- Email: [email protected]
Acoustic emission, domain walls and hysteresis in YIG
Investigations wcrc conducted into the effect ol the surlacc plastic deformation of specimens of 30 KhGSA and 30 KhGSN2A steel with a martcnsitic structure on the actual values of the parameters of the Barkhauscn effiecl. It is shown that the intensity and number ot surges ol the cmf of Barkhauscn noise carry different types o| in|ormation on the physical processes taking place in metals accompanying surface plastic defl~rmation. The results ol inspection of the magnitude of residual stresses formed during this deformation arc presented. 36930
American Stress" Technologies, Inc.
Barkhausen noise method for stress and defect detecting in hard steel U.S. P a t e n t No. 4,634,976 (6 Jan. 1987) A method for generating infl)rmation relative to the presence or absence of stress and defects in a piece of hard steel having at least one nonptanar surface. 36896
Finkel', V.M.; Klenov, E.N.; Klenova, G.D.
Magnetic phenomena at the front of an elastic wave Soviet J o u r n a l of N o n d e s t r u c t i v e Testing, Vol.22. No.7, pp. 461-465 (Mar. 1987) An experimental study was made of the varying electromagnetic fields that occur outside of and within ferromagnetic steel rods that have residual magnetization when elastic pulses produced by impact loading arc propagating in them. It was shown that the predominant mechanism for the excitation of such fields was the magnctoelastic. As a result of this magnetic charges, which arc the basic sources of the varying magnetic field outside of the rod, arc moved along with the elastic wavefront. For the reversible changes in the residual magnetization there has bccn constructed from the measuring results an instantaneous pattern of the lines of force for the magnetic field associated with an elastic pulse. 36891
Ranjan, R. ; Jiles, D.C. ; Buck, 0 . , Thompson, R.B.
Grain size measurement using magnetic and acoustic Barkhausen noise J o u r n a l of A p p l i e d Physics, Vol. 61, No. 8, pp. 3199-32(11 (15 A p r . 1987) Results on annealed nickel show that the total number of counts of both magnetic and acoustic Barkhauscn signals vary inversely with grain size. In dccarburized steels the total number of counts and the amplitude of both Barkhauscn signals increase in proportion to grain size. The paper addresses these results in context of grain size, grain-boundary segregation, and precipitate effect. 36890
Ranjan, R.; Buck, 0.; Thompson, R.B.
A study on the effect of dislocation on the magnetic properties of nickel using magnetic NDE methods J o u r n a l of A p p l i e d Physics, Vol. 61, No. 8, pp. 3196-3198 (15 A p r . 1987) Dislocations affect the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials by pinning the domain walls. The primary mechanism is interaction between the stress fields of dislocation and domain walls. Using magnetic nondestructive methods, namely the acoustic Barkhauscn noise (AB). magnetic Barkhauscn noise (MB), and the hysteresis curves, wc have studied these interactions. The three measurements give different types of information. AB provides in|ormation about non-180 deg type domain wall interaction, MB primarily provides information about 180 deg domain wall intcractiom and the hysteresis curve about both these interactions as wen as about rotation of domain walls. The paper presents results obtained on polycrystallinc nickel which was first detk)rmed and then annealed at different temperatures in order to achieve different dislocation dcnsifics. 367(15
Sokolik, A.I.
Effect of cyclic loading of steel specimens on the parameters of Barkhausen noise Soviet J o u r n a l of N o n d e s t r u c t i v e Testing, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 335-338 (Jan. 1987) Investigations were conducted into the effect of cyclic loading of specimens of 30KhGSN2A steel on the energy and emission parameters of Barkhauscn noise. The relationship between the kinetics of variation of the recorded parameters and the main periods of fatigue failure was determined. Recommendations are given for evaluating the dcgrcc of fatigue damage in steel specimens using the Barkhausen effect method.
N D T I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 93-99 ( A p r , 19871 This paper compares the contributions made in the field ~I stress measurement in mild steel by the Barkhauscn noise technique and the rotation of magnetization method. Tests arc performed on mold steel subjected to plastic bending. Measurements of the Barkhausen noise for magnetization ahmg the bar parallel and perpendicular to the stress arc made, and these arc compared with rotation rig measurements. "lhc author concludes lhat the Barkhauscn noise technique suffers from inherent limitations and lhat. in general, lhc rotation rig method is more usctul in determining stress 36695
()no, K.
Residual stress determination emission
using magnetomechanical
acoustic
A d v a n c e s in Surface T r e a t m e n t s , Vol. 3, pp. 113-124. E d i t e d by A. N i k u - L a r i , P e r g a m o n Press, 260pp. (1986) This article reviews a nondestructive testing (NDT) technique for residual stress measurements, using magnctomcchanical acoustic emission (MAE), It applies to ferromagnetic materials only, but has a greater depth of penetration than other common methods of residual stress analysis, such as X-ray diffraction and acoustic surface wave. Effects of metallurgical and magnetic parameters on MAE arc considered drawing from basic studies on nickel and iron as well as from applied research on rail and wheel steels. Some of the observed features of MAE can bc explained in terms of the domain theory. Practical applications require additional developmental efforts, but potential for useful residual stress analysis is well demonstrated. 36688
Guyot, M. ; Merceron, 1".: Cagan, V.
Acoustic emission, domain walls and hysteresis in YIG Physics L e t t e r s A, Vol. 12(}, pp. 64-68 (2 Feb. 1987) The acoustic emission (AE) is experimentally shown to vary along the hysteresis loop of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) samples with the creation and/or annihilation of domain walls. The AE and the Barkhauscn activities arc in anticorrclation. AE and hysteresis losses arc proportional, which could mean that AE is the fundamental step to convert magnetic energy into heat. 36679
Buttle, D.J.
Barkhausen materials
and magneto-acoustic
emission
from
ferromagnetic
O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y , P h . D . thesis, vp (1986) Barkhauscn emission (B.E.) and magneto-acoustic emission (M.A.E.) can be detected from specimens in a magnetic field varying at a few millihertz. Comparison of the two signals can indicate the nature of the domain walls responsible for the activity at any particular field. In order to characterize a specimen the strength of the emission around the hysteresis loop are measured together with the distribution of Barkhauscn event sizes. This technique has been used to measure the effects of microstructurc, radiation damage, and tensile stress. 36678
Atherton, D.L.; Sulfivan, S.
The remote-field through-wall electromagnetic inspection technique for pressure tubes M a t e r i a l s E v a l u a t i o n , Vol. 44, No. 14, pp. 1544-1550 (Dec. 1986) The remote-field eddy current technique uses a solenoidal transmitter coil with a small receive coil separated axially by a few pipe diameters. It is used hcrc for inspecting zirconium-2.5 percent niobium (Zr-25% Nb) nuclear reactor pressure tubes. Schmidt has proposed that the receive signal is generated primarily by energy diffusing through the pipe wall in the vicinity of the transmit coil. then propagating along the outside and diffusing back in near the receive coil. Anomalies in the pipe wall or in the cxtcrnal vicinity can therefore bc detected. Evidence supporting Schmidt's hypothesis is presented. Complex plane diagrams arc given. It is shown that liftoff has little effect on signal phase. Examples of signals from external anomalies arc presented. 36463
Namkung, M.; Utrata, D.: Allison, S.G.; Heyman, J.S.
Magnetoaeoustic stress measurements in steel
Some comparisons between the measurement of stress in mild steel by means of Barkhausen noise and rotation of magnetization
I E E E 1985 U l t r a s o n i c s S y m p o s i u m , San Francisco, C a l i f o r n i a ( U n i t e d States), 16-18 Oct. 1985, pp. 1022-1027. E d i t e d by B.R. M c A v o y . I E E E , P i s c a t a w a y , N e w J e r s e y (1985) Uniaxial stress effects on the low-field magnctoacoustic interaction have bccn studied using bulk comprcssional waves and Raylcigh surface waves in numcroussteel samples having various impurity concentrations.
Each entry in N D T A b s t r a c t s consists of the serial n u m b e r in the N a t i o n a l N D T C e n t r e I n f o r m a t i o n Store for identification p u r p o s e s ; the title of the paper, b o o k or report; the n a m e of the a u t h o r ; the n a m e of the source j o u r n a l or d o c u m e n t a n d the abstracts. W h e r e necessary, a u t h o r ' s n a m e s a n d the title of foreign j o u r n a l s have been transliterated into the Latin a l p h a b e t a c c o r d i n g to British S t a n d a r d BS 2979: 1958.
All entries are indexed in a c o m p u t e r i z e d retrieval system, located at Harwell, which allows rapid searching of i n f o r m a t i o n relevant to a n y p a r t i c u l a r inspection problem. This service is available to b o t h U K a n d overseas o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h r o u g h the N a t i o n a l N D T C e n t r e ' s Q u a l t i s Subscription Scheme - further details are a v a i l a b l e from Phil Lawrence on A b i n g d o n (0235) 433391.
367(}/)
Langman, R.
5) 1991 U n i t e d K i n g d o m A t o m i c Energy A u t h o r i t y
48
N DT International February 1991
American Stress" Technologies, Inc.
Barkhausen noise method for stress and defect detecting in hard steel U.S. P a t e n t No. 4,634,976 (6 Jan. 1987) A method for generating infl)rmation relative to the presence or absence of stress and defects in a piece of hard steel having at least one nonptanar surface. 36896
Finkel', V.M.; Klenov, E.N.; Klenova, G.D.
Magnetic phenomena at the front of an elastic wave Soviet J o u r n a l of N o n d e s t r u c t i v e Testing, Vol.22. No.7, pp. 461-465 (Mar. 1987) An experimental study was made of the varying electromagnetic fields that occur outside of and within ferromagnetic steel rods that have residual magnetization when elastic pulses produced by impact loading arc propagating in them. It was shown that the predominant mechanism for the excitation of such fields was the magnctoelastic. As a result of this magnetic charges, which arc the basic sources of the varying magnetic field outside of the rod, arc moved along with the elastic wavefront. For the reversible changes in the residual magnetization there has bccn constructed from the measuring results an instantaneous pattern of the lines of force for the magnetic field associated with an elastic pulse. 36891
Ranjan, R. ; Jiles, D.C. ; Buck, 0 . , Thompson, R.B.
Grain size measurement using magnetic and acoustic Barkhausen noise J o u r n a l of A p p l i e d Physics, Vol. 61, No. 8, pp. 3199-32(11 (15 A p r . 1987) Results on annealed nickel show that the total number of counts of both magnetic and acoustic Barkhauscn signals vary inversely with grain size. In dccarburized steels the total number of counts and the amplitude of both Barkhauscn signals increase in proportion to grain size. The paper addresses these results in context of grain size, grain-boundary segregation, and precipitate effect. 36890
Ranjan, R.; Buck, 0.; Thompson, R.B.
A study on the effect of dislocation on the magnetic properties of nickel using magnetic NDE methods J o u r n a l of A p p l i e d Physics, Vol. 61, No. 8, pp. 3196-3198 (15 A p r . 1987) Dislocations affect the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials by pinning the domain walls. The primary mechanism is interaction between the stress fields of dislocation and domain walls. Using magnetic nondestructive methods, namely the acoustic Barkhauscn noise (AB). magnetic Barkhauscn noise (MB), and the hysteresis curves, wc have studied these interactions. The three measurements give different types of information. AB provides in|ormation about non-180 deg type domain wall interaction, MB primarily provides information about 180 deg domain wall intcractiom and the hysteresis curve about both these interactions as wen as about rotation of domain walls. The paper presents results obtained on polycrystallinc nickel which was first detk)rmed and then annealed at different temperatures in order to achieve different dislocation dcnsifics. 367(15
Sokolik, A.I.
Effect of cyclic loading of steel specimens on the parameters of Barkhausen noise Soviet J o u r n a l of N o n d e s t r u c t i v e Testing, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 335-338 (Jan. 1987) Investigations were conducted into the effect of cyclic loading of specimens of 30KhGSN2A steel on the energy and emission parameters of Barkhauscn noise. The relationship between the kinetics of variation of the recorded parameters and the main periods of fatigue failure was determined. Recommendations are given for evaluating the dcgrcc of fatigue damage in steel specimens using the Barkhausen effect method.
N D T I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 93-99 ( A p r , 19871 This paper compares the contributions made in the field ~I stress measurement in mild steel by the Barkhauscn noise technique and the rotation of magnetization method. Tests arc performed on mold steel subjected to plastic bending. Measurements of the Barkhausen noise for magnetization ahmg the bar parallel and perpendicular to the stress arc made, and these arc compared with rotation rig measurements. "lhc author concludes lhat the Barkhauscn noise technique suffers from inherent limitations and lhat. in general, lhc rotation rig method is more usctul in determining stress 36695
()no, K.
Residual stress determination emission
using magnetomechanical
acoustic
A d v a n c e s in Surface T r e a t m e n t s , Vol. 3, pp. 113-124. E d i t e d by A. N i k u - L a r i , P e r g a m o n Press, 260pp. (1986) This article reviews a nondestructive testing (NDT) technique for residual stress measurements, using magnctomcchanical acoustic emission (MAE), It applies to ferromagnetic materials only, but has a greater depth of penetration than other common methods of residual stress analysis, such as X-ray diffraction and acoustic surface wave. Effects of metallurgical and magnetic parameters on MAE arc considered drawing from basic studies on nickel and iron as well as from applied research on rail and wheel steels. Some of the observed features of MAE can bc explained in terms of the domain theory. Practical applications require additional developmental efforts, but potential for useful residual stress analysis is well demonstrated. 36688
Guyot, M. ; Merceron, 1".: Cagan, V.
Acoustic emission, domain walls and hysteresis in YIG Physics L e t t e r s A, Vol. 12(}, pp. 64-68 (2 Feb. 1987) The acoustic emission (AE) is experimentally shown to vary along the hysteresis loop of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) samples with the creation and/or annihilation of domain walls. The AE and the Barkhauscn activities arc in anticorrclation. AE and hysteresis losses arc proportional, which could mean that AE is the fundamental step to convert magnetic energy into heat. 36679
Buttle, D.J.
Barkhausen materials
and magneto-acoustic
emission
from
ferromagnetic
O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y , P h . D . thesis, vp (1986) Barkhauscn emission (B.E.) and magneto-acoustic emission (M.A.E.) can be detected from specimens in a magnetic field varying at a few millihertz. Comparison of the two signals can indicate the nature of the domain walls responsible for the activity at any particular field. In order to characterize a specimen the strength of the emission around the hysteresis loop are measured together with the distribution of Barkhauscn event sizes. This technique has been used to measure the effects of microstructurc, radiation damage, and tensile stress. 36678
Atherton, D.L.; Sulfivan, S.
The remote-field through-wall electromagnetic inspection technique for pressure tubes M a t e r i a l s E v a l u a t i o n , Vol. 44, No. 14, pp. 1544-1550 (Dec. 1986) The remote-field eddy current technique uses a solenoidal transmitter coil with a small receive coil separated axially by a few pipe diameters. It is used hcrc for inspecting zirconium-2.5 percent niobium (Zr-25% Nb) nuclear reactor pressure tubes. Schmidt has proposed that the receive signal is generated primarily by energy diffusing through the pipe wall in the vicinity of the transmit coil. then propagating along the outside and diffusing back in near the receive coil. Anomalies in the pipe wall or in the cxtcrnal vicinity can therefore bc detected. Evidence supporting Schmidt's hypothesis is presented. Complex plane diagrams arc given. It is shown that liftoff has little effect on signal phase. Examples of signals from external anomalies arc presented. 36463
Namkung, M.; Utrata, D.: Allison, S.G.; Heyman, J.S.
Magnetoaeoustic stress measurements in steel
Some comparisons between the measurement of stress in mild steel by means of Barkhausen noise and rotation of magnetization
I E E E 1985 U l t r a s o n i c s S y m p o s i u m , San Francisco, C a l i f o r n i a ( U n i t e d States), 16-18 Oct. 1985, pp. 1022-1027. E d i t e d by B.R. M c A v o y . I E E E , P i s c a t a w a y , N e w J e r s e y (1985) Uniaxial stress effects on the low-field magnctoacoustic interaction have bccn studied using bulk comprcssional waves and Raylcigh surface waves in numcroussteel samples having various impurity concentrations.
Each entry in N D T A b s t r a c t s consists of the serial n u m b e r in the N a t i o n a l N D T C e n t r e I n f o r m a t i o n Store for identification p u r p o s e s ; the title of the paper, b o o k or report; the n a m e of the a u t h o r ; the n a m e of the source j o u r n a l or d o c u m e n t a n d the abstracts. W h e r e necessary, a u t h o r ' s n a m e s a n d the title of foreign j o u r n a l s have been transliterated into the Latin a l p h a b e t a c c o r d i n g to British S t a n d a r d BS 2979: 1958.
All entries are indexed in a c o m p u t e r i z e d retrieval system, located at Harwell, which allows rapid searching of i n f o r m a t i o n relevant to a n y p a r t i c u l a r inspection problem. This service is available to b o t h U K a n d overseas o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h r o u g h the N a t i o n a l N D T C e n t r e ' s Q u a l t i s Subscription Scheme - further details are a v a i l a b l e from Phil Lawrence on A b i n g d o n (0235) 433391.
367(}/)
Langman, R.
5) 1991 U n i t e d K i n g d o m A t o m i c Energy A u t h o r i t y
48
N DT International February 1991