the systematic increment of the sorptivity coefficient was found for the higher replacement of river sand with GW, indicated the higher ingress of water. However, values of the sorptivity coefficient were found to be lower, for the replacement of up to 40% of river sand with GW, than GW0 mixture. The lower sorptivity coefficient values indicated the better endurance capacity of granite modified concrete mixture against the ingress of water. The rough morphology and greater specific surface area of GW particles than the river sand might have densified the microstructure of granite modified concrete mixture and ultimately led to the improved resistance against ingress of water. However, the lower resistance to ingress of water for higher GW content (GW greater than 40%) might be resulting from the poor gradation of particles [20]. A similar observation was reported by Mashaly et al. [8] for granite modified vibrated concrete. Sharma and Khan [21] studied the sorptivity characteristics of copper slag modified SCC concrete and observed that resistance to ingress of water reduced after the certain replacement level of copper slag with river sand. Furthermore, better resistance to ingress of water, up to 40% GW content, also supports the higher compressive strength (in the present case) for granite modified concrete mixture. 4. Conclusion Following conclusions can be given based on the outcomes: The replacement of up to 80% of river sand with GW can be satisfactorily used in SCC, confirming to EFNARC standard. The higher or comparable compressive strength was obtained on up to the replacement of 40% of river sand with GW as compared to the control mixture. The improvement in resistance to abrasion of SCC was found on up to the replacement of 60% of river sand with GW. The better endurance capacity to the ingress of water was witnessed on the incorporation of up to 40% of GW. GW (up to 40%) can be prominently used in the production of cost-effective SCC without compromising its compressive strength, abrasion resistance, and sorptivity characteristics. CRediT authorship contribution statement
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Abhishek Jain: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Visualization. Rakesh Choudhary: Investigation. Rajesh
Please cite this article as: A. Jain, R. Choudhary, R. Gupta et al., Abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC containing granite waste, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.318