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Adult siblings: Self-evaluations and siblings' evaluations
466
Abstracts
Individual differences in sequence learning correlate with polymorphisms in dopaminergic genes I. Baetu, J. Pitcher, K. Urry, N. Burns
Revised Intercultural Sensitivity Scales: Psychometric evidence and personality links A. Balakrishnan, D.H. Saklofske
We investigated the relationship between individual differences in sequence learning and polymorphisms in the dopamine receptor D1 and D2 genes (rs686 and rs1800497). Participants (N = 161) learned to predict the order in which four squares changed colour. Occasionally, they experienced random blocks during which the location of the next colour-changing square was unpredictable. Random blocks disrupted performance (predictive accuracy was lower on subsequent sequence blocks). We found faster sequence acquisition in the DRD1 A/A genotype group, with presumably higher D1 receptor density. The DRD2 C/C group (with presumably higher D2 receptor density) exhibited faster recovery of performance following random blocks. We modeled these individual differences with a new associative model that uses different learning rate parameters to increase vs. decrease the strength of connections. We estimated the parameters that yielded the best model fit for each participant. The estimated positive learning rates were higher in the DRD1 A/A group. The model thus simulates faster sequence acquisition in this group by strengthening connections more quickly. In contrast, the negative learning rates were higher in the DRD2 C/C group. The model simulates faster performance recovery after random blocks in this group via higher negative learning rates that cause the network to quickly prune irrelevant connections formed on random trials. These results support the hypothesis that D1 and D2 receptors are involved in opposite forms of neuroplasticity and suggest possible mechanisms that may generate individual differences in learning.
More effective measurement methods are needed for the assessment of intercultural sensitivity. Undergraduate students (N = 269) completed the revised Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (ISS) and measures of personality (Big Five and Honesty-Humility), emotional intelligence, social desirability, and social dominance orientation. EFA identified two ISS scales of 30 items with four factors (RISS-V1) and 25 items with three factors (RISS-V2); both had good internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities. Interaction Engagement/ Enjoyment, Interaction Comfort/Confidence, and Respect/ Tolerance are common factors to both scales, while Interaction Attentiveness is unique to RISS-V1. Both scales assess intercultural sensitivity, but RISS-V1 offers added information on intercultural competence. Neuroticism showed no link with either RISS. Other Big Five variables and emotional intelligence correlated positively, while social dominance orientation correlated negatively with intercultural sensitivity assessed by both ISS scales. Only RISS-V2 correlated positively with Honesty-Humility. Results varied at the subscale level. These findings support the reliability and validity of both scales and provide a further measure for examining intercultural relations.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.084
Integrating Interpersonal Traits: Congruence between the Big Five, HEXACO, and Interpersonal Circumplex K.A. Barford, K. Zhao, L.D. Smillie
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.082
Be Mindful How You Measure: A Psychometric Investigation of The Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale A. Balakrishnan, D.H. Saklofske The Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale (BEIS-10; Davies, Lane, Devonport & Scott, 2010) is a relatively new measure of emotional intelligence. Aside from the test developers, little research (e.g., de Benito & Luján, 2012; Howell & Miller-Graff, 2014) has assessed the psychometric properties of this scale. Brevity has been listed as a strength of this short scale (Davies et al., 2010). The purpose of this research investigation was to ascertain the psychometric merits of this scale. Data from a merged sample of university students was used in order to assess the reliability and construct validity of the BEIS-10 measure (n=269), criterion validity with the Big Five (n=269), criterion validity with Honesty-Humility factor of the HEXACO (n=72), and the stability of this measure over four weeks (n=48). Findings showed that the measure was reliable and the hypothesized 5 factor structure was replicated with good model fit. The expected correlations with the Big Five factors and with Honesty-Humility were not supported. Finally, the measure had poor test-retest reliability over a short-term period of 1 month. The mixed findings suggest that this EI measure may be more suitable for some contexts than others. Implications will be discussed within the framework of EI models and will consider the trade-offs experienced in using short scales for research.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.083
Three different theoretical frameworks for understanding social behaviour and experience, the Big Five (B5), HEXACO, and Interpersonal Circumplex (IPC), are compared empirically by aligning them to the same circular structure. In this study (N = 206), we map the major empirically defined interpersonal dimensions of the B5 (Big Five Aspect Scales) and the HEXACO (HEXACO Personality Inventory– Revised) onto the IPC structure using Procrustean rotation. Congruence coefficients demonstrated that the assertiveness aspect of B5 extraversion and the compassion aspect of B5 agreeableness are congruent with IPC dominance and warmth, respectively, replicating recent efforts to integrate these frameworks. HEXACO agreeableness aligned closer to the politeness (versus compassion) aspect of B5 agreeableness, whereas HEXACO extraversion was rotated towards the enthusiasm (versus assertiveness) aspect of B5 extraversion. Finally, HEXACO honesty-humility was congruent with the politeness aspect of B5 agreeableness. These findings provide a means for translating more clearly between these different descriptive frameworks, which is essential for the integration of knowledge emerging from different traditions within this field.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.085
Adult siblings: Self-evaluations and siblings' evaluations O.V. Baskaeva, I.E. Rzhanova, O.S. Alekseeva The goal of the present study was to compare self-evaluations and siblings' evaluations. Subjects: adults siblings (N = 198; mean age of older sibling – 23.3 years; mean age of younger sibling – 20.47 years).
Abstracts
Methods: Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), Short Big 5, Locus of control questionnaire, Sensation Seeking scale and Tolerance Scale. Procedure: every member of the sibling pair completed questionnaires twice, according to two different instructions. Under first instruction respondent describes the degree of his agreement with items questionnaire. Then, under second instruction, respondent completed questionnaire for the sibling (as “if I were my sibling”). Main results: (1) Correlations between self-evaluations and siblings' evaluations are significant for all personality traits. (2) The dissimilarity between self-evaluations and siblings' evaluations are manifesting in the structure of personality traits. (3) Self-esteem and personality traits of the older siblings have more associations, than self-esteem and personality traits of the younger siblings.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.086
Relationships between the Dark Triad and Delayed Gratification: An Evolutionary Perspective H.M. Baughman, P.K. Jonason, P.A. Vernon The Dark Triad (i.e., psychopathy, narcissism, Machiavellianism) is a cluster of socially aversive personality traits that account for the “darker” side of human behavior. While traditional views have focused on the maladaptive nature of these traits, recent work in the field of evolutionary psychology suggests that these traits may be adaptive in terms of a fast life strategy; one that is characterized by immediate gratification and risk-taking (Jonason, Koenig, & Tost, 2010b). The present study examined links between the Dark Triad and ability to delay gratification in a sample of 364 undergraduate students (136 males). Psychopathy was the most strongly linked to an inability to delay gratification, followed by Machiavellianism and narcissism. Sex also moderated these relationships. Findings are discussed within the evolutionary framework of Life History Theory.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.087
Male violence against women with substance abuse problems in Sweden U. Beijer, C.S. Birath, V. DeMarinis, B. af Klinteberg The objective was to investigate to which extent two groups of women with substance abuse problems were exposed to male violence; women with a residence (WR, n = 35) and homeless women (HW, n = 44). The sample thus included 79 women (mean age: 47.8 years), of which 91% had experienced different kinds of male violence: from former partners, male friends or acquaintances, and 71% reported “Countless occasions of violent events”. Almost half of the women (46%) met criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and HW displayed the higher risk (RR 3.78) as compared to WR. Furthermore, one-third of the abused women (26 out of 72) had been forced to commit criminal acts. Compared to the abused women without this experience, they were more likely: to be homeless, to be illicit drug addicts, to have reported parental alcohol and/or drug problems, to have witnessed domestic violence in childhood, and to have been victims of sexual abuse. Finally, the two groups significantly differed concerning ever having received treatment for mental problems, in that more WR women had received such treatment (74% as compared to 46%). In conclusion, it
467
is suggested that experiences of male violence are to be considered in all different forms of treatment facilities for women with substance abuse problems.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.088
The Origins of Political Party Identification and its Relationship to Political Orientations E. Bell, C. Kandler An established position, long recognized in the literature, maintains that party identification (PID) arises mainly from familial socialization and has a major impact on political outlooks and behaviors. An alternative view, also entrenched in the literature, holds that PID may be influenced by political orientations (PO) insofar as individuals seek out the parties that match their ideological viewpoints. Here we use univariate and multivariate twin modeling to examine the underlying processes assumed by these two positions, and to introduce a new perspective that may help researchers make sense of PID, PO, and the relationships between them. Our findings indicate that PID is substantially heritable and that the correlation between PID and PO is mostly accounted for by common genetic factors. We conclude that there are grounds to doubt both the position that PID arises mainly from familial socialization and the view that POs are for the most part produced by following partisan influences. As an alternative, we present support for the idea that genetic factors play a major role in the origins of PID, and that in large measure common genetic influences account for the relationship between PID and PO.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.089
HEXACO-Personality and Prejudice in Three Countries R. Bergh, N. Akrami, J. Sidanius, C. Sibley Research has documented robust relationships between prejudice and Big-Five agreeableness and openness to experience. Still, a growing literature suggests that empathy and narcissism/honestyhumility are relevant to consider as well. The HEXACO model brings all of these predictors together. Thus, the aim of this research was to examine HEXACO personality in relation to prejudice in three countries (USA, Sweden, & New Zealand, Ns = 343, 223, & 4037). We also examined how personality predicts prejudice toward low status groups as compared to high status groups, and prejudice based only on group membership. In line with previous research from New Zealand, the robust effect of agreeableness with Big-Five instruments was absent in the HEXACO framework. Instead, we found negative effects of honesty-humility on prejudice toward low status groups, and openness to experience predicted prejudice in a similar fashion as documented in a Big-Five framework. This pattern of results was found in all three of the examined cultures. This suggests that only some aspects of Big-Five agreeableness are related to prejudice, and these are captured in honesty-humility and altruism within the HEXACO framework. In sum, these findings show robust relations between HEXACO factors and prejudice, and reveal effects that are unaccounted for in other models of basic personality.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.090
Abstracts
Individual differences in sequence learning correlate with polymorphisms in dopaminergic genes I. Baetu, J. Pitcher, K. Urry, N. Burns
Revised Intercultural Sensitivity Scales: Psychometric evidence and personality links A. Balakrishnan, D.H. Saklofske
We investigated the relationship between individual differences in sequence learning and polymorphisms in the dopamine receptor D1 and D2 genes (rs686 and rs1800497). Participants (N = 161) learned to predict the order in which four squares changed colour. Occasionally, they experienced random blocks during which the location of the next colour-changing square was unpredictable. Random blocks disrupted performance (predictive accuracy was lower on subsequent sequence blocks). We found faster sequence acquisition in the DRD1 A/A genotype group, with presumably higher D1 receptor density. The DRD2 C/C group (with presumably higher D2 receptor density) exhibited faster recovery of performance following random blocks. We modeled these individual differences with a new associative model that uses different learning rate parameters to increase vs. decrease the strength of connections. We estimated the parameters that yielded the best model fit for each participant. The estimated positive learning rates were higher in the DRD1 A/A group. The model thus simulates faster sequence acquisition in this group by strengthening connections more quickly. In contrast, the negative learning rates were higher in the DRD2 C/C group. The model simulates faster performance recovery after random blocks in this group via higher negative learning rates that cause the network to quickly prune irrelevant connections formed on random trials. These results support the hypothesis that D1 and D2 receptors are involved in opposite forms of neuroplasticity and suggest possible mechanisms that may generate individual differences in learning.
More effective measurement methods are needed for the assessment of intercultural sensitivity. Undergraduate students (N = 269) completed the revised Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (ISS) and measures of personality (Big Five and Honesty-Humility), emotional intelligence, social desirability, and social dominance orientation. EFA identified two ISS scales of 30 items with four factors (RISS-V1) and 25 items with three factors (RISS-V2); both had good internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities. Interaction Engagement/ Enjoyment, Interaction Comfort/Confidence, and Respect/ Tolerance are common factors to both scales, while Interaction Attentiveness is unique to RISS-V1. Both scales assess intercultural sensitivity, but RISS-V1 offers added information on intercultural competence. Neuroticism showed no link with either RISS. Other Big Five variables and emotional intelligence correlated positively, while social dominance orientation correlated negatively with intercultural sensitivity assessed by both ISS scales. Only RISS-V2 correlated positively with Honesty-Humility. Results varied at the subscale level. These findings support the reliability and validity of both scales and provide a further measure for examining intercultural relations.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.084
Integrating Interpersonal Traits: Congruence between the Big Five, HEXACO, and Interpersonal Circumplex K.A. Barford, K. Zhao, L.D. Smillie
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.082
Be Mindful How You Measure: A Psychometric Investigation of The Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale A. Balakrishnan, D.H. Saklofske The Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale (BEIS-10; Davies, Lane, Devonport & Scott, 2010) is a relatively new measure of emotional intelligence. Aside from the test developers, little research (e.g., de Benito & Luján, 2012; Howell & Miller-Graff, 2014) has assessed the psychometric properties of this scale. Brevity has been listed as a strength of this short scale (Davies et al., 2010). The purpose of this research investigation was to ascertain the psychometric merits of this scale. Data from a merged sample of university students was used in order to assess the reliability and construct validity of the BEIS-10 measure (n=269), criterion validity with the Big Five (n=269), criterion validity with Honesty-Humility factor of the HEXACO (n=72), and the stability of this measure over four weeks (n=48). Findings showed that the measure was reliable and the hypothesized 5 factor structure was replicated with good model fit. The expected correlations with the Big Five factors and with Honesty-Humility were not supported. Finally, the measure had poor test-retest reliability over a short-term period of 1 month. The mixed findings suggest that this EI measure may be more suitable for some contexts than others. Implications will be discussed within the framework of EI models and will consider the trade-offs experienced in using short scales for research.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.083
Three different theoretical frameworks for understanding social behaviour and experience, the Big Five (B5), HEXACO, and Interpersonal Circumplex (IPC), are compared empirically by aligning them to the same circular structure. In this study (N = 206), we map the major empirically defined interpersonal dimensions of the B5 (Big Five Aspect Scales) and the HEXACO (HEXACO Personality Inventory– Revised) onto the IPC structure using Procrustean rotation. Congruence coefficients demonstrated that the assertiveness aspect of B5 extraversion and the compassion aspect of B5 agreeableness are congruent with IPC dominance and warmth, respectively, replicating recent efforts to integrate these frameworks. HEXACO agreeableness aligned closer to the politeness (versus compassion) aspect of B5 agreeableness, whereas HEXACO extraversion was rotated towards the enthusiasm (versus assertiveness) aspect of B5 extraversion. Finally, HEXACO honesty-humility was congruent with the politeness aspect of B5 agreeableness. These findings provide a means for translating more clearly between these different descriptive frameworks, which is essential for the integration of knowledge emerging from different traditions within this field.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.085
Adult siblings: Self-evaluations and siblings' evaluations O.V. Baskaeva, I.E. Rzhanova, O.S. Alekseeva The goal of the present study was to compare self-evaluations and siblings' evaluations. Subjects: adults siblings (N = 198; mean age of older sibling – 23.3 years; mean age of younger sibling – 20.47 years).
Abstracts
Methods: Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), Short Big 5, Locus of control questionnaire, Sensation Seeking scale and Tolerance Scale. Procedure: every member of the sibling pair completed questionnaires twice, according to two different instructions. Under first instruction respondent describes the degree of his agreement with items questionnaire. Then, under second instruction, respondent completed questionnaire for the sibling (as “if I were my sibling”). Main results: (1) Correlations between self-evaluations and siblings' evaluations are significant for all personality traits. (2) The dissimilarity between self-evaluations and siblings' evaluations are manifesting in the structure of personality traits. (3) Self-esteem and personality traits of the older siblings have more associations, than self-esteem and personality traits of the younger siblings.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.086
Relationships between the Dark Triad and Delayed Gratification: An Evolutionary Perspective H.M. Baughman, P.K. Jonason, P.A. Vernon The Dark Triad (i.e., psychopathy, narcissism, Machiavellianism) is a cluster of socially aversive personality traits that account for the “darker” side of human behavior. While traditional views have focused on the maladaptive nature of these traits, recent work in the field of evolutionary psychology suggests that these traits may be adaptive in terms of a fast life strategy; one that is characterized by immediate gratification and risk-taking (Jonason, Koenig, & Tost, 2010b). The present study examined links between the Dark Triad and ability to delay gratification in a sample of 364 undergraduate students (136 males). Psychopathy was the most strongly linked to an inability to delay gratification, followed by Machiavellianism and narcissism. Sex also moderated these relationships. Findings are discussed within the evolutionary framework of Life History Theory.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.087
Male violence against women with substance abuse problems in Sweden U. Beijer, C.S. Birath, V. DeMarinis, B. af Klinteberg The objective was to investigate to which extent two groups of women with substance abuse problems were exposed to male violence; women with a residence (WR, n = 35) and homeless women (HW, n = 44). The sample thus included 79 women (mean age: 47.8 years), of which 91% had experienced different kinds of male violence: from former partners, male friends or acquaintances, and 71% reported “Countless occasions of violent events”. Almost half of the women (46%) met criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and HW displayed the higher risk (RR 3.78) as compared to WR. Furthermore, one-third of the abused women (26 out of 72) had been forced to commit criminal acts. Compared to the abused women without this experience, they were more likely: to be homeless, to be illicit drug addicts, to have reported parental alcohol and/or drug problems, to have witnessed domestic violence in childhood, and to have been victims of sexual abuse. Finally, the two groups significantly differed concerning ever having received treatment for mental problems, in that more WR women had received such treatment (74% as compared to 46%). In conclusion, it
467
is suggested that experiences of male violence are to be considered in all different forms of treatment facilities for women with substance abuse problems.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.088
The Origins of Political Party Identification and its Relationship to Political Orientations E. Bell, C. Kandler An established position, long recognized in the literature, maintains that party identification (PID) arises mainly from familial socialization and has a major impact on political outlooks and behaviors. An alternative view, also entrenched in the literature, holds that PID may be influenced by political orientations (PO) insofar as individuals seek out the parties that match their ideological viewpoints. Here we use univariate and multivariate twin modeling to examine the underlying processes assumed by these two positions, and to introduce a new perspective that may help researchers make sense of PID, PO, and the relationships between them. Our findings indicate that PID is substantially heritable and that the correlation between PID and PO is mostly accounted for by common genetic factors. We conclude that there are grounds to doubt both the position that PID arises mainly from familial socialization and the view that POs are for the most part produced by following partisan influences. As an alternative, we present support for the idea that genetic factors play a major role in the origins of PID, and that in large measure common genetic influences account for the relationship between PID and PO.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.089
HEXACO-Personality and Prejudice in Three Countries R. Bergh, N. Akrami, J. Sidanius, C. Sibley Research has documented robust relationships between prejudice and Big-Five agreeableness and openness to experience. Still, a growing literature suggests that empathy and narcissism/honestyhumility are relevant to consider as well. The HEXACO model brings all of these predictors together. Thus, the aim of this research was to examine HEXACO personality in relation to prejudice in three countries (USA, Sweden, & New Zealand, Ns = 343, 223, & 4037). We also examined how personality predicts prejudice toward low status groups as compared to high status groups, and prejudice based only on group membership. In line with previous research from New Zealand, the robust effect of agreeableness with Big-Five instruments was absent in the HEXACO framework. Instead, we found negative effects of honesty-humility on prejudice toward low status groups, and openness to experience predicted prejudice in a similar fashion as documented in a Big-Five framework. This pattern of results was found in all three of the examined cultures. This suggests that only some aspects of Big-Five agreeableness are related to prejudice, and these are captured in honesty-humility and altruism within the HEXACO framework. In sum, these findings show robust relations between HEXACO factors and prejudice, and reveal effects that are unaccounted for in other models of basic personality.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.090